<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Filosofía · Política · Geopolítica . Explorar... COMPRENDER]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_s8B!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F038d7350-995f-4df8-80fe-9ddbe1a14cbd_375x375.png</url><title>EL RETO DE COMPRENDER </title><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2026 05:49:17 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Ffeed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Romer]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[es]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[henriquesalasromer@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[VENEZUELA: LAS CONTRADICCIONES DE UN GRAN PAIS]]></title><description><![CDATA[El tr&#225;gico s&#237;ndrome de la disonancia]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-la-tragedia-de-un-gran</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-la-tragedia-de-un-gran</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2026 21:01:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%215iSM%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%215iSM%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iSM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iSM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iSM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5iSM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefaa989d-4e8b-4f6b-95cb-122e840c2009_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>La historia de Venezuela recoge ciclos recurrentes.</strong></em></p><p>En el siglo XVIII, la Real Compa&#241;&#237;a Guipuzcoana, tras recibir por concesion de la Corona espa&#241;ola, estableci&#243; monopolio sobre el comercio entre la provincia de Venezuela y Espa&#241;a, d&#225;ndole a Caracas capitalidad sobre un ancho territorio en el que conviv&#237;an provincias que hasta entonces hab&#237;an gozado de una ancha autonom&#237;a.</p><p>Fue una decisi&#243;n bien pensada. Caracas ten&#237;a un clima privilegiado, estaba muy cerca del puerto de La Guaira y, al estar protegida por una muralla monta&#241;osa, la pon&#237;a a salvo de las incursiones de piratas y corsarios. </p><p>Este esquema comercial se consolid&#243; institucionalmente casi cincuenta a&#241;os despu&#233;s, al crearse la Capitan&#237;a General de Venezuela en 1777, y la propia Guipuzcoana se march&#243; poco despu&#233;s atendiendo tanto a las reformas liberalizadoras impulsadas por los borbones como a la presi&#243;n de los productores locales que la rechazaban.</p><p>Sin embargo, aquella unidad territorial, ahora formalmente superpuesta a provincias de econom&#237;as e intereses muy propios, revel&#243; pronto sus fracturas. Primero fue la destituci&#243;n del Capit&#225;n General Vicente Emparan en 1810. Luego la Declaraci&#243;n de Independencia y, finalmente, la guerra.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fsubscribe%3F"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p>La Guerra de Independencia, cuyo episodio m&#225;s despiadado fue la Guerra a Muerte, devast&#243; al pa&#237;s y ocasion&#243; una p&#233;rdida demogr&#225;fica estimada en un tercio de su poblaci&#243;n.</p><p><em>En 1830 Venezuela se separ&#243; de la Gran Colombia y emergi&#243; independiente, cubierta de gloria, pero despoblada, d&#233;bil y fracturada.</em></p><p>Jos&#233; Antonio P&#225;ez, h&#233;roe de Carabobo, ejercer&#237;a intermitentemente el mando durante las tres d&#233;cadas siguientes. La Constituci&#243;n aprobada en Valencia estableci&#243; un compromiso centrofederal que reconoc&#237;a autonom&#237;a a las provincias. Pero las tensiones entre productores y acreedores, agravadas por la crisis agr&#237;cola de los a&#241;os cuarenta fueron debilitando el andamiaje.</p><p>La concentraci&#243;n pol&#237;tica se acentu&#243; bajo los hermanos Monagas, h&#233;roes tambi&#233;n de la Independencia, hasta culminar en la Constituci&#243;n centralista de 1857. El derrocamiento de Jos&#233; Tadeo Monagas en 1858 seguida por un nuevo intento descentralizador no logr&#243; contener las tensiones.</p><p>Las fracturas econ&#243;micas y sociales desembocaron en la Guerra Federal (1859-1863) que librada bajo las banderas de la Federaci&#243;n y reclamando reivindicaciones de tierra e igualdad, cost&#243; la vida a cerca del 10 % de la poblaci&#243;n.</p><p>Esa guerra la liderar&#237;a inicialmente Ezequiel Zamora, triunfador en Barinas en la batalla de Santa In&#233;s. Zamora cay&#243; en Cojedes cuando avanzaba hacia Caracas. Me detention en su nombre porque su memoria ha trascendido.</p><p>Despu&#233;s de la Guerra Federal, Venezuela atraves&#243; varias d&#233;cadas de guerras internas y enfermedades end&#233;micas antes de alcanzar una fr&#225;gil estabilidad. Con la Revoluci&#243;n Liberal Restauradora de 1899 los andinos llegaron al poder y Cipriano Castro asumi&#243; la presidencia. En 1908, Juan Vicente G&#243;mez, su vicepresidente, asumi&#243; el poder y gobern&#243; al pa&#237;s 27 a&#241;os hasta su muerte en 1935.</p><p>Bajo su mando, Venezuela alcanz&#243; un grado de unificaci&#243;n hasta entonces desconocido. Hubo excesos represivos, pero hay que reconocer su aporte a la consolidaci&#243;n del Estado nacional: reorganiz&#243; y unific&#243; la Hacienda P&#250;blica, fortaleci&#243; el Ej&#233;rcito Nacional y construy&#243; una red de carreteras que fue acortando distancias y facilitando la interacci&#243;n.</p><p>Sin embargo, a su muerte, Venezuela -pese al comienzo de la explotaci&#243;n petrolera- segu&#237;a siendo un pa&#237;s predominantemente rural. El censo de 1936 registrar&#243; un analfabetismo cercano al 60 % entre los mayores de quince a&#241;os.</p><p>Tras la muerte de G&#243;mez, Venezuela atraves&#243; una etapa de avances y retrocesos que culmin&#243; en 1958 con la ca&#237;da de la dictadura militar de Marcos P&#233;rez Jim&#233;nez.</p><p>La experiencia democr&#225;tica comenz&#243; con paso firme en 1959 y, en los quince a&#241;os subsiguientes, impuls&#243; la formaci&#243;n de polos regionales de desarrollo, con Ciudad Guayana como su expresi&#243;n m&#225;s ambiciosa, un poblamiento moderno que sirvi&#243; de anclaje de la industria pesada y  la generaci&#243;n hidroel&#233;ctrica. </p><p>Valencia, al amparo de pol&#237;ticas de sustituci&#243;n de importaciones y protecci&#243;n del mercado interno, se consolid&#243; como centro manufacturero ; Maracaibo, con su puente sobre el lago, integr&#243; las actividades petroleras de la Costa Oriental a su econom&#237;a mayormente agropecuaria y mercantil. Esa interacci&#243;n consolid&#243; a Barquisimeto como encrucijada comercial del centro-occidente del pa&#237;s y &#233;sta a la regi&#243;n andina y el comercio binacional. </p><p>Se buscaba establecer contrapesos al predominio pol&#237;tico de la capital.</p><p>Todo aquello se trastoc&#243; con el Embargo petrolero &#225;rabe que en 1974 cuadruplic&#243; los precios del crudo. Los ingresos del Estado venezolano se multiplicaron alterando radicalmente la dimensi&#243;n &#233;tica y econ&#243;mica de la gesti&#243;n oficial.</p><p>La nacionalizaci&#243;n de la industria petrolero se concret&#243; en 1976. Un a&#241;o antes, la Siderurgica del Orinoco tambi&#233;n hab&#237;a sido nacionalizada, y el control de estas actividades productivas, pas&#243; al Estado venezolano. </p><p>Los polos regionales continuaron desarroll&#225;ndose, pero su capacidad de servir de contrapeso fue disminuyendo.</p><p>As&#237;, Caracas, una ciudad -de hecho- topogr&#225;ficamente aislada, termin&#243; concentrando, adem&#225;s del poder pol&#237;tico, un poder econ&#243;mico avasallante.</p><p>Paralelamente, esa burbuja tambi&#233;n debilit&#243; el v&#237;nculo entre el trabajo productivo y la prosperidad. La riqueza f&#225;cil, el clientelismo y la corrupci&#243;n encontraron terreno f&#233;rtil. M&#225;s de una vez escuch&#233; decir: <em>&#171;Poder que no abusa, se desprestigia&#187;.</em></p><p>En un pa&#237;s presidencialista, semejante concentraci&#243;n transform&#243; la naturaleza org&#225;nica del poder: m&#225;s all&#225; de su autoridad pol&#237;tica, la presidencia pas&#243; a ser tambi&#233;n la llave de acceso a la riqueza nacional y, por inercia, para grandes capitales nacionales y extranjeros, se convirti&#243; en un im&#225;n </p><p>Clientelismo, ineficiencia, corrupci&#243;n, deterioro econ&#243;mico tras varios a&#241;os de bonanza: todo aquello abon&#243; el terreno para que la propia capital estallara. </p><p>El Caracazo de 1989 revel&#243; violentamente la crisis de legitimidad de un sistema pol&#237;tico dominado por partidos que ahora luc&#237;an insensibles ante las crecientes penurias de la poblaci&#243;n.</p><p><em>El hecho fue estremecedor.</em></p><p>Luego del Caracazo, esos mismos partidos despertaron de su letargo y, guiados por el mismo presidente que hab&#237;a propiciado la hipercentralizaci&#243;n, ahora de vuelta al poder, iniciaron un proceso acelerado de descentralizaci&#243;n que -que a corto y mediano plazo- result&#243; muy exitoso.</p><p>Pero en las sombras se gestaba la conspiraci&#243;n. En 1992, aquella insurgencia aflor&#243; con una asonada militar que, si bien fracas&#243;, dio a conocer a un hombre nacido en Barinas que enarbolaba las banderas de Zamora y de la Guerra Federal.</p><p>Se abr&#237;an as&#237; dos caminos divergentes: el uno que buscaba distribuir territorialmente el poder y el otro que procuraba conquistarlo.</p><p>En la elecci&#243;n presidencial de 1998 se produjo el ruidoso colapso de las candidaturas oficiales, y emergieron esas mismas dos fuerzas en el terreno electoral: la descentralizadora, que -como se dijo- buscaba redistribuir el poder, y la surgida de la insurgencia militar, encabezada por el l&#237;der zamorano que aspiraba a conquistarlo.</p><p>Triunf&#243; la segunda. La paradoja fue que aquel movimiento, nacido de una rebeli&#243;n contra los partidos y el orden establecido, llev&#243; a extremos in&#233;ditos la concentraci&#243;n de todos los poderes en la capital.</p><p>El saldo humano de este derrumbe ha alcanzado una dimensi&#243;n comparable a las cat&#225;strofes demogr&#225;ficas del siglo XIX. Solo que esta vez la p&#233;rdida no se produjo en los campos de batalla, sino en el &#233;xodo de ocho millones de venezolanos, bien desplazados o v&#237;ctimas de la persecuci&#243;n.</p><p>La trascendencia de estas  p&#233;rdidas demogr&#225;ficas no se agota en las cifras: cada una reconfigurar&#243; la sociedad.</p><p>Tras la Independencia, la devastaci&#243;n de la poblaci&#243;n masculina y la posterior llegada de inmigrantes europeos contribuy&#243; a transformar la composici&#243;n de familias y de linajes. Hoy, la di&#225;spora est&#225; privando a Venezuela de familias enteras y, en su seno, de una parte considerable de la juventud. Ayer, por las guerras; hoy, por el &#233;xodo. En ambos casos, la sociedad que queda es distinta, muy distinta de la que antes existi&#243;. Tambi&#233;n lo es el pa&#237;s.</p><p>Caracas ha sido a la vez beneficiaria y v&#237;ctima del centralismo. Si alguien duda de lo segundo, que recuerde el Caracazo y agreguemos la fragilidad de sus suelos y sus &#237;ndices hist&#243;ricos de violencia y criminalidad.</p><p>La historia venezolana, desde la Colonia hasta el presente, deja una advertencia muy clara: todo orden pol&#237;tico que se edifique a espaldas de su vocaci&#243;n federal, es gen&#233;ticamente contrario a los genes de Venezuela y lleva en su seno un germen profundamente tr&#225;gico. El de una nueva tragedia humana&#8230; y, a la postre, la tarea inmensa de volver a comenzar.</p><p><em>No tiene por que ser as&#237;.</em></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-la-tragedia-de-un-gran?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fvenezuela-la-tragedia-de-un-gran%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[VENEZUELA: THE INNER CONTRADICTIONS OF A GREAT NATION]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Tragic Dissonance Syndrome]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-the-tragic-fate-of-a-great</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/venezuela-the-tragic-fate-of-a-great</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2026 21:01:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21AuKe%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21AuKe%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a768ab-8f29-4e0c-ad85-802021e6556b_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Venezuela&#8217;s history reflects tragic recurring cycles.</em></p><p>In the eighteenth century, the Real Compa&#241;&#237;a Guipuzcoana, armed with a monopoly granted by the Spanish Crown, imposed absolute centralization on trade and gave Caracas primacy over a vast territory whose provinces for centuries had managed their own affairs and acted with considerable autonomy.</p><p>The choice was well thought. Caracas enjoyed a privileged climate, lay close to the port of La Guaira, and sat sheltered behind a wall of mountains that kept it safe from pirates and corsairs.</p><p>The arrangement took institutional form in 1777 with the creation of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. Soon after, the Guipuzcoana itself withdrew, yielding both to the liberalizing reforms of the Bourbons and to pressures from local producers who resented its monopoly.</p><p>Yet this now formalized territorial unity imposed on provinces with identities, economies and interests of their own, soon revealed its inherent fractures. First came the removal of Captain General Vicente Emparan in 1810. Then the Declaration of Independence. Then war.</p><p>The War of Independence, whose most merciless chapter was the &#8220;War to Death&#8221;, brought glory, yet devastated the country and cost the nation an estimated third of its population.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fsubscribe%3F"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p><em>In 1830, Venezuela emerged glorious and independent, yet depopulated, economically weak and deeply fragmented.</em></p><p>Jos&#233; Antonio P&#225;ez, the hero of Carabobo, the final battle of the War of Independence, would hold power intermittently over the following three decades. The Constitution adopted in Valencia established a compromise between central authority and federal autonomy, recognizing substantial powers for the provinces. But tensions between producers and creditors, aggravated by the agricultural crisis of the 1840s and progressively weakened that fragile order.</p><p>Political power became increasingly concentrated in Caracas under the Monagas brothers, themselves military heroes of the Wars of Independence, culminating in the centralist Constitution of 1857. The overthrow of Jos&#233; Tadeo Monagas in 1858, followed by another attempt at decentralization, failed to contain tensions.</p><p>Regional antagonisms, compounded by economic and social divisions, erupted into the Federal War (1859&#8211;1863), fought under the banner of federalism and demands for land and equality. The conflict claimed the lives of nearly 10 percent of Venezuela&#8217;s population.</p><p>Its original military leader was Ezequiel Zamora, victor of the Battle of Santa In&#233;s in Barinas died on the march toward Caracas, but his memory would later be remembered.</p><p>Following the Federal War, Venezuela endured decades of renewed civil strife and endemic disease before achieving a measure of stability.</p><p>The Liberal Restoration Revolution brought Cipriano Castro to power in 1899. In 1908, Juan Vicente G&#243;mez ousted him and ruled until his death in 1935. Under G&#243;mez, Venezuela attained a degree of national unification previously unknown. His repression notwithstanding, his contribution to the consolidation of the Venezuelan state must be acknowledged.</p><p>He reorganized and unified public finances, strengthened the national army, and built a network of roads that gradually shortened distances and brought the regions into closer contact. Yet when he died, although oil had already displaced agricultural production, Venezuela remained predominantly rural. The 1936 census would reveal an illiteracy rate approaching 60 percent among those over fifteen years of age.</p><p>After G&#243;mez&#8217;s death, Venezuela went through a succession of advances and setbacks, culminating in 1958 with the overthrow of the military dictatorship of Marcos P&#233;rez Jim&#233;nez.</p><p>The democratic era began on firm footing in 1959. During the following fifteen years, considerable efforts were devoted to establishing regional poles of economic and industrial development.</p><p>The most ambitious was Ciudad Guayana, conceived as a hub of heavy industry and hydroelectric power generation. Valencia emerged as a manufacturing center, supported by import-substitution policies and protection of the domestic market. Maracaibo, through its bridge across Lake Maracaibo, integrated the oil-producing eastern shore with its commercial and agricultural economy. Meanwhile, Barquisimeto consolidated its position as a major commercial crossroads.</p><p>All of that was upended by the Arab oil embargo, which starting in 1974 quadrupled crude prices. Venezuelan state revenues multiplied, radically altering the ethical and economic conduct of government. Then came the nationalization of the oil industry in 1976. Steel production was alzo nationalized.</p><p>Thus, control over massive productive activities, previously exercised by major foreign corporations, passed into the hands of the Venezuelan state. </p><p>Regional centers of development continued to grow, but their ability to serve as counterweights gradually diminished.</p><p>Thus Caracas, a geographically isolated city, came to concentrate not only political authority but overwhelming economic power.</p><p>In parallel, the oil boom also created a bubble that weakened the connection between productive work and prosperity. Easy wealth, political patronage, and corruption found fertile ground.</p><p>A saying captured the mood: <em>&#8220;Power that fails to abuse loses prestige.&#8221;</em></p><p>In a presidential system, such concentration transformed the very nature of power. Beyond its political authority, the presidency became the key to controlling a decisive share of the nation&#8217;s wealth, and by force of inertia, the very presidency became a magnet for major domestic and foreign capital.</p><p>Patronage, inefficiency, corruption, and economic deterioration after years of prosperity&#8212;all helped prepare the ground for an explosion in the capital city itself.</p><p>The Caracazo of 1989 violently exposed the crisis of legitimacy of a political system dominated by parties that seemed increasingly indifferent to the hardships endured by ordinary people.</p><p>The shock was profound.</p><p>That same year, those very parties awakened, and under the leadership of the same president who had led the extreme centralization, now back, launched an accelerated process of decentralization that proved remarkably successful in the short and medium term.</p><p>Yet, in the shadows, a conspiracy was taking shape. In 1992, it surfaced in a failed military uprising. The rebellion failed yet brought to national prominence a man born in Barinas who had embraced the banners of Zamora and the Federal War.</p><p>Two divergent paths now lay before the nation: one sought to distribute power across its territory; the other sought to seize it.</p><p>In 1998, the presidential candidacies of the two major parties -having lost all popular support- collapsed, and those same two currents now confronted each other at the ballot box: one committed -as said- to the redistribution of power, the other determined to capture power itself.</p><p>The latter, led by a candidate portrayed as an avenging angel, and backed by those seeking control of the national treasury, prevailed.</p><p>It&#8217;s paradoxical  that a movement born in rebellion against the established order ended up concentrating all powers in the Capital itself.</p><p>The human toll of this collapse has reached proportions comparable to the demographic catastrophes endured in the nineteenth century.</p><p>Only this time, the loss did not take place on the battlefield. It came through the exodus of eight million Venezuelans, driven abroad by economic hardship and persecution.</p><p>The significance of such immense demographic losses goes far beyond numbers. They reshape the very fabric of society. Following Independence, the devastating loss of men and the subsequent arrival of European immigrants helped transform the composition of Venezuelan families and lineages. Today, the diaspora is depriving Venezuela of whole families, and of a substantial share of its younger generations.</p><p>Yesterday through war. Today, through exodus. In both cases, the society that remains <strong>is</strong> profoundly different from what previously existed.</p><p>Caracas has been both a beneficiary and a victim of centralism. Anyone who doubts it has suffered need only recall the Caracazo, remember the fragility of its soil keeping in mind how often Caracas has been labelled the most violent city in the world.</p><p>Venezuela&#8217;s historical trajectory carries an unmistakable admonition: any political architecture built in defiance of the nation&#8217;s federal vocation runs counter to Venezuela&#8217;s very nature and carries within itself a tragic seed.</p><p>The seed of yet another human catastrophe&#8230; and, ultimately, the devastating toll of beginning once again.</p><p>It need not be this way.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-priest-and-the-crucifix</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2026 20:30:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21OF47%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F7711029e-b403-404c-b0a8-7201a6a0bf26_1152x1712.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21OF47%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F7711029e-b403-404c-b0a8-7201a6a0bf26_1152x1712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Some events suggest divine intervention<em>.</em></p><p><strong>It was Saturday, not Sunday.</strong></p><p>On October 17, 2026, in Guayaquil, Father Patricio S&#225;nchez Molinari reminded his congregation of the fragility of our existence with a stark certainty: <em>&#8220;One day, all of us gathered here will also die.&#8221;</em></p><p>In his homily, the priest lamented how cell phones had become a source of constant distraction, a veil that steals the quality time we owe to God and to those we love.</p><p><em>A new golden calf?</em></p><p>Shortly afterwards, the heavy crucifix mounted behind the altar came loose, fell, and took his life. It was no ordinary object. It was the symbol of death&#8230; and Resurrection.</p><p>Many will call it a tragic coincidence, and rightly so. Yet the crucifix had hung there for years. It could have fallen on any other day, at any other hour, at any other minute. Instead, it fell just after the Creed and before the Liturgy of the Eucharist. The timing is so charged with meaning that it raises unsettling questions.</p><p>A scholar might think of synchronicity: an event without a causal explanation, yet overflowing with transcendent meaning. But no. Jung, who described the phenomenon, reserved synchronicity for the one who experiences it individually. This event carried a universal meaning: whatever one&#8217;s geography or beliefs, the whole world felt it.</p><p>Some speak of Divine Providence. I do not rule it out. Sometimes things seem to admit no other explanation.</p><p><strong>The Mass was broadcast live</strong></p><p>What is certain is that, having been filmed, the event -<em>the priest&#8217;s death</em>- carried his warnings far beyond the church&#8217;s reach. Through the very devices he had warned against, the cell phones, it compelled our generation and those who came after us to stop, look at the palms of our hands, and confront&#8230; not the <em>infinite present</em>, the endless scroll with no sequence, no episodes, no memory, but life itself: its moments of joy, the sweetness of togetherness, and the deepest mysteries of faith and hope, of death and Resurrection.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-priest-and-the-crucifix/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fthe-priest-and-the-crucifix%2Fcomments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EL CURA Y EL CRUCIFIJO]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;Un milagro al rev&#233;s?]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-mensaje-de-guayaquil</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-mensaje-de-guayaquil</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2026 20:30:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21xE7R%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21xE7R%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xE7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88783e8a-0368-4108-83a2-fff1d7239414_1152x1712.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hay acontecimientos que parecen fruto de intervenci&#243;n divina.</p><p><em><strong>Fue un s&#225;bado y no un domingo</strong>.</em></p><p>El 17 de octubre de 2026, en Guayaquil, el padre Patricio S&#225;nchez Molinari recordaba a sus fieles la fragilidad de nuestra existencia con una certeza rotunda: <em>&#171;Un d&#237;a todos los que estamos aqu&#237; tambi&#233;n vamos a morir&#187;.</em></p><p>En su homil&#237;a, el sacerdote comentaba con dolor c&#243;mo los tel&#233;fonos celulares se hab&#237;an convertido en una fuente de distracci&#243;n constante, un velo que nos roba el tiempo de calidad que le debemos a Dios y a nuestros seres queridos.</p><p><em>&#191;Un nuevo becerro de oro?</em></p><p>Poco despu&#233;s, el pesado crucifijo ubicado detr&#225;s del altar se desprendi&#243; y le quit&#243; la vida. No fue cualquier objeto. Fue el signo de muerte&#8230; y de Resurrecci&#243;n.</p><p>Muchos hablar&#225;n, y con raz&#243;n, de una tr&#225;gica coincidencia. Pero el crucifijo llevaba a&#241;os all&#237;. Pudo caer cualquier otro d&#237;a, a otra hora, a otro minuto, pero cay&#243; justo despu&#233;s del Credo y antes de la Liturgia de la Eucarist&#237;a. La sincron&#237;a es tan densa que despierta interrogantes.</p><p>Un estudioso podr&#237;a pensar en la sincronicidad: un acto sin explicaci&#243;n causal pero desbordante de un significado trascendente. Pero no. Jung, quien describi&#243; el fen&#243;meno, reserv&#243; la sincronicidad a quien individualmente la vive. Y este acontecimiento tuvo un significado universal: cualesquiera fueran sus coordenadas geogr&#225;ficas o sus creencias, lo sinti&#243; el mundo entero.</p><p>Algunos hablan de la Providencia Divina. Yo mismo no lo descarto. A veces ocurren cosas que no tienen otra explicaci&#243;n.</p><p><em><strong>Fue transmitido en vivo</strong></em></p><p>Lo cierto es que, al ser filmado, el acontecimiento, la muerte del sacerdote, difundi&#243; <em>exponencialmente</em> sus advertencias y, utilizando los mismos dispositivos que &#233;l se&#241;alaba, los telefonos celulares, oblig&#243; a una generaci&#243;n ensordecida, la nuestra y la de quienes vienen atr&#225;s, a detenerse, mirar la palma de su mano y confrontar&#8230; no el presente infinito, el scroll sin secuencia, sin episodios, sin memoria, sino la vida misma con sus momentos de alegr&#237;a, el grato sabor de la convivencia y los misterios m&#225;s profundos de la fe y la esperanza, de la muerte y la Resurrecci&#243;n.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-mensaje-de-guayaquil/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fel-mensaje-de-guayaquil%2Fcomments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[TRUMP’S JUGGLING IN A HIGH-STAKES RACE]]></title><description><![CDATA[Troubled waters, fishermen&#180;s gain]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2026 20:18:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21E2vH%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21E2vH%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 848w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1920,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics" title="Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In earlier essays I have explained how, in the final weeks of an election, results have historically been reversed by changing the thematic axis of the debate.</p><p><em>This is what is happening.</em></p><p>Trump does not want the mid-term elections to be about the war, much less about the cost of living. If it were, the Republicans would lose both chambers by a wide margin.</p><p><strong>Let&#8217;s watch Trump at work.</strong></p><p>He has made one controversial announcement after another, each designed to ignite a quarrel.</p><p>The first was the historic deal to secure cheap oil from Venezuela, the Great Historic Agreement. It has no legal footing and no chance of lowering the price of gasoline. But it is controversial, it makes news, it raises expectations, and it pulls the electoral debate off course.</p><p>The announcement of the agreement with Putin serves the same end. It will do nothing to the price of diesel, but it suggests intent and stirs enough controversy to distract the voters, and derail the debate.</p><p>Recall the $5,000 promised to every voter if the Republicans win both chambers. The goal is out of reach, and the money will never have to be paid. But it starts an argument, bring on ethical accusations, and draws attention away. Also adds a few votes.</p><p>Then there is his drive to mobilize the MAGA base, travelling to the most competitive states. He wants the campaign to be not about the war or the wallet, only about himself. </p><p><em>Add the ICE offensive, seemingly counterintuitive</em>.</p><p>Here the reading is more complex. It inflames the debate, diverts attention, yet it drives Latino voters away. And yet some Latinos quietly applaud.</p><p>Human beings are complex. Some want bread; others want a firm hand. And the image of the <em>Tren de Aragua</em> is still alive.</p><p>His latest move is the cleverest.</p><p>I mean the clip in which he strides toward the camera with a combative air, while in the background his own voice recounts achievements, feats, convictions.</p><p>All in black and white.</p><p>There, the subconscious is at work: white evokes purity; black, the severity of justice.</p><p>But perhaps most important, the clip brings back memories of his last presidential campaign, a winning campaign, and of the issues of that debate, something that helps unite his followers.</p><p><strong>Mobilization</strong></p><p>I return to a topic briefly touched on above.</p><p>The Trump effect on mobilizing the MAGA segment is significant.</p><p>In a presidential election, it can raise the Republican vote by up to 5 points. This is key in competitive states and districts. In a midterm election, the effect may be half that, perhaps reaching 3 points in the states he visits frequently.</p><p>All of this adds to his effort to change the thematic axis of the campaign.</p><p>If Trump manages to get people talking more about Trump than about the cost of living, and if mobilization also takes effect, the impact in some states and districts could be decisive.</p><p>It is not easy.</p><p>I know the numbers don&#8217;t add up. I, myself, find it improbable&#8230; and yet ruling out a Republican Senate victory seems unwise.</p><div><hr></div><h5><em>*Still from the version that aired with the disclaimer &#8220;Paid for by the U.S. Government.&#8221; After the backlash, Trump announced that MAGA Inc. would pay for future broadcasts. The government disclaimer kept appearing anyway, until a federal judge ordered the publicly funded placements pulled. All of which gives away the real purpose: provoking controversy, even if his own image takes a hit.</em></h5><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Ftrumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Compartir</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Ftrumps-maneuvers-in-a-high-stakes%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[LAS ACROBACIAS DE DONALD TRUMP]]></title><description><![CDATA[Rio revuelto, ganancia de pescador]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-artimanas-de-trump</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/las-artimanas-de-trump</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2026 20:01:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21E2vH%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21E2vH%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21E2vH%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg" width="1080" height="1920" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1920,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics" title="Trump's taxpayer-funded ads draw bipartisan criticism | CNN Politics" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E2vH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd140162a-8406-4966-a548-123351c1a9b3_1080x1920.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En ensayos anteriores les he hablado, con base a ejemplos concretos, sobre como -en las &#250;ltimas semanas de una contienda electoral- se puede  invertir el resultado cambiando el eje de polarizaci&#243;n.</p><p><em>Esto es lo que est&#225; ocurriendo. </em> </p><p>Trump no quiere que la elecci&#243;n sea sobre la guerra y mucho menos sobre el costo de la vida. De ser as&#237;, los republicanos perder&#237;an de calle las dos c&#225;maras  </p><p>Veamos a Trump en acci&#243;n  </p><p>Ha hecho  anuncios controversiales cada uno con el fin &#250;nico de encender pol&#233;micas. </p><p>El primero fue anunciando el hist&#243;rico acuerdo para obtener petr&#243;leo barato de Venezuela, el Gran Acuerdo Hist&#243;rico, algo  que no tiene basamento jur&#237;dico alguno ni posibilidad de reducir el precio de la gasolina, pero es noticia, genera expectativas, y desv&#237;a el debate electoral.  </p><p>El anuncio del acuerdo con Putin tiene un objetivo similar, no tendr&#225; efecto alguno sobre el precio del Diesel, pero sugiere intenci&#243;n y es suficientemente pol&#233;mico para desviar el debate y distraer al elector. </p><p>Recordemos los $5,000 a cada votante si los republicanos ganan ambas c&#225;maras. Es una meta inalcanzable y un monto que nunca tendr&#225; que pagarse pero genera debate y distrae la atenci&#243;n y algunos votos agrega. </p><p>Pasemos ahora a su esfuerzo por movilizar la base MAGA, viajando a los estados m&#225;s competitivos.  Quiere que la campa&#241;a sea sobre &#233;l mismo, sobre Donald Trump, y no sobre la guerra o el bolsillo. </p><p><em>Agreguemos la arremetida de ICE, algo que luce contraintuitivo. </em></p><p>Aqu&#237; la lectura es m&#225;s compleja porque a la vez que aviva el debate; aleja al votante latino  Y, sin embargo, s&#233; de latinos que calladamente aplauden.</p><p>El ser humano es  complejo. Mientras algunos quieren pan, otros quieren mano dura, y la imagen del Tren de Aragua sigue viva  </p><p>Su &#250;ltima jugada es la m&#225;s interesante. </p><p>Me refiero al clip en el que &#233;l camina hacia la c&#225;mara con aire combativo mientras en el fondo se escucha su voz hablando de logros, haza&#241;as y convicciones. </p><p>Y todo en blanco y negro.  </p><p>All&#237; trabaja el subconsciente: el blanco evoca pureza; el negro, la severidad de la justicia.</p><p>Pero quiz&#225;s lo m&#225;s importante es que este clip trae recuerdos de su &#250;ltima campa&#241;a presidencial, una campa&#241;a triunfadora. Tambi&#233;n los temas de aquel debate, algo que -entre los suyos- ayuda a cohesionar.</p><p><strong>La Movilizaci&#243;n</strong></p><p>Vuelvo a un tema tratado arriba brevemente.</p><p>El efecto Trump sobre la movilizaci&#243;n del segmento MAGA es importante. </p><p>En una elecci&#243;n presidencial puede aumentar la votaci&#243;n republicana hasta en 5 puntos. Y esto es clave en estados y circuitos competitivos. En una elecci&#243;n intermedia, las midterms, el efecto puede ser la mitad, y quiz&#225;s llegue a 3 puntos en los estados que visita con frecuencia.</p><p>Todo ello se suma a su esfuerzo por modificar el eje tem&#225;tico de la campa&#241;a.</p><p>Si Trump logra que la gente hable m&#225;s de Trump que del costo de la vida, y que -a su vez- la movilizaci&#243;n surta efecto, el impacto en algunos estados y circuitos puede ser decisivo.</p><p>No es f&#225;cil.</p><p>S&#233; que los n&#250;meros no dan, y yo mismo lo creo improbable, pero no creo sensato descartar la posibilidad de que en el Senado los republicanos retengan la mayor&#237;a.</p><h5><em><sub>*Esta es la imagen que apareci&#243; en televisi&#243;n, el Still de la versi&#243;n emitida con el disclaimer &#8216;Paid for by the U.S. Government&#8217;. Tras las cr&#237;ticas, Trump anunci&#243; que MAGA Inc. pagar&#237;a las emisiones futuras; aun as&#237;, el disclaimer gubernamental sigui&#243; apareciendo hasta que un juez federal orden&#243; cancelar las referencias al uso de fondos p&#250;blicos. Todo lo cual delata el verdadero objetivo: provocar una pol&#233;mica, al precio que sea, incluso el de su propia reputaci&#243;n.</sub></em></h5><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[DE URICA A MIRAFLORES]]></title><description><![CDATA[Relato hist&#243;rico]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/de-urica-a-miraflores</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/de-urica-a-miraflores</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 20:30:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Wsz-%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Wsz-%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wsz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fedc6c299-179c-4275-b913-5881de4478b3_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El 5 de diciembre de 1814, en la sabana de Urica, la lanza de Pedro Zaraza encontr&#243; el pecho de Jos&#233; Tom&#225;s Boves. El Le&#243;n de los Llanos cay&#243; mientras sus jinetes a&#250;n empujaban la l&#237;nea republicana.</p><p>La victoria realista fue determinante, pero el caudillo que la hab&#237;a hecho posible qued&#243; tendido en la polvareda. Sus hombres, despojados de la voz que los hab&#237;a reunido en el odio y en el saqueo, se dispersaron. Meses y a&#241;os despu&#233;s, muchos de ellos volver&#237;an a cabalgar bajo otra bandera, la de otro llanero, un l&#237;der distinto, un hombre que tambi&#233;n sab&#237;a leer el terreno y la geograf&#237;a.</p><p>Ciento ochenta y cuatro a&#241;os y un d&#237;a m&#225;s tarde, el 6 de diciembre de 1998, en otra sabana &#8212;esta vez de urnas y de pantallas&#8212;, un hombre nacido en Barinas cruz&#243; el umbral que la capital dej&#243; abierto he hizo su entrada triunfal.</p><p>Hugo Ch&#225;vez no llevaba la lanza de Boves, pero tra&#237;a consigo la misma fuerza, el resentimiento, que aquella lanza hab&#237;a sabido encender. Hab&#237;a sido un hombre astuto. En las reuniones dejaba una silla vac&#237;a. Dec&#237;a que era para Bol&#237;var, un gesto  deliberadamente teatral. El centro lo interpret&#243; como homenaje o locura; no lo ley&#243; como lo que era: la apropiaci&#243;n de un s&#237;mbolo que Caracas sent&#237;a propio.</p><p>En la Capital, en la burbuja nacida de un clima benigno, de urbanizaciones amuralladas y restaurantes repletos, se habl&#243; de ruptura, de populismo, de no se sabe m&#225;s de qu&#233;, y muy pocos advirtieron que la fuerza que &#233;ste tra&#237;a no era la de un P&#225;ez que buscara generar un nuevo orden, sino la de Boves disfrazado de Libertador.</p><p>La silla vac&#237;a no estaba destinada a un h&#233;roe muerto del siglo XIX; serv&#237;a para que el vivo del siglo XX ocupara, sin contradicci&#243;n aparente, el solio de quien nos di&#243; la libertad, y el valle, que confund&#237;a su propio relato con el del pa&#237;s entero, no supo distinguir entre la m&#225;scara y quien estaba detr&#225;s.</p><p>Urica hab&#237;a cerrado un ciclo aquel 5 de diciembre m&#225;s de dos siglos atr&#225;s, y en un nuevo 6 de diciembre abr&#237;a otro. </p><p>Entre ambas fechas no hab&#237;a visible causalidad.</p><p>En la primera, un caudillo llanero cay&#243; mientras sus jinetes segu&#237;an avanzando. En la segunda, un caudillo proveniente igualmente del Llano se desliz&#243; mientras el centro cre&#237;a tenerlo en sus manos.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               La diferencia de un d&#237;a no prueba nada. Solo recuerda que la energ&#237;a que nace fuera del valle ha sabido, en m&#225;s de una ocasi&#243;n, llegar al centro cuando la burbuja, vi&#233;ndose en su propio espejo, no ha sido capaz de descifrar si el que llega es el recto o  es un impostor. </p><p>Caracas, enaltecida por el himno, protegida por su altitud y por el monopolio de la renta, sigui&#243; mirando hacia adentro mientras afuera, en la sabana, la lanza y la urna hab&#237;an encontrado, con un d&#237;a de diferencia, el triunfo, el poder absoluto, y la misma adulaci&#243;n.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/de-urica-a-miraflores?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fde-urica-a-miraflores%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Compartir</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/de-urica-a-miraflores/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fde-urica-a-miraflores%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[TRUMP’S EMPIRE]]></title><description><![CDATA[Air power ended the maritime empires. And now?]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-empire</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-empire</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 20:30:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21uUDJ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21uUDJ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21uUDJ%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg" width="1456" height="980" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uUDJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a9a8776-ce09-47ac-9c78-57f2916b00fd_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>George Washington&#8217;s face was carved into Mount Rushmore as the founding father. Beside him stands Thomas Jefferson, whose purchase of Louisiana from France nearly doubled the nation&#8217;s territory. Abraham Lincoln follows, for preserving the Union through the Civil War and emancipating the slaves. The fourth face belongs to Theodore Roosevelt, remembered for protecting America&#8217;s great national parks and for a presidency that projected American power overseas.</p><p>Together, they represent four defining chapters in the making of a nation: its birth, expansion, preservation, and emergence as a world power.</p><p>Trump wants to be the fifth<a href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2F%23_ftn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>. He has said so more than once. But earning a place alongside those four presidents would require an achievement of truly historic proportions.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>What might be Donald Trump&#8217;s great historical feat?</strong></p><p>Let&#8217;s consider the context.</p><p><em>&#8220;In the beginning was the Word.&#8221;</em></p><p>So opens the Gospel of John.</p><p>Trump began his second presidency by proclaiming a new era. In his inaugural address on January 20, 2025, he announced the dawn of a new golden age for America and declared that the day would be remembered as Liberation Day.</p><p>Only hours later, he signed Executive Order 14172, Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness. It restored the name Mount McKinley to North America&#8217;s highest peak, which had recovered its Indigenous name, Denali, under the Obama administration. It also renamed the Gulf of Mexico the Gulf of America.</p><p>First came the Word.</p><p>This was no passing fancy, no idea picked up out of nowhere.</p><p>On April 2, Trump again invoked Liberation Day, this time to unveil a sweeping tariff policy, presented as America&#8217;s economic emancipation.</p><p>A new Liberator?</p><p>History&#8217;s liberators are generally remembered for freeing their people from foreign domination. Trump uses the language of liberation to describe the economic emancipation of the most powerful nation on earth.</p><p>In August 2026, he went further, renaming Lake Ontario Lake America for federal purposes. Ontario is an Indigenous name, older than the Canadian province and older still than the United States.</p><p><em>&#8220;We have a gulf and we have a lake,&#8221;</em> he said while signing the order. <em>&#8220;Now, all we need is an ocean.&#8221;</em></p><p>None of these changes redraws a border. Canada is under no obligation to accept them, nor is Mexico, nor anyone else.</p><p>Yet Trump appears to attach particular importance to the power of names.</p><p>On September 29, 2026, he signed another executive order, Inaugurating the Era of Super Intelligence, directing the federal government to replace the term Artificial Intelligence with Super Intelligence.</p><p>The order goes further: the federal government will no longer recognize the term Artificial Intelligence. And yet the order itself defines Super Intelligence by reference to the very same legal definition already established for artificial intelligence under 15 U.S.C. &#167; 9401(3).</p><p>Artificial suggests something fashioned by human hands. Super suggests something beyond them.</p><p><strong>The change is clearly semantic, not technological.</strong></p><p>Is this merely a taste for grandiose language, or is there something here that deserves closer examination?</p><p>To explore that possibility, let me introduce Yuval Noah Harari.</p><p>In January 2020, Harari spoke at Davos, where those who wield power, and aspire to command the world, gather.</p><p>He warned of a new form of imperialism, born not of territorial conquest but of the concentration of information and the development of artificial intelligence.</p><p>An imperialism that might have no need to seize territory or deploy armies. Control over data and the technological systems on which nations depend could prove sufficient.</p><p>Harari developed these ideas in Nexus (2024). His central argument is that information networks have shaped and organized power throughout human history. Artificial intelligence introduces something fundamentally new: these networks can now generate information and make decisions without direct human intervention.</p><p>Whoever controls them could command power on a scale never before imagined.</p><p><em>There is a chronological detail worth considering.</em></p><p>Both Harari&#8217;s address at Davos and the publication of Nexus preceded Trump&#8217;s second presidency. Could these ideas have inspired, directly or indirectly, his pursuit of technological supremacy? I have no evidence that they did. But within the bounds of this intellectual exercise, I would not dismiss it either.</p><p>The Industrial Revolution enabled a handful of nations to accumulate enough power to dominate much of the planet. The artificial intelligence revolution could concentrate power on an even greater scale.</p><p><strong>With artificial intelligence, the very physics of power changes.</strong></p><p>Rome could conquer Egypt, but it could not transplant Egypt&#8217;s wheatfields to Italy. Britain could concentrate its manufacturing industries at home, but it could not move Iraq&#8217;s oilfields to Yorkshire or Malaya&#8217;s rubber plantations to Cornwall.</p><p>Geography imposed limits.</p><p>Information is different. Data and the code that organizes it can be concentrated in technological centers located in a handful of countries.</p><p>Traditional empires needed to control territories and natural resources. The empires of tomorrow might instead control the systems through which those resources are managed and put to use.</p><p>Consider a historical comparison.</p><p>When Rome sold swords to the Goths, it surrendered control over those weapons. The Goths could turn them against the Roman legions themselves. Much the same was true when Britain sold rifles to the Afghan tribes of the Hindu Kush.</p><p>Neither Rome nor London possessed a switch capable of disabling weapons once they had changed hands.</p><p>Artificial intelligence could change all that.</p><p>A country may purchase systems to run its banks, hospitals, communications, and military installations while remaining dependent on whoever controls the software, infrastructure, and updates.</p><p>Technology could increasingly be supplied as a service, its continued operation dependent on the provider.</p><p>At Davos, Harari raised an even more unsettling possibility: data colonialism. Colonialism, allow me to underline the word.</p><p>Imagine Washington or Beijing possessing detailed personal information about another country&#8217;s leading politicians, judges, journalists, and military commanders: their relationships, preferences, vulnerabilities, and secrets.</p><p><em>With enough data, there is no need to send soldiers.</em></p><p>Each country could retain its flag, borders, government, and institutions. But would it still be truly sovereign? Would it be free?</p><p>Europe offers a revealing example. The European Union regulates numerous digital platforms it does not own. Much of its technological infrastructure depends on American companies.</p><p>Harari speaks of a Silicon Curtain, a new division of the world drawn not necessarily along territorial boundaries, but through networks, algorithms, chips, and technological systems.</p><p>And we are talking about Europe, about the European Union, an economy that vies with China for second place in the world when measured by aggregate nominal GDP.</p><p>If an economic power of such magnitude faces the prospect of technological dependence, what might await smaller nations? What might await the Americas? What can individual nations in the Americas expect?</p><p>Colonialism would no longer need to reproduce the old patterns of territorial domination. It could operate through the very mechanisms by which a nation exercises its sovereignty.</p><p><strong>Let us return to Trump.</strong></p><p>While Harari warns of the possibility of a new technological imperialism, the American administration is pursuing a policy explicitly aimed at securing U.S. supremacy in artificial intelligence.</p><p>In July 2025, the White House unveiled America&#8217;s AI Action Plan, designed to establish American leadership in the field.</p><p>At the same time, Trump signed an executive order promoting the export of complete American AI systems: chips, servers, networks, models, software, and technological services. Are these not precisely some of the instruments upon which Harari builds his hypothesis of a new imperial power?</p><p>There is another indication.</p><p>Trump has challenged warnings about the dangers inherent in artificial intelligence and rejected restrictions that might undermine America&#8217;s advantage over China.</p><p>On the very day he signed the Super Intelligence order, he gathered the leaders of major technology companies at the White House, where they signed a voluntary accord to oversee their own systems.</p><p>Power does not impose, it demands.</p><p>For Trump, the technological race is inseparable from the pursuit of national supremacy. The same is true of Xi Jinping. In 2017, under his leadership, China adopted a strategic plan setting 2030 as the target for achieving global leadership in artificial intelligence.</p><p>The two great powers are therefore competing for supremacy over a technology that, in Harari&#8217;s view, could transform the nature of imperial power.</p><p>Beyond words, beyond Harari, technology is already showing the way. The means dictate the how, as history has shown. There is no going back.</p><p>At stake is control over the chips, networks, data, and systems that make the technology possible.</p><p>Trump and Xi both want to win the race, much as the United States and the Soviet Union once competed for supremacy in space. Harari, however, leads us to a different question: What becomes of those who do not win?</p><p>If traditional empires were defined by territory, armies, and frontiers, these emerging centers of power could attain dimensions never before seen.</p><p>We might call them Super Empires: not for the lands they possess, but for their ability to shape the functioning of societies that would remain sovereign in name.</p><p>Yet the technological possibility Harari describes is one thing. The deliberate political intention to turn that possibility into an instrument of imperial power is quite another. The same evidence I have described could, of course, be interpreted as the familiar expression of geopolitical rivalry with China. Whether that explanation is sufficiently convincing, I am not sure.</p><p><em>All I have written is pure intellectual speculation.</em></p><p>I have no evidence that Trump has drawn inspiration from Harari, or that he intends to build the kind of empire Harari envisions.</p><p>What I do have are indications: his words, the decisions that give them force, his determination to achieve supremacy in artificial intelligence, his ambition to see his face carved into Mount Rushmore, and the need for a feat worthy of such a distinction.</p><p>And, yes, the the New Testament:</p><p><em>&#8220;In the beginning was the Word.&#8221;</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><sub>&#185; In 1936, Mount Rushmore&#8217;s original sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, wrote that, given the limitations of the granite, he seriously doubted that adding a fifth face would be feasible.</sub></strong></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/trumps-empire/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Ftrumps-empire%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EL IMPERIO DE TRUMP]]></title><description><![CDATA[El dominio a&#233;reo acab&#243; con los imperios mar&#237;timos, &#191;y ahora?]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-imperio-de-trump</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/el-imperio-de-trump</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 20:30:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21LeEm%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21LeEm%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LeEm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LeEm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LeEm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LeEm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f814665-f158-4da5-9d5b-ffbae096fa06_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El rostro de George Washington fue esculpido en el monte Rushmore por ser el padre fundador. Thomas Jefferson aparece a su lado por haber adquirido de Francia un territorio que pr&#225;cticamente duplic&#243; la extensi&#243;n del pa&#237;s. Abraham Lincoln lo sigue por haber conservado la Uni&#243;n tras la Guerra Civil y por la emancipaci&#243;n de los esclavos. El cuarto rostro es el de Theodore Roosevelt, por su defensa de los grandes parques naturales y por una presidencia que proyect&#243; el poder estadounidense en ultramar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los cuatro representan momentos fundamentales en la construcci&#243;n de una naci&#243;n: su nacimiento, expansi&#243;n, preservaci&#243;n y su proyecci&#243;n como potencia global.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trump aspira a que su rostro sea el quinto<a href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2F%23_ftn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>. Lo ha manifestado m&#225;s de una vez. Pero le hace falta una huella.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#191;Cu&#225;l podr&#237;a ser la haza&#241;a hist&#243;rica de Trump?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hablemos del contexto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#171;En el principio era el Verbo&#187;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As&#237; comienza el Evangelio de Juan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trump inici&#243; su segundo mandato proclamando una nueva era. En su discurso inaugural, el 20 de enero de 2025, anunci&#243; una nueva edad de oro para Estados Unidos y declar&#243; que aquella fecha ser&#237;a recordada como <em>Liberation Day,</em> el D&#237;a de la Liberaci&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Horas despu&#233;s firm&#243; el decreto presidencial 14172, titulado <em>Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness</em>, que restitu&#237;a el nombre de <em>Mount McKinley</em> a la cumbre m&#225;s alta de Am&#233;rica del Norte, sustituyendo su denominaci&#243;n ind&#237;gena, Denali, adquirida durante la administraci&#243;n Obama. Tambi&#233;n rebautizaba como <em>Gulf of America</em> el Golfo de M&#233;xico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Primero fue la Palabra.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No era una simple ocurrencia moment&#225;nea. El decreto, firmado horas despu&#233;s de asumir nuevamente la presidencia, sugiere que la idea de cambiar nombres era parte de un plan bien pensado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El 2 de abril volvi&#243; a utilizar la expresi&#243;n <em>Liberation Day</em>, esta vez para anunciar una nueva pol&#237;tica arancelaria, presentada como una liberaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica de Estados Unidos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#191;Un nuevo Libertador? Los libertadores de la historia suelen identificarse con la emancipaci&#243;n de pueblos sometidos a poderes extranjeros. Trump utiliza ese lenguaje para describir la liberaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica de la naci&#243;n m&#225;s poderosa del planeta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En agosto de 2026 rebautiz&#243;, para efectos federales, el Lago Ontario como <em>Lake America</em>. Ontario es un nombre ind&#237;gena, anterior tanto a la provincia canadiense como a EE.UU.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#171;Ya tenemos un golfo y un lago&#187;</em>, dijo al firmar la orden, agregando &#171;<em>Ahora solo nos falta un oc&#233;ano&#187;.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ninguno de estos cambios mueve fronteras. Canad&#225; no est&#225; obligada a aceptarlos, tampoco M&#233;xico o el resto del mundo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero Trump parece conceder particular importancia al poder de los nombres.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El 29 de septiembre de 2026 firm&#243; un decreto titulado <em>Inaugurating the Era of Super Intelligence</em> que sustituye formalmente el t&#233;rmino <em>Artificial Intelligence</em> por <em>Super Intelligence</em>. Y dispone algo m&#225;s: el gobierno federal no reconocer&#225; el uso de la expresi&#243;n <em>Artificial Intelligence</em>. Sin embargo, el propio decreto define <em>Super Intelligence</em> con la misma definici&#243;n legal de la inteligencia artificial (15 U.S.C. &#167; 9401(3)).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Se entiende. Lo artificial remite a una creaci&#243;n humana. Super define algo que la supera.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El cambio es sem&#225;ntico, no tecnol&#243;gico.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#191;Se trata acaso de una preferencia por palabras extravagantes o de algo que merece ser examinado con cuidado?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Para intentar comprenderlo, debo referirme a Yuval Noah Harari.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En enero de 2020, a Harari se le pidi&#243; dictar una conferencia en Davos, donde se re&#250;nen quienes tienen el poder y aspiran a controlar el mundo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All&#237; advirti&#243; sobre la posibilidad de que pudiera surgir una nueva forma de imperialismo, un imperialismo nacido del manejo y almacenamiento de informaci&#243;n y del desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial. Habl&#243; de un imperialismo que no necesitar&#237;a conquistar territorios ni desplazar ej&#233;rcitos. De un imperialismo que podr&#237;a imponerse mediante el control de los datos y de los sistemas tecnol&#243;gicos de los cuales depende el funcionamiento de otras naciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 2024, Harari desarroll&#243; estas ideas en su obra Nexus. All&#237; replantea su tesis: las redes de informaci&#243;n han organizado el poder a lo largo de la historia. La inteligencia artificial introduce una novedad: esas redes pueden generar informaci&#243;n y tomar decisiones sin intervenci&#243;n humana. Quien llegue a controlarlas podr&#237;a adquirir un poder de dimensiones desconocidas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un detalle cronol&#243;gico merece especial atenci&#243;n. Tanto su intervenci&#243;n en Davos como la publicaci&#243;n de Nexus precedieron al segundo mandato de Trump.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#191;Pudieron sus ideas servir de inspiraci&#243;n, directa o indirectamente, a un proyecto de supremac&#237;a tecnol&#243;gica? No tengo elementos suficientes para afirmarlo, pero tampoco para descartarlas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La revoluci&#243;n industrial permiti&#243; a pocos pa&#237;ses acumular suficiente poder para someter a buena parte del planeta. La revoluci&#243;n de la inteligencia artificial, por su alcance, podr&#237;a concentrar un poder a&#250;n mayor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Con la inteligencia artificial, la f&#237;sica del poder cambia.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Roma pod&#237;a conquistar a Egipto, pero no trasladar sus campos de trigo a Roma. Gran Breta&#241;a pod&#237;a concentrar su industria manufacturera, pero no trasladar los yacimientos petroleros de Irak a Yorkshire ni las plantaciones de caucho de Malasia a Cornwall.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La geograf&#237;a impon&#237;a l&#237;mites.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En cambio, la informaci&#243;n y los c&#243;digos que la organizan pueden concentrarse en centros tecnol&#243;gicos situados en unos pocos pa&#237;ses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los imperios tradicionales necesitaban controlar territorios y recursos naturales. Los nuevos imperios podr&#237;an controlar los sistemas mediante los cuales esos recursos se administran y aprovechan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La idea de Harari admite una comparaci&#243;n hist&#243;rica.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cuando Roma vend&#237;a espadas a los godos, perd&#237;a el control de esas armas. Los godos pod&#237;an de vuelta utilizarlas contra las legiones romanas. Algo semejante ocurr&#237;a cuando los brit&#225;nicos vend&#237;an rifles a las tribus afganas del Hindu Kush.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No exist&#237;a entonces en Roma ni en Londres un interruptor capaz de inutilizar las armas vendidas. Con la inteligencia artificial eso bien puede cambiar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un pa&#237;s puede adquirir sistemas para administrar sus bancos, hospitales, comunicaciones e instalaciones militares y -sinti&#233;ndolos propios- continuar dependiendo de quien controla los programas, la infraestructura y tambi&#233;n sus avances y actualizaciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Harari a&#241;adi&#243; en Davos una dimensi&#243;n todav&#237;a m&#225;s inquietante: la colonizaci&#243;n de datos. N&#243;tese el t&#233;rmino &#8220;colonizaci&#243;n&#8221;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imaginemos que alguien en Washington o Pek&#237;n conoce el historial personal de los principales pol&#237;ticos, jueces, periodistas y militares de otro pa&#237;s. Sus relaciones, preferencias, debilidades y secretos. Con suficientes datos no hace falta enviar soldados para lograr el control.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El pa&#237;s conservar&#237;a su bandera, sus fronteras, su gobierno y sus instituciones. Pero &#191;seguir&#237;a siendo verdaderamente libre? &#191;Seguir&#237;a siendo soberano?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Europa ofrece un ejemplo interesante. La Uni&#243;n Europea regula numerosas plataformas digitales, pero no es due&#241;a de ninguna. Buena parte de su infraestructura tecnol&#243;gica depende de empresas estadounidenses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Harari habla de una cortina de silicio, una nueva divisi&#243;n del mundo, delimitada no necesariamente por fronteras f&#237;sicas, sino por redes, algoritmos, chips y sistemas tecnol&#243;gicos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y estamos hablando de Europa, de la Uni&#243;n Europea, de una econom&#237;a que en tama&#241;o se disputa el segundo lugar con China, medida por su PIB nominal agregado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Si una potencia econ&#243;mica de semejante dimensi&#243;n enfrenta el riesgo de dependencia tecnol&#243;gica, &#191;qu&#233; podr&#237;a ocurrir con pa&#237;ses m&#225;s peque&#241;os? &#191;Qu&#233; podr&#237;a ocurrir con todo el continente americano e individualmente con los pa&#237;ses que lo integran? La colonizaci&#243;n ya no necesitar&#237;a dominio territorial. Podr&#237;a operar sobre los mecanismos que permiten a una naci&#243;n ejercer su propia soberan&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Regresemos a Trump.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mientras Harari advierte sobre la posibilidad de un nuevo imperialismo tecnol&#243;gico, la administraci&#243;n estadounidense desarrolla una pol&#237;tica destinada a asegurar la supremac&#237;a de Estados Unidos en inteligencia artificial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En julio de 2025, la Casa Blanca public&#243; <em>America&#8217;s AI Action Plan</em>, destinado a alcanzar el liderazgo mundial en inteligencia artificial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Simult&#225;neamente, Trump firm&#243; un decreto para promover la exportaci&#243;n de sistemas estadounidenses completos: chips, servidores, redes, modelos, programas y servicios tecnol&#243;gicos. &#191;No son estos, precisamente, algunos de los instrumentos sobre los cuales Harari construye la hip&#243;tesis de un nuevo poder imperial?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay otro indicio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trump ha cuestionado las advertencias sobre los peligros que encierra la inteligencia artificial y ha rechazado restricciones que podr&#237;an comprometer la ventaja estadounidense sobre China.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El mismo d&#237;a en que firm&#243; la orden de <em>Super Intelligence</em>, reuni&#243; en la Casa Blanca a los l&#237;deres de las grandes empresas tecnol&#243;gicas, y &#233;stos suscribieron un acuerdo voluntario que los compromete a ejercer control sobre sus propios sistemas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El poder no lo decreta o hace Ley. Lo exige personalmente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Para Trump, la carrera tecnol&#243;gica est&#225; vinculada directamente a la supremac&#237;a nacional. Tambi&#233;n lo est&#225; para Xi Jinping. En 2017, bajo su presidencia, China aprob&#243; un plan estrat&#233;gico que fijaba el a&#241;o 2030 como meta para alcanzar el liderazgo mundial en inteligencia artificial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Las dos grandes potencias -entonces- se disputan la supremac&#237;a sobre una tecnolog&#237;a que, seg&#250;n Harari, podr&#237;a transformar la naturaleza del poder imperial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#225;s all&#225; de las palabras, m&#225;s all&#225; de Harari, la tecnolog&#237;a ya est&#225; mostrando el camino. Los medios determinan el c&#243;mo. As&#237; lo registra la historia. No hay vuelta atr&#225;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por eso se disputa el control de los chips, de las redes, de los datos y de los sistemas que hacen posible su funcionamiento.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tanto Trump como Xi quieren ganar la carrera, tal como varias d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s EE.UU. y la URSS se disputaron la supremac&#237;a espacial. Harari -en cambio- nos lleva a preguntarnos qu&#233; ocurrir&#225; con quienes no la ganen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Si los imperios tradicionales se identificaban con territorios, ej&#233;rcitos y fronteras, estos nuevos centros de poder podr&#237;an alcanzar dimensiones inimaginables.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ser&#237;an una suerte de Super Imperios no por la extensi&#243;n de sus territorios, sino por su capacidad de influir sobre el funcionamiento de sociedades que en un plano formal continuar&#237;an siendo soberanas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero una cosa es la posibilidad tecnol&#243;gica que describe Harari y otra muy distinta que exista una voluntad pol&#237;tica deliberada de convertirla en instrumento imperial. Si se quiere, los mismos indicios pueden leerse, no s&#233; si con igual coherencia, como expresi&#243;n de una competencia geopol&#237;tica cl&#225;sica con China.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Todo lo que escribo, claro, es especulaci&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No tengo pruebas de que Trump se inspire en Harari o que aspire a construir el imperio sobre el que Harari teoriza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tengo s&#237; los indicios: su verbo, las decisiones que lo acompa&#241;an, su empe&#241;o por alcanzar la supremac&#237;a en inteligencia artificial, su aspiraci&#243;n a ver su rostro esculpido en el monte Rushmore y la necesidad imperiosa de una haza&#241;a que lo pueda ameritar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tambi&#233;n, claro, est&#225; el Nuevo Testamento:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#171;En el principio era el Verbo&#187;.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup>[1]</sup>El escultor de la obra original, Gutzon Borglum, se&#241;al&#243; por escrito en 1936 que, dadas las limitaciones f&#237;sicas del granito, dudaba mucho de que fuera factible agregar un quinto rostro.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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Sep 2026 23:00:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Tbeh%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Tbeh%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tbeh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tbeh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tbeh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tbeh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6261f5c9-463a-49d2-b691-c52f49c68535_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>Immanuel Kant: La realidad tal como podemos conocerla no existe al margen de las estructuras con que nuestra mente la percibe y comprende. (i)</strong></em></p><p>Durante milenios la humanidad concibi&#243; a la Tierra, nuestro hogar, como centro del Universo. Pens&#243; que el Sol, la Luna y las estrellas giraban en nuestro entorno. Espejo de esa percepci&#243;n fueron los imperios que, regidos por un Rey o Emperador, se extend&#237;an hasta los confines del mundo entonces perceptible.</p><p>En t&#233;rminos de ra&#237;z griega, fue un universo geoc&#233;ntrico.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>En 1543, hace casi cinco siglos, todas las coordenadas cambiaron</strong>. Cop&#233;rnico &#8212;al borde de la muerte&#8212; hizo p&#250;blica en la Europa moderna una visi&#243;n totalmente distinta. La Tierra, afirm&#243;, es un planeta que gira en torno al Sol. Kant hablo del Giro Copernicano.</p><p>De all&#237; que la centralidad pasara al Sol y que, en t&#233;rminos formales, nuestra visi&#243;n del universo pasara a ser <em>helioc&#233;ntrica</em>.</p><p>La Tierra, en la escala jer&#225;rquica, bajaba un escal&#243;n, pero conservaba su individualidad. De all&#237; que la Soberan&#237;a, como precepto conceptual, se extendiera a la organizaci&#243;n humana. </p><p>Su consagraci&#243;n en el contexto de la Paz de Westfalia que le pone fin a la Guerra de los Treinta A&#241;os -una guerra iniciada por diferencias entre cat&#243;licos y protestantes- dibujar&#225; el periplo hist&#243;rico que, pasando por el desmantelamiento de los Imperios, culmina en 1974, cuando Portugal, tras la Revoluci&#243;n de los Claveles, da paso a la independencia de sus territorios de ultramar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ya no son los imperios los que dan cobijo y ponen orden. Ahora es la Organizaci&#243;n de las Naciones Unidas la que a las soberan&#237;as nacionales les da albergue.</p><p><em><strong>La Carrera Espacial inicia una nueva Era</strong></em></p><p>Si durante milenios hab&#237;amos contemplado el Cosmos desde la superficie de la Tierra, nuestro hogar, con la Carrera Espacial comenzamos, a la inversa, a contemplar la Tierra desde afuera, desde el espacio sideral y descubrimos que &#233;ramos mucho menos. </p><p>Que, en t&#233;rminos c&#243;smicos, &#233;ramos apenas una esfera min&#250;scula, hermosa, s&#237;, pero suspendida en una inmensidad sin centro visible o jerarqu&#237;a perceptible.</p><p>La conmoci&#243;n fue distinta. Ya no consist&#237;a en desplazar a la Tierra del Centro para colocar sus estructuras en un marco jer&#225;rquico distinto.</p><p>Al desdibujarse las referencias externas, comenzamos a mirar hacia adentro. Esta nueva Era, que algunos denominan Nooc&#233;ntrica, yo &#8212;sin descartar la formulaci&#243;n&#8212; prefiero denominarla <em>Endoc&#233;ntrica</em> porque describe la direcci&#243;n del cambio, y no un destino que, al margen de su validez, me luce indefinido y vago.</p><p>L&#243;gicamente ocurre un shock<strong>.</strong> Es la conmoci&#243;n de quien &#8212;llevado a la dimensi&#243;n humana&#8212; regresa a casa y no la encuentra; de quien de pronto no tiene padres, ni hermanos, ni siquiera amigos. De quien descubre horrorizado que s&#243;lo se tiene a s&#237; mismo. Y all&#237; comienza el cuestionamiento.</p><p>No sorprende que aquella sociedad sangrara &#8212;al desprenderse de una creencia que hab&#237;a cre&#237;do absoluta&#8212; ni que  figuras emblem&#225;ticas cayeran asesinadas.</p><p><em><strong>Los a&#241;os sesenta retrataron aquel desprendimiento</strong></em></p><p>John F. Kennedy encarn&#243; la urgencia del momento. Su decisi&#243;n de colocar un estadounidense en la Luna antes de terminar la d&#233;cada convertir&#237;a un logro cient&#237;fico en una demostraci&#243;n de poder. Lo anunci&#243; en mayo de 1961. Pero no llegar&#237;a a verlo.</p><p>En noviembre de 1963 fue asesinado.</p><p>Entretanto, en Estados Unidos, el movimiento por los derechos civiles obligaba a que una naci&#243;n que proclamaba la libertad en el exterior enfrentara sus contradicciones internas.</p><p>Casi tres meses antes del asesinato de Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. dio voz a esa contradicci&#243;n. A&#250;n no hab&#237;a visto las fotograf&#237;as de la Tierra tomadas desde el espacio, pero intuy&#243; que, m&#225;s all&#225; de razas y fronteras, exist&#237;a un vientre com&#250;n, un planeta en el que deb&#237;amos aprender a convivir.</p><p>Su suerte fue la misma. Tampoco vio su sue&#241;o realizado. En abril de 1968 fue asesinado.</p><p>Ocho meses despu&#233;s, Apollo 8 rode&#243; la Luna y fotografi&#243; la Tierra elev&#225;ndose sobre el horizonte lunar. La foto ya no era la de un amanecer terrestre, viendo el Sol vencer la Oscuridad. Era la Tierra misma, nuestro vientre com&#250;n, amaneciendo lentamente sobre el horizonte lunar.</p><p>Mientras dos sistemas, el liberal capitalista y el comunista, luchaban por la supremac&#237;a mundial, la tecnolog&#237;a revelaba la unidad f&#237;sica del mundo, el vientre que ambos pretend&#237;an parcelar.</p><p><em><strong>Era tambi&#233;n un nuevo amanecer.</strong></em></p><p>Los Beatles cautivaron al mundo como Mozart cautiv&#243; el suyo.</p><p>S&#243;lo que ya no era el mundo de entonces, el europeo, sino el globo terrestre el que conquistaron, envolvi&#233;ndolo en acordes, melod&#237;as y novedosas narrativas.</p><p>En 1959 se produjo otro acontecimiento. Apareci&#243; Barbie, la mu&#241;eca profesional que sustituy&#243; al beb&#233; que exig&#237;a cuidado maternal, coincidiendo con la aparici&#243;n de la pastilla anticonceptiva, aprobada en 1960, asociando el control de natalidad a la imagen que &#8212;desde temprana edad&#8212; la mujer se hac&#237;a de s&#237; misma.</p><p><em><strong>A finales de la d&#233;cada, la rebeli&#243;n se hizo m&#225;s y m&#225;s visible.</strong></em></p><p>En Europa, tras la Cortina de Hierro, se produjo la Primavera de Praga y en fecha coincidente, el Mayo franc&#233;s.</p><p>La Primavera de Praga fue un movimiento de reforma pol&#237;tica y social, ampliamente respaldado por una nueva generaci&#243;n, que termin&#243; provocando la invasi&#243;n de Checoslovaquia por fuerzas del Pacto de Varsovia encabezadas por la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica. Dub&#269;ek, l&#237;der del partido comunista checo sobrevivi&#243; la invasi&#243;n, pero en 1969 termin&#243; siendo desplazado.</p><p>El Mayo Franc&#233;s fue tambi&#233;n una rebeli&#243;n juvenil, y de tal magnitud que desemboc&#243; en la mayor huelga general de la historia de Francia. De Gaulle sobrevivi&#243; pol&#237;ticamente, pero su autoridad qued&#243; golpeada y en 1969 opt&#243; por el retiro.</p><p><em><strong>Entre tanto, la juventud abrazaba el consumo de LSD.</strong></em></p><p>John Lennon, consciente o inconscientemente, lo glorific&#243; l&#237;rica y musicalmente con su <em>Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds</em>, pieza que se populariz&#243; en el mundo entero.</p><p>En julio de 1969 se produce el Alunizaje.</p><p>Poco despu&#233;s, en el festival de Woodstock, muchachas j&#243;venes, alucinadas, se despojan de sus prendas &#237;ntimas y, con sus senos al descubierto, parecen despojarse del ropaje de una &#233;poca que ha quedado atr&#225;s.</p><p>Lennon tambi&#233;n caer&#225; asesinado.</p><p>____________________________________________________________________________</p><p><em>(1) <strong><sup>Immanuel Kant, en la segunda edici&#243;n de su Cr&#237;tica de la raz&#243;n pura, publicada en 1787, lo dir&#237;a con suma claridad. De all&#237; el GIRO COPERNICANO, expresi&#243;n con la que posteriormente se resumi&#243; esa inversi&#243;n de perspectiva, y cuyo trasfondo hist&#243;rico Ortega tambi&#233;n recoge en su libro En torno a Galileo.</sup></strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">*Extracto de mi nuevo libro</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-decisive-sixties</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 20:30:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21o5Uk%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F8d3dd320-3f1c-48e1-921b-28dd86247e6c_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21o5Uk%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F8d3dd320-3f1c-48e1-921b-28dd86247e6c_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Emmanuel Kant:</strong></em><strong> </strong><em><strong>Reality, insofar as we can know it, does not exist apart from the structures through which our mind perceives and understands it. </strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For millennia, humanity conceived of the Earth, our home, as the center of the Universe. It believed that the Sun, the Moon, and the stars revolved around us. The mirror image of that perception were the empires that ruled by a King or an Emperor, stretched to the edges of the world then perceived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Greek terms, it was a <em>geocentric</em> universe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1543, all coordinates shifted. Copernicus, on the brink of death, laid before modern Europe an entirely different vision. The Earth, he declared, is a planet that revolves around the Sun. (i)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Centrality thus passed on to the Sun, and our view of the universe became, in formal terms, <em>heliocentric</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Earth dropped one rung on the hierarchical ladder, but it kept its individuality. And so Sovereignty, as a conceptual principle, began to spread.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Its consecration in the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years&#8217; War, a war born of the rift between Catholics and Protestants, would trace the historical arc that dismantling multiple empires culminates in 1974, when Portugal, following the Carnation Revolution, opens the way to independence for its overseas territories.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No longer would empires offer shelter and keep order. The United Nations gave all sovereignties a new home.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em><strong>The Space Race started a New Era.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For millennia we contemplated the Cosmos from the surface of the Earth. However, with the Space Race this all changed. Inversely, we began to observe Earth from the outside, from the depths of space, discovering we were far less. In cosmic terms, a tiny sphere. Beautiful, yes, but suspended in an immensity with no visible center nor perceptible hierarchy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The shock was of a different kind. It was no longer a matter of displacing the Earth from the Center and setting its structures within a different order or hierarchy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As external references blurred, we began to look inward. Some call this new era, the one we have now entered, <em>Noocentric</em>, referred to knowledge. I prefer another term: <em>Endocentric</em> for it points to a direction, and not to a vague final destination.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The shock was inevitable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Brought down to human scale, it was the shock of someone coming home and finding no home at all. A man or woman that suddenly has no parents, no brothers or sisters, not even friends. Who discovers &#8212; horrified &#8212; that he or she has only himself to deal with. And inevitably internal questioning begins.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Small wonder society trembled as it tore itself from a belief held absolute, or that blood flowed as emblematic figures were assassinated.</p><p><em><strong>The Sixties Captured the Unmooring</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">John F. Kennedy embodied urgency. His resolve to put an American on the Moon before the decade was out would turn a scientific achievement into a display of power. Yet he would not live to see it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">He was assassinated in Dallas, November 1963</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, the civil rights movement was forcing a nation that proudly proclaimed freedom abroad to confront its own contradictions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some three months before Kennedy&#8217;s assassination, Martin Luther King Jr. gave voice to that reality. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">He had not yet seen Earth&#8217;s image from space, but sensed that beyond races and borders there was a womb, a common womb, a planet in which we had to learn to live together.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">His fate was no different. He, too, never saw his dream fulfilled. In April 1968, he was assassinated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Moonrise</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eight months later, Apollo 8 circled the Moon and photographed the Earth rising over the lunar horizon. This was no longer an earthly dawn, the Sun defeating the Darkness as it rose. It was the Earth itself, our common womb, slowly dawning over the Moon&#180;s horizon.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While liberal capitalism and communism fought for world supremacy, technology was revealing the physical unity of the world: the very womb both sought to divide.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>It was also a new dawn</strong></em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Beatles captivated the world as Mozart had captivated his.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Only it was no longer the old world. It was the whole globe they seduced, wrapping it in chords, melodies, and imaginative lyrics. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1959 came another event dawned. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Barbie appeared, the professional doll that would replace, for little girls, the baby doll demanding a mother&#8217;s care. Her arrival coincided with the contraceptive pill,  binding birth control to the image she now viewed herself from an early age.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>By the end of the decade, rebellion erupted.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Prague Spring exploded concurrently with the French May.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Prague Spring was a movement of political and social reform, broadly embraced by a new generation, that provoked the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces led by the Soviet Union. Dub&#269;ek, the Czechoslovak Communist Party leader, survived the invasion, but in 1969 he was pushed aside.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">May &#8216;68 was also a youth rebellion of such magnitude that it spilled into the largest general strike in French history. Charles de Gaulle survived politically, but -seeing his authority diminish- chose to step down and retire.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>The young embraced LSD.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">John Lennon, consciously or not, glorified it in lyric and melody with <em>&#8220;Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds,&#8221;</em> a melody that spread across the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>In July 1969, man landed on the Moon.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Shortly after, at the Woodstock festival, young women, lost in hallucination, shed their undergarments and, breasts bared, seemed to strip off the wardrobe of times now gone.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lennon would also fall, assassinated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">____________________________________________________________________________</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><sup>(i</sup><strong><sup>) Immanuel Kant, in the second edition of his Critique of Pure Reason, published in 1787, put it with great clarity. Hence the Copernican Turn, the term Kant used to name the reversal, whose historical background Ortega also traces in En torno a Galileo.</sup></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>*An excerpt from my new book</strong></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/the-decisive-sixties/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fthe-decisive-sixties%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[UNA APUESTA ARRIESGADA]]></title><description><![CDATA[Llevar el debate a un terreno en el que el adversario no puede responder.]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/una-apuesta-arriesgada</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/una-apuesta-arriesgada</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 20:28:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21X21k%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21X21k%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X21k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X21k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X21k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X21k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a834a63-2341-4759-a96c-f4bf15072a37_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Hace pocas semanas escrib&#237; que un cambio en el eje de confrontaci&#243;n sobre el cual gira una elecci&#243;n puede invertir las cifras y derrotar al rival.</span></p><p><span>En 1998 lo viv&#237; de cerca cuando el voto esperanza que mi candidatura encarnaba fue sustituido por el voto venganza que favorecer&#237;a a Hugo Ch&#225;vez. Era una elecci&#243;n presidencial.</span></p><p><span>En 2002, George W. Bush hizo algo semejante y a&#250;n m&#225;s dif&#237;cil, porque era una elecci&#243;n intermedia: la econom&#237;a segu&#237;a siendo la principal preocupaci&#243;n dom&#233;stica de los electores, pero Irak y la seguridad nacional ocuparon crecientemente el centro del debate y de la preocupaci&#243;n ciudadana.</span></p><p><span>Bush coloc&#243; el &#233;nfasis en las armas de destrucci&#243;n masiva y en la amenaza que representaba Saddam Hussein. Los arsenales de armas de destrucci&#243;n masiva que la inteligencia estadounidense atribu&#237;a a Irak nunca aparecieron; el informe de inteligencia result&#243; falso, pero los republicanos terminaron ganando esca&#241;os en ambas c&#225;maras, algo excepcional.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><span>La ventana &#250;til suele ser de cuatro a seis semanas. En ese plazo, con un uso h&#225;bil de los medios, se puede cambiar el eje sobre el cual el elector toma su decisi&#243;n. Ese es el reto que en apenas siete semanas enfrentar&#225;n los republicanos, y &#8212;por lo visto&#8212; la estrategia ya est&#225; en marcha. Pasemos revista a las realidades. Lograr la libre navegabilidad en el Estrecho de Ormuz o alcanzar la paz con Ir&#225;n es imposible a corto plazo. Tampoco puede borrarse de un plumazo el elevado precio de la gasolina. Son factores que pesan sobre el elector, mucho m&#225;s cuando la popularidad del presidente se encuentra muy cerca de sus niveles m&#225;s bajos.</span></p><p><span>La encuesta Reuters/Ipsos publicada el 14 de septiembre sit&#250;a la aprobaci&#243;n de su gesti&#243;n en 35%. Los mercados de predicci&#243;n reflejan tambi&#233;n esa incertidumbre. En Polymarket, el contrato de barrida republicana &#8212;control de ambas c&#225;maras&#8212; cotizaba alrededor de 13 centavos por d&#243;lar al momento de esta revisi&#243;n. Son apuestas cambiantes, naturalmente, pero sirven para medir el estado de &#225;nimo de quienes participan en ese mercado.</span></p><p><span>Dicho en otras palabras: cuando el costo de la vida y la guerra en Ir&#225;n ocupan un lugar prominente en la mente del elector, disputar la elecci&#243;n en ese terreno lleva inevitablemente a la derrota.</span></p><p><span>Por si las percepciones fueran poco, Reuters/Ipsos registra en este momento una ventaja dem&#243;crata de siete puntos, 44% a 37%, en la votaci&#243;n para el Congreso. Y a diferencia de 1998 y 2002, cuando bastaba con activar un sentimiento ya instalado &#8212;el rencor que sent&#237;a un grueso segmento de la poblaci&#243;n hacia el establishment partidista en un caso, y en el otro, el miedo posterior al ataque terrorista del 11 de septiembre&#8212;, hoy no existe un sustrato &#250;nico capaz de decidir la elecci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>De all&#237; se deduce la estrategia republicana que comienza a perfilarse. Es triangular: se sostiene sobre tres patas, con Trump como hilo conductor. La primera es una promesa: el dividendo de cinco mil d&#243;lares por adulto, condicionado a que los republicanos retengan el control de ambas c&#225;maras del Congreso. Es algo casi inalcanzable y ha sido comparado con la compra de votos.</span></p><p><span>La segunda es un acuerdo ya anunciado, presentado pol&#237;ticamente como promesa de alivio futuro: el que Trump ha llamado el </span><em><span>&#8220;mejor acuerdo petrolero de la historia&#8221;,</span></em><span> un arreglo indirecto en torno a concesiones petroleras venezolanas de dudoso origen y cuestionable legalidad, en el cual el gobierno estadounidense, a trav&#233;s del Pent&#225;gono, ha adquirido una participaci&#243;n del 35% en la empresa involucrada. Ese acuerdo -l&#243;gicamente- no bajar&#225; el precio de la gasolina.</span></p><p><span>La tercera no es ni promesa ni expectativa. Es una pol&#237;tica en ejecuci&#243;n: redadas, detenciones y deportaciones realizadas por el ICE, cuya intensidad ha aumentado marcadamente y que ha provocado controversias jur&#237;dicas y humanitarias.</span></p><p><span>Las dos primeras pueden cuestionarse bien por su viabilidad o por sus efectos. La promesa de los cinco mil d&#243;lares ha suscitado objeciones incluso dentro del Partido Republicano por su costo y probable impacto inflacionario. El acuerdo petrolero plantea interrogantes distintos, y a&#250;n m&#225;s graves.</span></p><p><span>Hay, sin embargo, otra lectura: los beneficios materiales pueden ser inciertos, e incluso falsos o insinceros, pero su utilidad como narrativa electoral es inmediata.</span></p><p><em><strong><span>El endurecimiento migratorio es de otra naturaleza y debe analizarse con mayor cuidado.</span></strong></em></p><p><span>Produce costos reales que muchos hogares sufren &#8212;entre ellos lectores de estas p&#225;ginas&#8212; y puede alejar a parte del electorado latino que Trump logr&#243; atraer en 2024. Una encuesta reciente en 17 distritos competitivos encontr&#243; que 62% de los votantes latinos desaprueba la pol&#237;tica de inmigraci&#243;n y deportaciones de la Administraci&#243;n; en dos distritos competitivos de Florida, el desplazamiento respecto de 2024 ha sido particularmente marcado.</span></p><p><span>Ese precio, seg&#250;n cabe interpretarse, se paga no solo para movilizar a la base MAGA que ve al inmigrante como cuerpo extra&#241;o, sino tambi&#233;n -y sobre todo- para cambiar el terreno de juego, el eje mismo del debate electoral.</span></p><p><span>La pol&#237;tica migratoria introduce el desplazamiento deseado: mientras desdibuja en la mente del elector el costo de la vida y tambi&#233;n la guerra, centra su atenci&#243;n en una aplicaci&#243;n estricta de la ley que ofrece garant&#237;as de seguridad personal, frente a un Partido Dem&#243;crata, cuyos gobernadores y alcaldes favorecen las ciudades &#8220;santuario&#8221;, al que se atribuye el peligro de un retorno a la pol&#237;tica migratoria permisiva.</span></p><p><strong><span>Vayamos a los hechos.</span></strong><span> MAGA constituye un bloque considerable del electorado. Una encuesta de NBC News encontr&#243; que a finales de 2024 un 29% de los votantes registrados se identificaba con el movimiento MAGA. En marzo de 2025 la cifra hab&#237;a aumentado a 36%, el techo de esa serie. Una medici&#243;n de UMass Amherst de agosto de 2026 no confirma ese 36%: registra, en cambio, una ca&#237;da de unos nueve puntos en la identificaci&#243;n MAGA dentro del Partido Republicano respecto de marzo</span><strong><span>.</span></strong></p><p><span>Pero no es all&#237; donde est&#225; la esencia. Cualquiera que sea el porcentaje, en el seno del Partido Republicano su peso es much&#237;simo mayor. Tanto as&#237; que Trump ha demostrado una extraordinaria capacidad para influir en las primarias republicanas. Ballotpedia registraba en julio que 220 de 227 candidatos respaldados por &#233;l hab&#237;an ganado: 97%. Los m&#233;ritos no son solo suyos, por supuesto, pero sin duda marca una tendencia.</span></p><p><span>Ahora Trump ha anunciado que destinar&#225; entre 400 y 500 millones de d&#243;lares de los recursos de MAGA Inc. a las elecciones intermedias. El PAC reportaba unos 403 millones en caja a finales de julio. Ya se est&#225;n reservando decenas de millones en publicidad en estados y distritos competitivos. Y &#233;l mismo ha dejado claro su prop&#243;sito pol&#237;tico: ha pedido a sus seguidores que act&#250;en como si &#233;l estuviera nuevamente en la boleta.</span></p><p><span>La idea es que cada votante MAGA se diga: con Trump se logr&#243; el acuerdo petrolero; con Trump me llegar&#225;n los cinco mil d&#243;lares; con Trump viviremos m&#225;s tranquilos porque se har&#225; cumplir la ley. La idea es que al decidir si ir a votar o quedarse en casa y a la hora de votar, el elector tenga en mente no solo al candidato de su distrito, mucho menos el costo de la vida o lo que ocurre en el Estrecho de Ormuz, sino al propio Donald Trump. Para la base MAGA, los relatos cumplen su funci&#243;n.</span></p><p><strong><span>Retomemos perspectiva.</span></strong><span> Las elecciones intermedias tienen caracter&#237;sticas especiales. La participaci&#243;n suele ser inferior a la de las presidenciales, y la apuesta republicana parece descansar en que una movilizaci&#243;n intensa de su base, unida al cambio del eje electoral, reduzca o compense la desventaja que hoy muestran las encuestas nacionales.</span></p><p><span>Los cinco mil d&#243;lares y el petr&#243;leo venezolano no son fichas estrictamente canjeables frente al impacto inflacionario. </span><em><span>Son instrumentos narrativos</span></em><span> de un elevado valor electoral.</span></p><p><span>La pol&#237;tica migratoria, en cambio, produce hechos visibles. Por eso es la pieza m&#225;s costosa: sostiene la intensidad hacia adentro y cobra su precio hacia afuera, mientras intenta llevar al elector hacia otro dilema: qui&#233;n hace cumplir la ley y qui&#233;n, seg&#250;n la narrativa republicana, permiti&#243; que esta se debilitara.</span></p><p><span>Lo que esta jugada revela es la misma l&#243;gica electoral que conoc&#237;. Cambiarle por completo el terreno de juego al adversario. Convertir, digamos, una cancha de f&#250;tbol en una mesa de ping-pong. Llevar el debate electoral a otro terreno, a un espacio discursivo distinto, a una mesa en el que el adversario dem&#243;crata no tiene respuestas claras que ofrecer. Ese es el objetivo.</span></p><p><span>Hace casi dos meses escrib&#237; que la prueba de 2026 ser&#237;a mucho m&#225;s exigente que la de 2002. Lo sigue siendo. Quiz&#225;s a&#250;n m&#225;s. </span></p><p><span>En noviembre sabremos si este nuevo eje logra el triunfo que persigue, o si se imponen las realidades que hoy golpean el bolsillo y las de aquellos inmigrantes que &#8212;creyendo haber llegado a casa amiga&#8212; hoy se sienten defraudados</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21gbB6%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21gbB6%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gbB6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec0216e2-c929-4790-afba-ccf1e75025c7_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>A few weeks ago, I wrote that a last-minute shift in the axis of confrontation around which an election revolves can reverse the numbers and invert results.</strong></em></p><p>I experienced it firsthand in 1998, when the vote of hope embodied by my candidacy was replaced by the vote of revenge that would favor Hugo Ch&#225;vez. That was a presidential race.</p><p>In 2002, George W. Bush did something similar&#8212;and even more difficult, because it was a midterm election. The economy remained voters&#8217; principal domestic concern, but Iraq and national security increasingly moved to the center of both the political debate and public anxiety.</p><p>Bush placed the emphasis on weapons of mass destruction and the threat posed by Saddam Hussein. The stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction that U.S. intelligence attributed to Iraq were never found; the intelligence proved false. Yet Republicans ended up gaining seats in both chambers of Congress&#8212;an exceptional outcome.</p><p>The useful window is usually four to six weeks. Within that period, through a skillful use of the media, it is possible to change the axis on which voters make their decision. That is the challenge Republicans will face in barely seven weeks and, judging by what we are seeing, the strategy is already underway.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>Let us review realities. </strong>Securing freedom of navigation through the Strait of Hormuz, or reaching peace with Iran, is impossible in the short term. Nor can high gasoline prices simply be made to disappear. These are issues that weigh heavily on voters, particularly when the president&#8217;s approval rating is hovering near its lowest levels.</p><p>The Reuters/Ipsos poll published September 14 puts approval of his performance at 35%. Prediction markets reflect the same uncertainty. On Polymarket, the contract for a Republican sweep&#8212;control of both chambers&#8212;was trading at roughly 13 cents on the dollar when I last checked. These wagers fluctuate, naturally, but they provide a useful measure of the mood among those participating in that market.</p><p>Put differently: when the cost of living and the war with Iran occupy a prominent place in voters&#8217; minds, fighting the election on that terrain leads inevitably to defeat.</p><p>As if perceptions were not enough, Reuters/Ipsos currently gives Democrats a seven-point advantage in the congressional vote, 44% to 37%. And unlike 1998 and 2002, when it was enough to activate an emotion that was already deeply rooted&#8212;the resentment a large segment of the population felt toward the party establishment in one case, and in the other, the fear generated by the September 11 terrorist attacks&#8212;today there is no single underlying sentiment capable of deciding the election.</p><p>From this we can infer the Republican strategy now beginning to take shape. It is triangular: three legs, with Trump as the connecting thread.</p><p>The first is a promise: a $5,000 dividend for every adult, conditional on Republicans retaining control of both houses of Congress. That is an almost unattainable condition, and the proposal has been compared to buying votes.</p><p>The second is an agreement already announced and politically presented as a promise of future relief: what Trump has called the <em>&#8220;best oil deal in history,&#8221;</em> an indirect arrangement involving Venezuelan oil concessions of dubious origin and questionable legality, in which the U.S. government, through the Pentagon, has acquired a 35% stake in the company involved. That agreement will not lower gasoline prices before November.</p><p>The third is neither promise nor expectation. It is a policy already being carried out: ICE raids, detentions, and deportations, whose intensity has increased sharply and which have generated both legal and humanitarian controversy.</p><p>The first two can be challenged either on their feasibility or on their effects. The promise of $5,000 has drawn objections even from within the Republican Party because of its cost and its possible inflationary impact. The oil agreement, in turn, raises different but even more serious questions.</p><p>There is, however, another way of reading them: their material benefits may be uncertain, even false or insincere, but their usefulness as an electoral narrative is immediate.</p><p><em><strong>The immigration crackdown is different in nature and must be carefully examined.</strong></em></p><p>It imposes real costs on many households&#8212;including readers of these pages&#8212;and may drive away part of the Latino electorate Trump managed to attract in 2024.</p><p>A recent poll in 17 competitive districts found that 62% of Latino voters disapprove of the Administration&#8217;s immigration and deportation policies; in two competitive Florida districts, the shift from 2024 has been particularly pronounced.</p><p>That price, one may reasonably conclude, is being paid not only to mobilize the MAGA base that sees the immigrant as a foreign body, but also&#8212;and above all&#8212;to change the playing field itself, the very axis of the electoral debate.</p><p>Immigration policy creates the desired displacement: while blurring the cost of living and the war in voters&#8217; minds, it centers their attention on the strict enforcement of the law as a guarantee of personal security, set against a Democratic Party portrayed as threatening a return to permissive immigration policies.</p><p><strong>Let us turn to the facts. </strong>MAGA constitutes a substantial bloc of the electorate. An NBC News poll found that by the end of 2024, 29% of registered voters identified with the MAGA movement. By March 2025, that figure had risen to 36%, the high point of that series. An August 2026 UMass Amherst survey does not confirm that 36% figure; instead, it records a decline of roughly nine points in MAGA identification within the Republican Party compared with March.</p><p>But that is not where the essence of the matter lies.</p><p>Whatever the percentage may be nationally, MAGA&#8217;s weight within the Republican Party is vastly greater. So much so that Trump has demonstrated an extraordinary ability to influence Republican primaries. As of July, Ballotpedia reported that 220 of the 227 candidates he had endorsed had won: 97%. The credit is not his alone, of course, but the pattern is unmistakable.</p><p>Trump has now announced that between $400 million and $500 million from MAGA Inc. resources will be devoted to the midterm elections. The PAC reported about $403 million in cash on hand at the end of July. Tens of millions of dollars in advertising are already being reserved in competitive states and districts. And Trump himself has made his political purpose clear: he has asked his followers to behave as though he were once again on the ballot.</p><p>The idea is that every MAGA voter should say to himself: with Trump came the oil deal; with Trump I will receive my $5,000; with Trump we will live more securely because the law will be enforced.</p><p>The objective is that, when deciding whether to vote or stay home&#8212;and then, inside the voting booth&#8212;the voter will have in mind not merely the candidate in his district, and far less the cost of living or what is happening in the Strait of Hormuz, but Donald Trump himself.</p><p>For the MAGA base, the narratives perform their function.</p><p><strong>Let us regain perspective.</strong></p><p>Midterm elections have particular characteristics. Turnout is usually lower than in presidential elections, and the Republican wager appears to rest on the assumption that an intense mobilization of its base, combined with a shift in the electoral axis, can reduce or overcome the disadvantage currently shown in national polls.</p><p>The $5,000 and Venezuelan oil are not strictly redeemable counters against the effects of inflation. <em>They are narrative instruments</em> of considerable electoral value.</p><p>Immigration policy, by contrast, produces visible facts. That is why it is the most costly piece of the strategy: it sustains intensity on the inside while exacting a price on the outside, all the while attempting to move voters toward a different dilemma&#8212;who enforces the law, and who, according to the Republican narrative, allowed it to weaken.</p><p>What this maneuver reveals is the same electoral logic I once experienced myself: changing completely the playing field.</p><p>Turn, so to speak, a soccer field into a ping-pong table. Move the electoral debate onto entirely different terrain, into a different discursive space, onto a table at which the opponent has no clear answers to offer.</p><p>That is the objective.</p><p>Nearly two months ago, I wrote that the test of 2026 would be far more demanding than that of 2002. It still is.</p><p>In November we will learn what will prevail. Whether this new axis, the ping pong table, delivers the victory it seeks&#8212;or whether the realities now striking voters in the pocketbook, or those affecting immigrants who feel betrayed, will ultimately prevail.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-risky-bet/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fa-risky-bet%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-risky-bet?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fa-risky-bet%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Compartir</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[DEL BAÚL DE LOS RECUERDOS]]></title><description><![CDATA[ABC de la semana, septiembre 29, 2011]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/cuando-la-burbuja-estalla</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/cuando-la-burbuja-estalla</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:00:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21gNMb%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21gNMb%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21gNMb%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg" width="1456" height="980" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gNMb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2f942e-5b37-4a82-9758-5436b2336055_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Es terrible ser v&#237;ctima de una burbuja financiera. Muchos han perdido fortunas, otros su reputaci&#243;n o su vida.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En la formaci&#243;n de burbujas influyen factores especulativos, pero con mayor frecuencia se producen por contagio. En busca de una ganancia r&#225;pida, muchos se endeudan o se desprenden de sus ahorros, alimentando con sus compras una espiral de precios que al subir m&#225;s y m&#225;s, pierde relaci&#243;n con el valor real del bien que se ha adquirido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, vimos estallar varias burbujas. En la segunda mitad de los a&#241;os &#8217;90, colapsaron las acciones de las empresas </span><em><strong><span>.</span></strong><span>COM</span></em><span>. En la segunda mitad del 2000, sobrevino la crisis financiera mundial con el colapso de los bonos </span><em><span>envenenados</span></em><span>. Pero fueron burbujas </span><em><span>s&#243;lo </span></em><span>cuando se produjo el estallido. Hasta que ello ocurri&#243;, eran vistos como buenas inversiones.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tambi&#233;n en pol&#237;tica se producen burbujas, solo que ac&#225; son promovidas para generar adhesiones. Lusinchi logr&#243; transmitir una sensaci&#243;n de bienestar y optimismo, cuando al final de su mandato afirm&#243; que entregaba &#8220;la botija llena&#8221;. P&#233;rez durante su segunda campa&#241;a, gener&#243; adhesiones por el recuerdo de su primer gobierno. Pero su popularidad se vino abajo con la de su antecesor, cuando el pueblo descubri&#243; que en lugar de traer bonanza en sus alforjas, tra&#237;a consigo medidas dr&#225;sticas para corregir los entuertos, los de su primer gobierno y los del gobierno anterior.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong><span>El gobierno de Ch&#225;vez ha fabricado una gigantesca burbuja</span></strong></em><span> en un intento por garantizar su reelecci&#243;n. Ha puesto el dinero a rodar. Como consecuencia, un elevado porcentaje de la poblaci&#243;n percibe un futuro prometedor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se trata, por supuesto, de una ficci&#243;n. Gran parte de la poblaci&#243;n laboral no tiene empleo fijo; la infraestructura del pa&#237;s est&#225; haciendo aguas; tenemos la inflaci&#243;n m&#225;s elevada del continente; los precios del petr&#243;leo vienen cayendo; y de lo que oficialmente conocemos, se desprende que para generar esa sensaci&#243;n de bienestar, el gobierno se ha endeudado al extremo de entregar a China una tercera parte de nuestras futuras exportaciones petroleras.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#225;s pronto que tarde</span></strong><span>, much&#237;simos venezolanos descubrir&#225;n que han venido afincando sus sue&#241;os en expectativas irrealizables. Y entonces vendr&#225; el estallido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cuando una burbuja pol&#237;tica estalla, es el gobernante quien recibe el impacto. Lusinchi, como vimos, pag&#243; con su popularidad. P&#233;rez tambi&#233;n, adem&#225;s de acarrearle la p&#233;rdida del favor popular, c&#225;rcel y traici&#243;n. Caldera, atrapado entre el colapso de los precios petroleros y su precaria salud, sinti&#243; el coletazo del quiebre sucesivo de tantas expectativas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En el caso de Ch&#225;vez los excesos son in&#233;ditos y el abismo es insondable&#8230; pero Dios puede haberle sido misericordioso.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Cuando la burbuja estalle, a lo mejor no estar&#225; aqu&#237;.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>PD. Gan&#243; su &#250;ltima campa&#241;a presidencial en octubre de 2012, y se dice que dos meses desp&#250;es  falleci&#243;..</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/cuando-la-burbuja-estalla/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fcuando-la-burbuja-estalla%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Social Networks, Dopamine, and the Fear of Missing Out]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Algorithm of Anxiety]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/social-networks-dopamine-and-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 23:36:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Lp8M%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Lp8M%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Lp8M!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1afb7fa4-e4b6-46dd-93d5-d5d3795fd513_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><mark data-color="#ff9900" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span>Social media is a drug.</span></mark></strong></p><p>Not a drug in the pharmacological sense &#8212; no external chemical substance is ingested &#8212; but it hijacks the same primary circuits of reward and belonging that the human brain reserves for food, social bonding, and survival.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Digital platforms were built for exactly that purpose. Intermittent reinforcement and the fear of being left out &#8212;FOMO, <em>Fear Of Missing Out</em>&#8212; are the two mechanisms that sustain dependency patterns structurally identical to addiction, and that turn human attention into an exploitable resource at industrial scale.</p><h4><span>The Reward Circuit and Persuasive Design</span></h4><p>The pillar of digital addiction is dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to motivation and reward-based learning. Social media generates dopamine through the anticipation of what might come next, not the satisfaction of what was found. It is the same principle of operant conditioning that governs slot machines: sliding the screen, the user never knows whether they&#8217;ll receive social validation &#8212;a like, a comment, a message&#8212; or nothing of relevance. That unpredictability is what produces the dopaminergic spikes that drive repetition.</p><p><strong>The circuit activated is the same one a drug activates: </strong>the mesolimbic system that governs all reward, chemical or social. The pathway differs. A drug like cocaine acts directly on brain chemistry, blocking dopamine reuptake and producing levels no natural stimulus can reach on its own. The algorithm, by contrast, works the circuit from the inside.</p><p>It does so through the cognitive and social pathway the brain reserves for status and belonging: the surge is real, <strong>the algorithm did not invent a new vulnerability.</strong> It hijacked one evolution installed for good reason, and <em>put it to work for profit</em>.</p><p>This design has a technical name: Captology, a term coined at Stanford for the study of persuasive technology. Autoplay, infinite scroll, and recommendation algorithms are not side effects of connectivity; <strong>they are engineering decisions explicitly optimized to maximize time on platform&#8230; and business.</strong></p><p>The inventor of infinite scroll himself, Aza Raskin, has publicly stated his regret for designing it.</p><p>With sustained use, the brain develops tolerance to that flow and demands longer exposure to reach the same gratification.</p><h4><strong><span>A Clinical Pattern</span></strong></h4><p>The clinical pattern is already well documented: the inability to limit screen time even after consciously deciding to; the irritability and anxiety that surface when access is temporarily unavailable; the erosion of sleep, performance, and in-person relationships in favor of virtual interaction; the use of scrolling as an anesthetic against stress or boredom. <strong>That pattern repeats, is measured, and is documented in clinical practice.</strong></p><p><strong>The manual will catch up later.</strong></p><h4><strong><span>What Is Already Known Needs No Explanation</span></strong></h4><p>The world has already moved ahead of the diagnosis. More than twenty countries now restrict minors&#8217; access to social media. Australia -as my readers know- was the first: its ban for under-16s has been in effect since December 2025, and penalties will soon be doubled. Indonesia and Malaysia followed. The United Kingdom, France, Spain, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and several U.S. states are moving in the same direction. <strong>No government waited for a psychiatric manual to certify a category. The evidence of harm was enough.</strong></p><p>The courts confirm the same social diagnosis. Thousands of lawsuits against Meta, Google, and other platforms are consolidated in federal and state litigation across the United States. <strong>Thousands, hear well.</strong></p><p>In March 2026, a Los Angeles jury found Meta and YouTube negligent in the first verdict of its kind, following a trial in which Mark Zuckerberg testified personally and internal documents were introduced showing the company knew how heavily Instagram was used by children ages ten to twelve.</p><p>Governments, courts, and juries in different countries arrived, by independent paths, at the same conclusion. <strong>That convergence is the data point.</strong> The evidence is already enough to act on.</p><h4><strong><span>The Socio-Emotional Factor: The FOMO Paradox</span></strong></h4><p>Unlike other addictions, digital dependency exploits a deep evolutionary need: belonging to the group. FOMO operates on two levels there. Cognitively, it is the distorted perception that everyone else is living fuller, more exciting experiences than one&#8217;s own, fed by a polished catalog of highlight reels no ordinary life can match. Behaviorally, it is the engine that drives the compulsion to check the phone, to avoid missing a trend, a conversation, a shared moment. <strong>FOMO turns the use of a technology meant to inform, to learn, to connect, into a defensive act by someone unwilling to risk social exclusion.</strong></p><p><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong></p><p>Social media captures the same reward circuit as a drug, produces the same pattern of loss of control, and triggers the same institutional response &#8212; laws, lawsuits, verdicts &#8212; that we reserve for products we know cause harm. The chemical difference is real. Governments and courts have already decided what matters.</p><p><strong>Understanding the mechanism gives the individual &#8212; and above all, children &#8212; back the clarity to reclaim control of their time and of their own lives.</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 22:12:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21do59%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21do59%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!do59!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8393f81f-1fcf-4202-aefc-849ab67d2738_1168x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong><span>Introducci&#243;n</span></strong></h4><p><strong><span>Las redes sociales son una droga. </span></strong><span>No en sentido farmacol&#243;gico &#8212;no hay una sustancia qu&#237;mica externa ingerida&#8212; pero capturan los mismos circuitos primarios de recompensa y pertenencia que el cerebro humano reserva para la comida, el v&#237;nculo social y la supervivencia.</span></p><p><span>Las plataformas digitales fueron dise&#241;adas con ese fin. El refuerzo intermitente y el miedo a quedar fuera &#8212;el FOMO, </span><em><span>Fear Of Missing Out</span></em><span>&#8212; son los dos mecanismos que sostienen esquemas de dependencia estructuralmente id&#233;nticos a los de una adicci&#243;n, y que convierten la atenci&#243;n humana en un recurso explotable a escala industrial.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h4><strong><span>El circuito de recompensa y el dise&#241;o persuasivo</span></strong></h4><p><span>El pilar de la adicci&#243;n digital es la dopamina, el neurotransmisor central en los procesos de motivaci&#243;n y aprendizaje por recompensa. Las redes sociales generan dopamina por la expectativa de lo que se va a encontrar. Es el mismo principio del condicionamiento operante que rige las m&#225;quinas tragamonedas: al deslizar la pantalla, el usuario nunca sabe si recibir&#225; una validaci&#243;n social &#8212;un like, un comentario, un mensaje&#8212; o contenido irrelevante. Esa impredecibilidad es lo que produce los picos dopamin&#233;rgicos que impulsan la repetici&#243;n.</span></p><p><strong><span>El circuito activado es el mismo que activa una droga: </span></strong><span>el sistema mesol&#237;mbico que gobierna toda recompensa, qu&#237;mica o social. La v&#237;a de acceso es distinta. Una droga como la coca&#237;na interviene directamente sobre la qu&#237;mica cerebral, bloqueando la recaptaci&#243;n de dopamina y produciendo niveles que ning&#250;n est&#237;mulo natural alcanza por s&#237; solo. En cambio, el algoritmo explota el circuito desde adentro.</span></p><p><span>Lo hace a trav&#233;s de la v&#237;a cognitiva y social que el cerebro reserva para el estatus y la pertenencia: la descarga es real, </span><strong><span>el algoritmo no invent&#243; una vulnerabilidad nueva.</span></strong><span> Secuestr&#243; una que la evoluci&#243;n instal&#243; por buenas razones, y la instrumentaliz&#243; con fines pecuniarios.</span></p><p><span>Ese dise&#241;o tiene nombre t&#233;cnico: Captology, el t&#233;rmino acu&#241;ado en Stanford para el estudio de la tecnolog&#237;a persuasiva. La reproducci&#243;n autom&#225;tica, el desplazamiento infinito y los algoritmos de recomendaci&#243;n no son efectos secundarios de la conectividad; </span><strong><span>son decisiones de ingenier&#237;a optimizadas expl&#237;citamente para eliminar la fricci&#243;n y maximizar el tiempo de permanencia&#8230; y el negocio.</span></strong></p><p><span>El propio inventor del scroll infinito, Aza Raskin, ha declarado p&#250;blicamente su arrepentimiento por haberlo dise&#241;ado.</span></p><p><span>Con el uso sostenido, el cerebro desarrolla tolerancia a ese flujo, y exige exposiciones cada vez m&#225;s largas para alcanzar la misma gratificaci&#243;n.</span></p><h4><strong><span>Un patr&#243;n cl&#237;nico</span></strong></h4><p><span>El patr&#243;n cl&#237;nico ya est&#225; documentado: la incapacidad de limitar el tiempo de pantalla incluso cuando la persona se lo ha propuesto conscientemente; la irritabilidad y la ansiedad ante la imposibilidad temporal de acceder a la red; el deterioro del sue&#241;o, del rendimiento y de las relaciones presenciales en favor de la interacci&#243;n virtual; el uso del scroll como anestesia contra el estr&#233;s o el aburrimiento. </span><strong><span>Ese patr&#243;n se repite, se mide y se documenta en la cl&#237;nica todos los d&#237;as.</span></strong></p><p><strong><span>El manual llegar&#225; despu&#233;s.</span></strong></p><h4><span>Lo que se sabe no necesita explicaci&#243;n</span></h4><p><span>El mundo ya se adelant&#243; al diagn&#243;stico. M&#225;s de veinte pa&#237;ses restringen hoy el acceso de menores a las redes sociales. Australia fue el primero: su prohibici&#243;n para menores de 16 est&#225; en vigor desde diciembre de 2025. Le siguieron Indonesia y Malasia. Avanzan Reino Unido, Francia, Espa&#241;a, Canad&#225;, Noruega, Dinamarca y varios estados de Estados Unidos. </span><strong><span>Ning&#250;n gobierno esper&#243; a que un manual psiqui&#225;trico certificara una categor&#237;a. Bast&#243; la evidencia de da&#241;o.</span></strong></p><p><span>Los tribunales confirman el mismo diagn&#243;stico social. Miles de demandas contra Meta, Google y otras plataformas est&#225;n consolidadas en litigios federales y estatales en Estados Unidos. </span><strong><span>Miles, escucha bien.</span></strong></p><p><span>En marzo de 2026, un jurado de Los &#193;ngeles encontr&#243; a Meta y YouTube negligentes en el primer veredicto de este tipo, tras un juicio en el que Mark Zuckerberg testific&#243; personalmente y en el que se presentaron documentos internos que mostraban que la empresa conoc&#237;a el nivel de uso de Instagram entre ni&#241;os de diez a doce a&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>Gobiernos, tribunales y jurados de pa&#237;ses distintos llegaron, por caminos independientes, a la misma conclusi&#243;n. </span><strong><span>Esa convergencia es el dato.</span></strong><span> La evidencia ya alcanza para actuar, est&#233; o no codificada todav&#237;a en un manual.</span></p><h4><strong><span>El factor socioemocional: la paradoja del FOMO</span></strong></h4><p><span>A diferencia de otras adicciones, la dependencia digital explota una necesidad evolutiva profunda: la pertenencia al grupo. Ah&#237; opera el FOMO en dos planos. En el cognitivo, es la percepci&#243;n distorsionada de que los dem&#225;s viven experiencias m&#225;s plenas que las propias, alimentada por un cat&#225;logo pulido de highlight reels que ninguna vida cotidiana puede igualar. En el conductual, es el motor que empuja a revisar el tel&#233;fono para no quedar fuera de una tendencia, una conversaci&#243;n, un momento colectivo. </span><strong><span>El FOMO transforma el uso de una tecnolog&#237;a para enterarse, para aprender o conocer, en un acto defensivo de quien no quiere correr el riesgo de ser socialmente excluido.</span></strong></p><h4><strong><span>Hacia donde vamos?</span></strong></h4><p><span>Las redes sociales capturan el mismo circuito de recompensa que una droga, generan el mismo patr&#243;n de p&#233;rdida de control, y provocan la misma respuesta institucional &#8212;leyes, litigios, veredictos&#8212; que reservamos para los productos que sabemos que da&#241;an. </span>La diferencia qu&#237;mica es real. Gobiernos y tribunales ya decidieron lo que importa.</p><p><em>Entender el mecanismo devolver&#237;a al individuo, y sobre todo a los ni&#241;os, la lucidez para recuperar el control de su tiempo y de su propia existencia.</em></p><p><em><strong>Pero todo puede ser en vano.</strong> </em></p><p>META acord&#243; esta semana con los 29 estados demandantes pagar una penalidad m&#225;xima de $18 billones, distribuida durante los pr&#243;ximos diez a&#241;os. Veamos lo que esto significa: En los diez a&#241;os anteriores, los ingresos anuales de META se multiplicaron por once: pasaron de $18 <em>billones</em> en 2015 a $201 <em>billones </em>en 2025, un crecimiento superior al 1.000 %. Si durante la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada apenas crecieran un 10 % anual, Meta acumular&#237;a ingresos cercanos a $3,2 <em>trillones </em>y la penalidad representar&#237;a apenas el 0,6 % de esa suma. M&#225;s que un castigo, parece el <em>&#8220;costo&#8221; </em>de seguir operando.  </p><p>Y los ni&#241;os? </p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21_5wh%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21_5wh%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0b345805-8979-41b4-94b5-1698e6db6908_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In earlier essays we analyzed what happens when a child becomes addicted to a cellphone. He learns to live in a fishbowl &#8212; a place where the scenery keeps changing while he stays put.</p><p><em>It&#8217;s a world with no past, and no future. Only an endless present. He or she lives like a fish that has never felt the pull of the current, or the thrill of swimming against it. A creature that does not live but feels entertained; one who may not have a clear memory of his or her parents, for there are too few shared emotions to recall. An individual who will probably remember grandpa, but only because he did not allow turned on cellphones around.</em></p><p><strong>We have also seen</strong> how that Lens shows up later in life and then turned to America&#8217;s recent presidents &#8212; not to talk politics, but because they are the most visible men alive. </p><p>We have also learned this Lens holds steady throughout life.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>Today we will take a deeper dive. </strong> <strong>So let&#180;s dig in. </strong></p><p>I have split into two groups all presidents who have held power over the past fifty years and added two emblematic figures who belong to an analogous generation. Group one: Those born and raised in wartime. Group II: those born and raised when the world lived in peace.</p><p><em><strong>Those Born and Raised during Wartime</strong></em></p><p>We begin with John F. Kennedy, born in 1917, and Henry Kissinger, in 1923. Add Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, both born in 1924, and finally Barack Obama, born in 1961. All but the last, Barack Obama, were born in the fifteen-year generational window which starts with the outbreak of World War I, in 1914, and ends with the Crash of 1929. Obama, by contrast, was born within the time bracket starting in 1959, which ends with the Arab Oil Embargo, which struck the world economy in 1974.</p><p>All of them &#8212; as children or young adolescents &#8212; either lived the war up close, or its aftermath, then came exuberance, and finally a deep economic downturn.</p><p>It is worth adding that Kennedy and George H. W. Bush, Bush father, both knew heroic combat missions, and that Kissinger and Carter both served on active military duty.</p><p>Now let&#8217;s see how &#8212; once in power &#8212; they acted.</p><p>Kennedy averted a nuclear disaster by negotiating with Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kissinger made negotiation &#8212; d&#233;tente, the opening to China, shuttle diplomacy &#8212; his personal trademark. Carter, in turn, presided over the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties on the Panama Canal. George H. W. Bush steered, together with Gorbachev, the end of the Cold War, and Obama, nicknamed &#8220;No Drama Obama,&#8221; came to terms with Iran.</p><p>Their shared preference for diplomacy is hardly a coincidence.</p><p><em><strong>Those Born an Raised in Times of Peace</strong></em></p><p>Ronald Reagan, born in 1911, and Donald Trump, born in 1946, belong to generations shaped under a world order already in place. For that generation, order and peace were simply what Normal looks like.</p><p>Both were called to govern at a parallel late stage: Reagan at the tail end of the Cold War, Trump at the tail end of the present war &#8212; a long war, a major geopolitical conflict few call by that name, though the confrontation itself is in plain view. The reason is plain. It is a different kind of war: systemic at its core, and far from conventional. That both men have been driven to restore order &#8212; and, in Trump&#8217;s case, to assert American primacy as well &#8212; is hardly surprising.</p><p>Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, also born in 1946, faced very different situations, but they shared the same formative window. Where during Reagan&#8217;s childhood America was just emerging as a world power, for those born in 1946 their homeland had already emerged victorious &#8212; in war and in prestige &#8212; so decisively that the dollar had become the world&#8217;s reference currency, and the United Nations had made New York its seat.</p><p>In the minds of these children, the picture only grew larger.</p><p><strong>Father and Son</strong></p><p>Let&#8217;s take George H. W. Bush, from the first group, and his son George W. Bush, who belongs to the second. Same name. Same family. A similar upbringing, the same home, the same social class. And yet opposite Lenses.</p><p>The father, born in 1924 &#8212; in the exact same cohort as Carter and Kissinger &#8212; governed with caution and was careful to build coalitions, and after the Berlin Wall fell, he met Gorbachev at sea off Malta, and the two raised a toast to the end of the Cold War.</p><p>His son, by contrast, grew up inside the postwar order, after America&#8217;s triumph in WWII. When his moment to rule came &#8212; after the attack on the Twin Towers &#8212; driven by hubris, he chose not only to invade Iraq, a country that had nothing to do with bin Laden, but to go much further: to occupy that nation, ancient Babylon, one of the oldest civilizations known to man, and then tear down its army, its police, and its ruling party, to install the American system from the ground up.</p><p>His own father, Jon Meacham, his biographer, tells us, was critical of that decision, and laid the blame squarely on Donald Rumsfeld. He blamed the thief, I&#8217;d add, and not the one who left the door open. Understandable &#8212; he was his father, after all. Henry Kissinger also opposed the occupation.</p><p>But the Lens sees no boundary. Under very different circumstances, Bill Clinton, born in that same generational window, brought order to Kosovo, expanded NATO, and pressed the Washington Consensus forward without hesitation &#8212; imposing the liberal economic mold onto nations with serious imbalances, leaving trauma in the societies it claimed to help.</p><p><strong>Three men, three very different temperaments</strong> &#8212; Clinton, Bush, and Trump, in the order they came to power. All acting in radically different circumstances, yet revealing the same determination: that which leads to imposing order -following what they saw in childhood- an order aligned to the American mold.</p><p>Something else ties Clinton and Trump together, and George W. Bush also, to some degree. All three grew up as television &#8212; still black and white then &#8212; became central to daily life. That surge of the image as the dominant form left a visible mark on their generation. Reagan, curiously, arrived at the same tool by a different road &#8212; through his Hollywood origin &#8212; and also turned television into an instrument of communication and command.</p><p>Let&#8217;s recap. The age changed. The circumstances changed. But the frame of reference etched into their retina did not budge. They carried it into power as both prism and filter throughout.</p><p>One learns by reading, but writing takes us a step further. It forces us to understand. And I think we have learned something new. In fact, we have made a discovery that deserves deeper study, yet already carries every sign of being true: </p><p><em><strong>Those born in war seek understanding; those born in peace seek order, even at the risk of war.</strong></em></p><p><em>&#8220;I am I and my circumstance&#8221;,</em> was Ortega y Gasset&#8217;s famous apothegm, his statement. </p><p>The ageless Lens must be added.</p><p><em><strong>I am I, MY LENS, and my circumstance.</strong></em></p><p><em>Next time you vote, first check his birthing and circumstances.</em></p><p></p><p><em><strong>P.S. You may wonder about Joe Biden. I know him personally &#8212; a warm, unassuming man. I left him out for a good reason. As we have seen, analogous generations exist, generations that live through similar circumstances. Two such types we have covered . Biden belongs to a third kind of experience, one that knew the hardships of the Great Depression, and saw the blood and sacrifice of the Second World War. He abruptly ended the Afghan conflict, that&#180;s a glimpse. Yet he is the only President with that background. The only one in a hundred years, and one case does not reveal a pattern</strong>.</em><span><br></span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fcheck-their-id%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/check-their-id?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fcheck-their-id%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[VERIFICA CUANDO NACIÓ]]></title><description><![CDATA[La Lente y la circunstancia]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Aug 2026 23:53:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%217dq9%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%217dq9%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7dq9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5465314b-d6d4-4372-810e-34f59927ab96_1712x1152.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><span>La lente y la circunstancia</span></strong></p><p><span>En ensayos anteriores exploramos lo que ocurre cuando un ni&#241;o se vuelve adicto al celular. Se acostumbra a vivir en una pecera. En un sitio en el que las escenas cambian, pero &#233;l o ella permanece all&#237;.</span></p><p><span>Es un mundo en el que no existe pasado. En el que tampoco existe futuro, solo un presente que se extiende. Es un pez que nunca sinti&#243; la sensaci&#243;n de dejarse llevar por la corriente o la emoci&#243;n de luchar en su contra. Una criatura que no vive, se entretiene; que no recuerda bien a sus padres porque tiene pocas experiencias compartidas, experiencias que les hayan dejado alguna huella emocional. Y al abuelo, ese s&#237; lo recuerda, porque no le permite en su presencia usar el celular.</span></p><p><span>Tambi&#233;n hemos visto c&#243;mo esa lente se refleja m&#225;s tarde, y al efecto hemos hablado de los &#250;ltimos presidentes de EE. UU., no por hablar de pol&#237;tica, sino porque son los m&#225;s visibles, y &#8212;al hacerlo&#8212; hemos subrayado c&#243;mo sus decisiones reflejaron el mundo que vieron cuando ni&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>Adem&#225;s hemos visto, en un contexto distinto, que esa Lente se mantiene intacta no importa la edad a la que se llegue al mando.</span></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>Hoy vamos a ir m&#225;s al fondo.</strong></p><p><span>He dividido en dos bloques los presidentes que ejercieron el poder en los &#250;ltimos cincuenta a&#241;os, y agregado dos figuras por emblem&#225;ticas no pueden dejarse fuera.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los nacidos en tiempo de guerra</span></strong></p><p><span>Tomemos como referencia a John F. Kennedy, nacido en 1917, y a Henry Kissinger, en 1923. A ellos se suman Jimmy Carter y George H. W. Bush, ambos de 1924, y Barack Obama, de 1961. Todos, salvo Obama, nacieron en los quince a&#241;os posteriores al estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914. Obama, en cambio, naci&#243; al inicio de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, el mismo a&#241;o en que la Uni&#243;n Sovi&#233;tica levant&#243; el Muro de Berl&#237;n.</span></p><p><span>Todos vivieron la guerra de cerca o sus consecuencis durante la infancia o temprana adolescencia, y despu&#233;s &#8212;tras pocos a&#241;os de exuberancia&#8212; los primeros enfrentaron la Gran Depresi&#243;n y Obama el Embargo Petrolero &#193;rabe.</span></p><p><span>Es interesante agregar que tanto Kennedy como George H. W. Bush cumplieron misiones heroicas en combate, y que tanto Kissinger como Carter realizaron servicio militar activo.</span></p><p><span>Veamos su comportamiento.</span></p><p><span>Kennedy evit&#243; un desastre nuclear negociando con Jruschov en medio de la Crisis de los Misiles. Kissinger convirti&#243; la negociaci&#243;n &#8212;el d&#233;tente, la apertura a China, la diplomacia itinerante&#8212; en su sello personal. Carter presidi&#243; los Acuerdos de Camp David entre Egipto e Israel y los tratados Torrijos-Carter sobre el Canal de Panam&#225;. George H. W. Bush encauz&#243; con Gorbachov el fin de la Guerra Fr&#237;a. Obama, a quien apodaban &#8220;No Drama Obama&#8221;, se entendi&#243; con Ir&#225;n.</span></p><p><span>La propensi&#243;n de todos a privilegiar lsa salidas diplom&#225;ticas, el entendimiento, no parece una coincidencia.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los nacidos en tiempo de orden y paz</span></strong></p><p><span>Ronald Reagan, nacido en 1911, y Donald Trump, nacido en 1946, pertenecen a generaciones formadas bajo un orden mundial ya establecido. Para esa generaci&#243;n el orden y la paz eran, simplemente, lo Normal.</span></p><p><span>A ambos les toc&#243; gobernar en etapas paralelas: Reagan en la etapa final de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, y Trump en la etapa final de una guerra igualmente larga &#8212;la guerra actual&#8212;, una guerra que pocos reconocen como guerra, aunque la confrontaci&#243;n sea evidente. Es una guerra distinta, fundamentalmente sist&#233;mica y poco convencional. Que hayan sentido la necesidad de poner orden y, en el caso de Trump, tambi&#233;n de imponer la primac&#237;a de Estados Unidos, no es de extra&#241;ar.</span></p><p><span>Bill Clinton y George W. Bush, nacidos tambi&#233;n en 1946, si bien actuaron en situaciones totalmente diferentes, compartieron la misma ventana formativa. Si con Reagan Estados Unidos emerg&#237;a como potencia mundial, para los nacidos en 1946 el pa&#237;s sal&#237;a adem&#225;s victorioso &#8212;en la guerra y en prestigio&#8212;, tanto que el d&#243;lar se fij&#243; como moneda de referencia y la Organizaci&#243;n de las Naciones Unidas escogi&#243; Nueva York. En la mente de esos ni&#241;os esa imagen se agigant&#243;.</span></p><p><strong><span>Padre e hijo</span></strong></p><p><span>Me refiero a George H. W. Bush, de la primera agrupaci&#243;n, y a su hijo George W. Bush, que aparece en la segunda.</span></p><p><span>El mismo nombre, la misma familia, una educaci&#243;n semejante, un mismo hogar, una misma clase social. Y, sin embargo, sus Lentes son opuestas.</span></p><p><span>El padre, nacido en 1924 &#8212;exactamente en la misma cohorte de Carter y Kissinger&#8212;, gobern&#243; con cautela y construy&#243; coaliciones. Tanto, que despu&#233;s de la ca&#237;da del Muro de Berl&#237;n se reuni&#243; con Gorbachov en alta mar, frente a Malta, y acordaron el fin de la Guerra Fr&#237;a.</span></p><p><span>El hijo, en cambio, creci&#243; en el orden de posguerra. Cuando lleg&#243; su momento &#8212;despu&#233;s del ataque a las Torres Gemelas&#8212;, impulsado por el hubris, decidi&#243; no s&#243;lo invadir Irak &#8212;pa&#237;s que nada ten&#237;a que ver con Bin Laden&#8212; sino dar un paso m&#225;s: ocupar ese territorio, la antigua Babilonia, una de las civilizaciones m&#225;s antiguas de la humanidad, y desmantelar su ej&#233;rcito, su polic&#237;a y el partido dominante para imponer, partiendo de cero, el sistema norteamericano.</span></p><p><span>Su propio padre, seg&#250;n relata Jon Meacham, fue cr&#237;tico con esa decisi&#243;n y carg&#243; especialmente contra Donald Rumsfeld. O sea que culp&#243; al ladr&#243;n y no a quien le abri&#243; la puerta. Se comprende por ser su padre. Henry Kissinger, de la misma cohorte generacional que el padre, tambi&#233;n se opuso a la ocupaci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>En circunstancias muy distintas, Bill Clinton, nacido en la misma ventana generacional, puso orden en Kosovo, ampli&#243; la OTAN y proyect&#243; con firmeza el Consenso de Washington: el molde econ&#243;mico liberal sobre naciones con fuertes desequilibrios, generando traumas en las sociedades socorridas.</span></p><p><strong><span>Tres hombres, tres temperamentos muy distinto</span></strong><span>s &#8212;Clinton, Bush y Trump, en el orden de su llegada al poder&#8212;. Todos actuaron en circunstancias diferentes, pero reflejan una misma determinaci&#243;n: ordenar el mundo seg&#250;n el molde estadounidense. El mismo molde que reaparece en generaciones an&#225;logas: Estados Unidos emergiendo como potencia en 1899, o triunfando en 1945 y convirti&#233;ndose en 1989 en la &#250;nica gran potencia universal tras caer el Muro de Berl&#237;n.</span></p><p><span>Hay algo m&#225;s que une a Clinton y a Trump, y en cierta medida tambi&#233;n a George W. Bush. Los tres crecieron cuando la televisi&#243;n &#8212;entonces en blanco y negro&#8212; se convert&#237;a en el nuevo centro de la vida cotidiana. Esa irrupci&#243;n de la imagen como forma dominante dej&#243; una huella muy visible en su generaci&#243;n. Curiosamente, tambi&#233;n en Reagan, por su v&#237;nculo con Hollywood. Todos aprovecharon o han aprovechado la televisi&#243;n como herramienta de comunicaci&#243;n y mando.</span></p><p><span>F&#237;jense bien. Cambi&#243; la edad, cambiaron las circunstancias, pero no ese marco de referencia que se inscribi&#243; en su retina. Lo llevaron al ejercicio del poder como espejuelo y tamiz.</span></p><p><span>Al escribir se aprende, y algo nuevo hemos aprendido. Hemos hecho un nuevo hallazgo, o al menos lo hemos confirmado, uno que merece estudios m&#225;s profundos, pero tiene todos los visos de ser verdad:</span></p><p><em><strong><span>Quien nace en la guerra privilegia el entendimiento; quien nace en la paz, privilegia el orden aun cuando ello suponga guerra.</span></strong></em></p><p><span>Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia, dijo Ortega y Gasset. Un apotegma, una frase lapidaria. Hoy, sin embargo, sabiendo que la Lente no tiene edad, cabe decir: </span></p><p><em><strong><span>Yo soy yo, MI LENTE y mi circunstancia</span></strong></em><span>.</span></p><p></p><p><em><span>PD. Les extra&#241;ara la omisi&#243;n de Joe Biden. Lo conozco personalmente. Es un hombre amigable y sencillo. Lo excluyo por lo siguiente. Como hemos visto, existen generaciones an&#225;logas, generaciones que viven circunstancias parecidas. Hemos recorrido dos tipos de generaci&#243;n. Biden pertenece a un tercer tipo de vivencia,pero es el &#250;nico en cien a&#241;os. Su generaci&#243;n vivi&#243; las grandes limitaciones de la Gran Depresi&#243;n, y tambi&#233;n vio sangre y sacrificio durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Biden inturrumpi&#243; abruptamente la ocupaci&#243;n de Afganist&#225;n. Pero es el &#250;nico presidente de ese signo en cien a&#241;os, y un caso no permite precisar un patr&#243;n.</span></em></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! 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</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/a-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fa-la-hora-de-elegir-pregunta-cuando%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NO FUTURE, NO LEGACY, NO CHILDREN]]></title><description><![CDATA[In the Infinite Present, past and future fade away]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 20:33:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21aVcA%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21aVcA%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aVcA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2a446b-f681-470c-b037-881056ca52c9_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>The Infinite Present: screens, fragmented attention, and affection sans legacy</em></p><p><strong>A growing number of countries </strong>have begun restricting minors&#8217; access to social media, while in the United States a coalition of 29 states is pursuing legal action against Meta and other platforms. Yet the debate remains focused almost exclusively on the immediate harms: anxiety, depression, addiction, attention disorders, and other damaging effects that can leave their mark on childhood and adolescence.</p><p>Those concerns are real. What is being done matters, and those pressing for action are right to do so. But it does not address what may prove far more consequential: the effect on the Generational Lens itself and, through it, on our capacity to imagine a future or to have children at all.</p><p>In previous essays I have argued that what becomes imprinted between the ages of 0 and 15 is not merely memory. It is context. It is the habitual way of seeing. This conclusion does not arise solely from my study of history.</p><p>Neuroscience has shown that experience shapes the architecture of the brain, and that the extraordinary plasticity of our early years gradually diminishes with age: some circuits are strengthened, others weaken or disappear, and upon that architecture much of the context &#8212;the vantage point from which we live and judge everything that follows&#8212; is built.</p><p>Thermodynamics offers a complementary description: learning means organizing information, reducing uncertainty, and creating local order through the expenditure of energy. The Generational Lens is forged during that interval and thereafter filters everything that follows.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>History allows us to see it at work.</strong> Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump were all born in 1946. They grew up under the same light: the extraordinary assertion of American power after World War II, with the dollar at the center of the monetary system, the United Nations headquartered in New York, and the pride of belonging to a victorious nation. From that environment in the midst of the TV Era, emerged their Lens &#8212;and the impulse to consolidate and expand the Pax Americana.</p><p>That same Lens expressed itself in very different ways. Clinton translated it into NATO expansion, NAFTA, a media-savvy and empathetic style of governance &#8212;&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;&#8212; and the determined application of the Washington Consensus through the International Monetary Fund. Bush carried it into nation-building and the idea of rebuilding ancient Babylon (Iraq) from the ground up.</p><p>On his part, Trump has radicalized it by asserting American primacy head-on, this time through the language and stagecraft of reality TV. Three temperaments, three different moments, but the same optic.</p><p>Barack Obama was born in 1961, exactly fifteen years later. He belonged to another generation. His childhood landscape was formed in a different world: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Berlin Wall, Kennedy&#8217;s assassination, the long Vietnam War &#8212;which accompanied his entire childhood until the American withdrawal in 1973&#8212; the March on Washington, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and finally the image of Earth seen from the Moon.</p><p>This was no longer the uncontested primacy of the postwar years, but a more fragile and conflict-ridden world. His style of power was therefore different: he avoided confrontation and preferred negotiation. Hence the nickname: &#8220;No Drama Obama.&#8221; It was not simply a matter of character. It was a different Lens.</p><p><strong>Today that Lens is under siege.</strong> The Infinite Present fostered by social media &#8212;the endless scroll, flattened time, fragmented attention&#8212; threatens to prevent that perceptual Lens from acquiring depth.</p><p>When the Lens is formed within the Infinite Present, it loses consistency. Without a sedimented past, the vision of a future begins to blur. Without a future, there is no sense of legacy; without the desire for legacy, having children no longer feels like continuity. It begins to feel like a burden, a choice that can be postponed or, simply, an effort without a why.</p><p>The Infinite Present does more than distract. It transforms our experience of time. In the permanent scroll there is no before and no after: only a now that continually renews itself without settling into experience.</p><p>In that environment, the past becomes anecdotal and the future an abstraction. The Lens formed within that landscape loses context, loses narrative depth and, with it, its capacity to awaken living emotions.</p><p>Without narrative &#8212;and without the emotion that gives ownership&#8212; there is no legacy.</p><p>Legacy is not merely material inheritance. It is the perception that something of what we are and something of what we do should continue beyond ourselves. That perception requires temporal ground beneath our feet: the sense that we come from somewhere and are going somewhere beyond ourselves.</p><p>When that ground erodes, procreation ceases to appear as a natural form of continuity and becomes a costly, risky decision, one that for many lacks sufficient depth.</p><p>Hence the question: &#8220;Why have children?&#8221; A question many now find difficult to answer. Not because people have stopped loving children, but because the temporal framework within which the answer once was self-evident &#8212;and existential&#8212; has weakened. Children are a way of being beyond one&#8217;s own life, of leaving behind something of what one has done and something of what one is.</p><p>The Infinite Present does not operate in a vacuum. It arrives after decades during which procreation gradually ceased to be the default option. The pill separated sexuality from reproduction; the massive entry of women into the workforce transformed the range of possible lives; and new cultural models &#8212;Barbie included, as a symbol&#8212; opened an ever-wider gulf between personal fulfillment and motherhood.</p><p>The smartphone therefore found a door already open and widened it.</p><p>Social media itself reinforces another type of displacement. While often presenting users with images of human cruelty and degradation, it multiplies content that attributes kind human emotions and behavior to animals: the dog or cat that comforts, the puppy that brings joy, the lion that protects, the video of an elephant stopping a vehicle to save it from a landslide. Affection thus finds a simpler, more controllable recipient &#8212;one that requires care, and no continuity.</p><p><strong>The numbers reveal the magnitude</strong>. In 1970, the average fertility rate across the OECD was about 2.8 children per woman; by 2023 it had fallen to roughly 1.4. The decline had begun long before the smartphone. But after a brief stabilization during the 2000s, fertility began falling again around 2008, precisely as smartphones began their mass diffusion. South Korea reached 0.72 in 2023.</p><p>And here a fact appears that is difficult to ignore. A 2026 study by Caitlin Myers and Ezekiel Hooper, published by the NBER, estimates that the spread of the iPhone accounts for between 33 and 52 percent of the decline in the U.S. general fertility rate since 2007. The authors also find evidence consistent with less face-to-face interaction and less frequent sexual activity.</p><p>The study provides concrete evidence that smartphones affected procreation, but does not clearly explain why this occurred. And that is where <strong>our</strong> thesis finds footing: it has also altered our relationship with time.</p><p>A Present that does not pass. The <em>Infinite Present.</em> A present that never becomes past nor opens up a future. That is the Perpetual Present, as others have called it.</p><p>Without generational succession, legacy loses its channel. Without transmission, history becomes a file. Culture loses continuity; community dissolves; experience itself loses depth; and even the idea of Nation &#8212;with a capital N&#8212; becomes an abstraction.</p><p>Procreation is not merely a biological act. It is the act through which one generation hands the world to the next and which, in doing so, recognizes itself as a link in a chain longer than itself.</p><p>When parenthood becomes exceptional or is postponed indefinitely, the chain is broken. What remains is not merely a society with fewer children. It is a society beginning to lose its ability to conceive of itself in the trajectory of time.</p><p>Perhaps this is the bloodiest war of all. In other wars, lives are lost. Here, they disappear much earlier&#8230; <strong>b</strong>efore they are ever born.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading EL RETO DE COMPRENDER ! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fno-future-no-legacy-no-children%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/no-future-no-legacy-no-children?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fno-future-no-legacy-no-children%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dshare%26action%3Dshare"><span>Compartir</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[SIN FUTURO, SIN LEGADO Y SIN HIJOS]]></title><description><![CDATA[Solo el presente est&#225; aqu&#237;]]></description><link>https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/sin-futuro-sin-hijos-y-sin-legado</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/sin-futuro-sin-hijos-y-sin-legado</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Henrique Salas Römer]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 18:54:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21BzG8%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21BzG8%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BzG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1b7fca6-e310-4959-b31d-8c2a412172a2_784x1168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><span>El Presente Infinito: pantallas, atenci&#243;n fragmentada y un afecto que ya no exige legado.</span></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer  EL RETO DE COMPRENDER Suscr&#237;bete y apoya mi trabajo </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong><span>Un n&#250;mero creciente de pa&#237;ses</span></strong><span> ha empezado a restringir el acceso de menores a las redes sociales, y en Estados Unidos una coalici&#243;n de 29 estados mantiene una ofensiva judicial contra Meta y otras plataformas. El debate, sin embargo, sigue centrado casi exclusivamente en los da&#241;os inmediatos: en la ansiedad, la depresi&#243;n, la adicci&#243;n, los trastornos de atenci&#243;n y otros efectos nocivos que pueden marcar la infancia y la adolescencia.</span></p><p><span>Esas preocupaciones son reales. Lo que se est&#225; haciendo es importante y hacen bien quienes la propician. Pero no aborda lo que, a la larga, resulta m&#225;s decisivo: el efecto sobre la Lente generacional misma y, a trav&#233;s de &#233;sta, sobre la capacidad de imaginar un futuro y </span><em><span>de desear la procreaci&#243;n</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>En ensayos anteriores he recordado que lo que se imprime entre los 0 y los 15 a&#241;os no es solo memoria: es el contexto, es el modo habitual de mirar. No es una conclusi&#243;n nacida solamente de mi observaci&#243;n hist&#243;rica.</span></p><p><span>La neurociencia ha demostrado que la experiencia modela la arquitectura cerebral y que la plasticidad extraordinaria de los primeros a&#241;os disminuye progresivamente con la edad: algunos circuitos se fortalecen, otros se debilitan o desaparecen, y sobre esa arquitectura se construye buena parte del contexto, de la atalaya desde la cual se vive y se juzga todo lo que viene despu&#233;s.</span></p><p><span>La termodin&#225;mica de la informaci&#243;n ofrece una descripci&#243;n complementaria: aprender significa organizar informaci&#243;n, reducir incertidumbre y crear orden local mediante un gasto de energ&#237;a. La Lente generacional se forja en ese intervalo y luego filtra todo lo que viene despu&#233;s.</span></p><p><span>La historia permite observarlo. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush y Donald Trump nacieron en 1946. Crecieron bajo una misma luz: la extraordinaria afirmaci&#243;n del poder norteamericano de la posguerra con el d&#243;lar como eje del sistema monetario, las Naciones Unidas con sede en Nueva York y el orgullo de pertenecer a una naci&#243;n victoriosa. De ah&#237; naci&#243; su Lente y el impulso de consolidar y expandir la </span><em><span>Pax Americana</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>Esa misma Lente se expres&#243; de formas distintas</span></strong><span>. Clinton la tradujo en la ampliaci&#243;n de la OTAN, el NAFTA, una gobernanza medi&#225;tica y emp&#225;tica (&#8220;I feel your pain&#8221;) y la aplicaci&#243;n decidida del Consenso de Washington a trav&#233;s del Fondo Monetario Internacional. Bush la llev&#243; al </span><em><span>nation-building</span></em><span> y a la idea de reconstruir desde cero a la antigua Babilonia: Irak. Trump la ha radicalizado al imponer de manera frontal la primac&#237;a de Estados Unidos, esta vez a trav&#233;s del lenguaje y la escenograf&#237;a del </span><em><span>reality TV</span></em><span>. Tres temperamentos, tres momentos distintos, pero una misma &#243;ptica formativa.</span></p><p><span>Barack Obama naci&#243; en 1961, exactamente quince a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Es otra generaci&#243;n</span><strong><span>.</span></strong><span> Su paisaje infantil se form&#243; en un mundo distinto: la Crisis de los Misiles, el Muro de Berl&#237;n, el asesinato de Kennedy, la larga guerra de Vietnam &#8212;que acompa&#241;&#243; toda su ni&#241;ez hasta la retirada estadounidense de 1973&#8212;, la Marcha sobre Washington, los asesinatos de Martin Luther King y Robert Kennedy, y la imagen de la Tierra vista desde la Luna. Ya no era la primac&#237;a indiscutida de la posguerra, sino un mundo m&#225;s fr&#225;gil y conflictivo. Por eso su estilo de poder fue distinto: eludi&#243; el conflicto, prefiri&#243; la negociaci&#243;n. De all&#237; el remoquete: &#8220;No Drama Obama&#8221;. No fue asunto de car&#225;cter. Se trataba de una Lente distinta.</span></p><p><span>Hoy esa Lente est&#225; bajo asedio. </span><em><span>El Presente Infinito</span></em><span> que propician las redes &#8212;</span><em><span>el scroll sin fin, el tiempo aplanado, la atenci&#243;n fragmentada</span></em><span>&#8212; amenaza con impedir que esa Lente perceptiva alcance suficiente profundidad.</span></p><p><span>Cuando la Lente se forma dentro del </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span>, pierde su profundidad temporal. Sin un pasado sedimentado, la visi&#243;n de futuro se desvanece. Sin futuro no hay sentido de legado, sin deseo de legado tener hijos no se siente como continuidad&#8230; se percibe como carga o como una opci&#243;n diferible o, simplemente, como un esfuerzo </span><em><span>sin un para qu&#233;</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>El Presente Infinito no solo distrae. Transforma la experiencia del tiempo. </span><em><span>En el scroll permanente no hay un antes ni un despu&#233;s: solo un ahora que se renueva sin acumularse.</span></em></p><p><span>En ese contexto, el pasado se vuelve anecd&#243;tico y el futuro, una abstracci&#243;n. La Lente que se forma en ese paisaje pierde contexto, pierde profundidad narrativa y, con ella, su capacidad para despertar emociones vivas.</span></p><p><span>Sin narrativa &#8212;y sin la emoci&#243;n que la convierte en propia&#8212; no hay legado.</span></p><p><strong><span>El legado no es solo la herencia material</span></strong><span>. Es la percepci&#243;n de que algo de lo que uno es y de lo que uno hace debe continuar m&#225;s all&#225; de uno mismo. Esa percepci&#243;n requiere un suelo temporal: la sensaci&#243;n de venir de alguna parte y de ir hacia m&#225;s all&#225;.</span></p><p><span>Cuando ese suelo se erosiona, la procreaci&#243;n deja de aparecer como continuidad natural y se convierte en una decisi&#243;n costosa, arriesgada y, para muchos, carente de un sentido profundo.</span></p><p><span>Por eso la pregunta &#8220;&#191;para qu&#233; tener hijos?&#8221; est&#225; cada vez m&#225;s presente y es m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de responder. No porque la gente haya dejado de amar a los ni&#241;os, sino porque se ha debilitado el marco temporal dentro del cual la respuesta era evidente e incluso existencial: los hijos constituyen la forma de vivir m&#225;s all&#225; de la propia vida, de dejar algo de lo que uno ha hecho, de lo que uno es.</span></p><p><span>El </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span> no act&#250;a en el vac&#237;o. Llega despu&#233;s de d&#233;cadas en las que la procreaci&#243;n fue dejando de ser el horizonte por defecto. La p&#237;ldora separ&#243; sexualidad y reproducci&#243;n; la incorporaci&#243;n masiva de la mujer al mercado laboral transform&#243; las opciones de vida; y nuevos modelos culturales &#8212;Barbie incluida como s&#237;mbolo&#8212; fueron creando un abismo entre realizaci&#243;n personal y maternidad.</span></p><p><span>El tel&#233;fono inteligente encontr&#243;, por tanto, una puerta que ya estaba abierta. Y la ensanch&#243;.</span></p><p><span>Las propias redes refuerzan otro desplazamiento. Mientras presentan al usuario im&#225;genes de crueldad y degradaci&#243;n humana, multiplican contenidos que atribuyen emociones y conductas humanas a los animales: el perro o gato que consuela, el cachorro que alegra, el le&#243;n que protege, el video del elefante que detiene un veh&#237;culo para salvarlo de un deslave. El afecto encuentra as&#237; un destinatario m&#225;s simple, m&#225;s controlable, que exige cuidado, pero no continuidad.</span></p><p><strong><span>Los n&#250;meros muestran la magnitud del fen&#243;meno</span></strong><span>. En 1970 la tasa de fertilidad promedio de la OCDE rondaba los 2,8 hijos por mujer; en 2023 hab&#237;a ca&#237;do a alrededor de 1,4. La ca&#237;da ven&#237;a de mucho antes del tel&#233;fono inteligente. Pero despu&#233;s de una breve estabilizaci&#243;n durante los a&#241;os 2000 volvi&#243; a descender a partir de 2008, precisamente cuando comenz&#243; la difusi&#243;n masiva del smartphone. Corea del Sur lleg&#243; a 0,72 en 2023.</span></p><p><span>Y aqu&#237; aparece un dato dif&#237;cil de ignorar. Un estudio de 2026 de Caitlin Myers y Ezekiel Hooper, publicado por el NBER, estima que la difusi&#243;n del iPhone explica entre el 33 y el 52 % de la ca&#237;da de la tasa general de fertilidad estadounidense desde 2007. Los autores encuentran adem&#225;s indicios compatibles con menor interacci&#243;n presencial y menor frecuencia sexual.</span></p><p><span>El estudio aporta evidencia concreta de que el tel&#233;fono inteligente afect&#243; la procreaci&#243;n. No demuestra por qu&#233; ocurri&#243; todo aquello. Y es all&#237; donde aparece otra posibilidad, la que nosotros sostenemos: que tambi&#233;n ha modificado nuestra relaci&#243;n con el tiempo. El de un presente que no pasa, el </span><em><span>Presente Infinito</span></em><span>, un presente que nunca se convierte en ayer, un presente que no mira al futuro. Ese es el </span><em><span>Presente Perpetuo</span></em><span>. As&#237; tambi&#233;n lo han llamado.</span></p><p><span>Sin relevo generacional el legado pierde su cauce. Sin transmisi&#243;n, la historia se convierte en archivo. La cultura pierde continuidad; la comunidad se diluye; la experiencia misma pierde profundidad; y hasta la idea de Naci&#243;n -en may&#250;scula- se convierte en abstracci&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>La procreaci&#243;n no es solo un hecho biol&#243;gico. Es el acto mediante el cual una generaci&#243;n entrega el mundo a la siguiente y, al hacerlo, se reconoce como eslab&#243;n de una cadena m&#225;s larga que ella misma.</span></p><p><span>Cuando ese acto se vuelve excepcional o se posterga indefinidamente, la cadena se interrumpe. Lo que queda no es solo una sociedad con menos ni&#241;os: es una sociedad que empieza a perder la capacidad de pensarse a s&#237; misma en la trayectoria del tiempo.</span></p><p><span>Acaso sea &#233;sta la m&#225;s cruenta de las guerras. En otras mueren seres. Aqu&#237; desaparecen mucho antes&#8230; sin haber logrado ser.</span></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Gracias por leer  EL RETO DE COMPRENDER Suscr&#237;bete y apoya mi trabajo</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Compartir EL RETO DE COMPRENDER &quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2F%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26amp%3Butm_medium%3Demail%26amp%3Butm_content%3Dshare%26amp%3Baction%3Dshare"><span>Compartir EL RETO DE COMPRENDER </span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://henriquesalasromer.substack.com/p/sin-futuro-sin-hijos-y-sin-legado/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Deja un comentario&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhenriquesalasromer.substack.com%2Fp%2Fsin-futuro-sin-hijos-y-sin-legado%2Fcomments"><span>Deja un comentario</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>