<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Mavi Vatan Geopolitics]]></title><description><![CDATA[Admiral (Ret) Cem Gürdeniz. Theorist and creator of the Bluehomeland doctrine]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LKYS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29f0aa07-9e84-4228-8d3e-b9ee7d204c7d_1080x1080.png</url><title>Mavi Vatan Geopolitics</title><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2026 18:35:58 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmavivatan.substack.com%2Ffeed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[mavivatan@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[mavivatan@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[mavivatan@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[mavivatan@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Why Can’t Saudi Arabia Fight a War?]]></title><description><![CDATA[No economic or diplomatic gain for T&#252;rkiye can justify the loss of a Turkish soldier&#8217;s life in defense of another dynasty&#8217;s security.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/why-cant-saudi-arabia-fight-a-war</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/why-cant-saudi-arabia-fight-a-war</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2026 13:05:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21rKBR%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F9d66fa77-a858-4ee9-9a06-6f568f228286_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21rKBR%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F9d66fa77-a858-4ee9-9a06-6f568f228286_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>&#8220;Weapons and military equipment alone do not determine the success of combat operations. What matters is whose hands they are in. We know that the human being is, and will remain, the decisive force in war. No missile, aircraft, or tank can be as formidable to the enemy as a soldier who possesses high combat morale and military expertise, who can handle weapons and equipment with skill, exploit their combat capabilities to the fullest, defeat the enemy, and achieve victory.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1984, I opened my master&#8217;s thesis, entitled Soviet Military Manpower, with these words by Soviet Defense Minister Marshal Andrei Grechko. In the 42 years since, the technological character of warfare has undergone a profound transformation. Precision-guided munitions, unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, space-based intelligence, and network-centric operations have reshaped the battlefield beyond anything imaginable at the time. Yet the fundamental truth emphasized by Grechko remains unchanged: the human being is still at the heart of warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Why Is Fighting a War So Difficult?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Technology can enhance a soldier&#8217;s ability to fight, but it cannot replace the will to fight, a sound command culture, military discipline, institutional cohesion, or strategic judgement. A state may purchase the world&#8217;s most advanced combat aircraft, its most expensive warships, and its most sophisticated missile systems. What it cannot acquire in the same way are the military institutions, combat experience, and strategic independence required to employ them effectively in war.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Saudi Arabia is one of the most striking contemporary examples of this contradiction. Thanks to its oil revenues, Riyadh ranks among the world&#8217;s largest defense spenders and enjoys considerable financial advantages in acquiring modern weapons. Yet it faces serious structural difficulties in transforming this technological arsenal into an independent and sustainable warfighting capability. The question is not whether individual Saudi soldiers possess courage or a willingness to sacrifice. The real issue is the extent to which the Saudi state can integrate its financial resources, modern military technology, and manpower into an effective fighting force.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The answer lies not only in Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military institutions, but also in the historical lessons of the Arab Israeli wars, Ibn Khaldun&#8217;s theory of asabiyyah (group solidarity), a state structure built around dynastic security, the political economy of oil, and dependence on external security guarantees. Viewed in the context of the Mecca Agreement, Saudi Arabia&#8217;s warfighting capability and the prospect of Turkish military support become matters of considerable strategic importance. The true value of a collective defense arrangement with a state whose military capabilities depend heavily on foreign assistance must be measured not by the economic and diplomatic relations that flourish in peacetime, but by the actual military power that state can bring to bear in war.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lessons from the Arab Israeli Wars: Why Does Superior Weaponry Not Guarantee Victory?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Arab Israeli wars that followed the Second World War provide one of the most revealing fields of comparative study in modern military history. The wars of 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 demonstrated that the outcome of a conflict depends not merely on weapons and the size of armed forces, but also on training, command, intelligence, mobilization, and military organization. One of the central lessons of these conflicts is that individual courage and institutional combat effectiveness are not the same thing. In some Arab armies, excessive centralization of command, restrictions on initiative among subordinate commanders, unrealistic training practices, the failure to integrate intelligence effectively into decision-making, and the prioritization of political loyalty over military competence created serious weaknesses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">By contrast, particularly during the earlier wars, the Israeli armed forces demonstrated significant advantages in mobilization, small-unit leadership, joint operations, and the ability to adapt to changing battlefield conditions. Yet these historical experiences do not justify any ethnic or cultural conclusion that Arab soldiers are inherently less capable of fighting. The performance of Jordan&#8217;s Arab Legion against Israeli forces in 1948 and the Egyptian Army&#8217;s successful crossing of the Suez Canal and penetration of the Bar-Lev Line in 1973 offer clear evidence to the contrary.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The contrast between Egypt&#8217;s military performance in 1967 and 1973 is particularly instructive. Soldiers drawn from the same society produced very different battlefield results under different conditions of training, doctrine, planning, and command. This demonstrates that military success is determined not by ethnic identity, but by the quality of military institutions and the way manpower is trained, organized, and employed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nor can it be claimed that the Israeli military has succeeded in every war. The heavy losses suffered during the opening stages of the 1973 war and the operational shortcomings exposed during the 2006 Lebanon War demonstrate that military effectiveness is never permanent or guaranteed. It must continually be tested, maintained, and improved. The fundamental distinction, therefore, is not between Arab and Israeli soldiers. It is between military systems that develop combat capabilities, embed them within effective institutions, and employ them successfully on the battlefield, and those that fail to do so.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This historical perspective is essential to understanding Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military weaknesses. Riyadh&#8217;s central problem is not a shortage of advanced military technology. It is the quality of the institutional structure required to transform that technology into an independent, effective, and sustainable warfighting capability.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ibn Khaldun&#8217;s Theory of Asabiyyah: From Desert Warriors to an Oil Monarchy</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military structure cannot be understood solely through its modern defense systems. Its origins as a state, traditional forms of social solidarity, and the transformation brought about by oil wealth must also be examined. In his great work, The Muqaddimah, the fourteenth-century thinker Ibn Khaldun placed the concept of asabiyyah at the heart of his explanation of the rise and decline of states. Asabiyyah refers to the collective solidarity and will to struggle that enable a community to unite in the face of common dangers, make sacrifices, and, when necessary, risk their lives.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">According to Ibn Khaldun, the strong bonds of solidarity forged under harsh living conditions may gradually weaken as political authority becomes established, prosperity increases, and ruling elites grow distant from society. States may then become increasingly dependent on mercenary forces and external support rather than relying on the strength of their own people. The founding of Saudi Arabia is particularly revealing when viewed through this theory. The process that began with Abdulaziz Ibn Saud&#8217;s capture of Riyadh in 1902 and culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 was built upon tribal alliances, religious solidarity, adaptation to the harsh conditions of the desert, and armed struggle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, the rapid growth of oil revenues, particularly after the Second World War, transformed the country&#8217;s economic and social structure. A dynastic state that had expanded through armed struggle gradually became an oil monarchy that distributed petroleum wealth, purchased advanced military technology from abroad, and relied heavily on international partnerships for its security. Prosperity itself is not the decisive factor. Wealthy societies can also build powerful armed forces and maintain a strong will to fight. The real question is whether traditional tribal solidarity has been transformed into a modern sense of citizenship, a shared national identity, and collective military responsibility.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the context of the modern state, Ibn Khaldun&#8217;s concept of asabiyyah cannot be understood merely as tribal solidarity. Its contemporary equivalent is the collective determination of a society to defend its common existence and future. This brings us to the central question concerning Saudi Arabia: To what extent has a historical system of solidarity based on dynastic and tribal relationships evolved into a shared national military identity embracing all citizens?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Difference Between Loyalty to a Dynasty and Loyalty to the Nation</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the most important questions in assessing an army&#8217;s true fighting strength is what its soldiers are fighting for. The modern nation-state transformed military loyalty from allegiance to a ruler, family, or tribe into a commitment to national sovereignty, the defense of the homeland, and the continuity of the state. The citizen armies that emerged after the French Revolution and the Turkish War of Independence are historical examples of this transformation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Turkish War of Independence was not fought to preserve a dynasty. Its driving force was the determination to liberate an occupied homeland and establish national sovereignty. This is why the struggle became more than a campaign conducted by a regular army. It developed into a national mobilization involving broad sections of society. In Saudi Arabia, by contrast, the historical legitimacy of the state developed through dynastic loyalty, tribal relationships, and religious solidarity. The House of Saud consolidated its central authority by managing alliances and balances of power among tribal communities such as the Anaza, Otaibah, Mutair, Shammar, Qahtan, and Harb.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This does not mean, of course, that monarchies are incapable of building powerful armies. Prussia and Britain provide clear historical counterexamples. The decisive issue is therefore not monarchy as a form of government, but whether military loyalty is directed towards individuals or towards enduring state institutions and shared national interests.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The effectiveness of modern armed forces depends on their ability to bring different social identities together under a common military purpose, supported by merit, professionalism, and discipline. One of the fundamental contradictions within Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military structure lies in the relationship between institutions historically designed to safeguard the ruling dynasty and the unified national command structure required by modern warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Does the Army Protect the State or the Dynasty?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The existence of separate institutional structures for Saudi Arabia&#8217;s regular armed forces and its National Guard cannot be explained simply as a division of military responsibilities. This arrangement has deep historical and political roots. The overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy by the Free Officers Movement in 1952 served as a powerful warning to dynastic rulers across the region. The institutional development of the Saudi National Guard during the 1950s was closely linked to the strengthening of a separate military organization intended to safeguard the ruling dynasty and maintain internal stability.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In military sociology, the concept of coup-proofing refers to arrangements designed to prevent the armed forces from becoming a threat to political authority by establishing a balance among different security institutions. In Saudi Arabia, this approach took shape through the National Guard, while in many other countries similar functions have been assigned to police or internal security forces. Such parallel command structures, created primarily for political security, can undermine intelligence sharing, joint operations, personnel management, and merit-based military advancement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Modern warfare, however, demands precisely the opposite. Land, naval, air, space, and cyber capabilities must be integrated in pursuit of a common strategic objective. Commanders must be able to exercise independent initiative when circumstances require, while decision-making processes must remain swift and effective. Prussia&#8217;s historical experience offers an instructive example. Following its crushing defeat by Napoleon in 1806, Prussia reorganized its military institutions under reformers such as Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Officer education, general staff organization, professional merit, and command culture became central pillars of the reform process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The mission command philosophy that developed subsequently, known as Auftragstaktik, emphasized the ability of subordinate commanders to understand their superior&#8217;s intent and exercise initiative as battlefield conditions changed. The Prussian experience demonstrates that military strength does not develop simply through the modernization of weapons. It requires a transformation of the institutions that employ those weapons and the command philosophy that guides their use.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Saudi Arabia faces precisely this challenge. Security mechanisms established to preserve political stability do not necessarily provide the unity of command and operational flexibility required to confront external threats. Ultimately, a military establishment designed to protect a ruling dynasty is not the same as a national army capable of independently fighting and sustaining a prolonged war against an external enemy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Oil Wealth: The Gap Between Arms Imports and Military Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the defining features of Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military establishment is its enormous defense budget, made possible by the country&#8217;s oil revenues. For 2026, Riyadh allocated approximately $64 billion to defense, representing 18.3 percent of total government expenditure. A further $32 billion was allocated to internal security and regional administration. The Royal Saudi Air Force operates American F-15 fighters, European Eurofighter Typhoon and Tornado aircraft, E-3 AWACS airborne early warning aircraft, and A330 MRTT aerial refueling tankers. Its navy is equipped with Al Riyadh-class frigates derived from the French La Fayette design, Spanish Avante 2200 corvettes, and American-built warships. Its ground forces operate M1A2S Abrams tanks, M2 Bradley armored vehicles, AH-64 Apache attack helicopters, and Patriot air defense systems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet this multibillion-dollar arsenal of modern weapons does not necessarily translate into an independent and sustainable warfighting capability. Saudi Arabia&#8217;s fundamental contradiction is its inability to convert the technological advantages purchased through oil wealth into a comparable level of military effectiveness, battlefield success, and strategic independence. At the heart of this contradiction lies the country&#8217;s rentier-state economic structure. Because the state derives much of its revenue from natural resources rather than domestic production and taxation, military modernization has largely followed a model based on importing advanced weapons and technology.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While this approach has provided access to sophisticated military systems, the domestic defense industry, technical expertise, maintenance and logistical infrastructure, and independent operational capabilities needed to sustain them have not developed at the same pace. This structural dependence creates serious strategic risks, particularly during prolonged conflicts or when political relations with arms-supplying countries deteriorate. The effectiveness of modern combat aircraft, air defense systems, and warships depends not only on their technological sophistication but also on the uninterrupted availability of software, ammunition, spare parts, maintenance, intelligence, and logistical support.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Although Saudi Arabia has launched initiatives in recent years to develop its domestic defense industry, technology transfer, local manufacturing, independent design capabilities, and full operational autonomy represent very different stages of military development. A state&#8217;s true military strength, therefore, should not be measured simply by the number or value of the weapons in its inventory. It must also be judged by how effectively, and for how long, those systems can be operated without external assistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ultimately, purchasing weapons is an economic transaction. Developing the ability to fight a war is a strategic process that requires years of investment in training, industry, command culture, military tradition, social cohesion, and combat experience.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Yemen War: When Technological Superiority Fails to Deliver Strategic Victory</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the most important tests of Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military power under the leadership of Mohammed bin Salman was its intervention in Yemen, which began in March 2015. The Saudi-led coalition entered the conflict with modern combat aircraft, advanced munitions, substantial intelligence capabilities, and considerable financial resources. The Houthis, by contrast, relied on more limited resources, local organization, familiarity with the terrain, asymmetric warfare, and the growing use of missiles and unmanned aerial systems. Iranian assistance also played an important role in strengthening Houthi military capabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Despite its technological superiority, the Saudi-led coalition failed to achieve the political objectives announced at the beginning of the intervention. The air campaign could not dismantle the opposing side&#8217;s military and political organization. Over time, the conflict evolved into a struggle that also threatened Saudi Arabia&#8217;s border security and critical energy infrastructure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most important lesson of Yemen is the distinction between tactical and technological superiority on the one hand and strategic victory on the other. An air force may successfully strike designated targets, damage enemy infrastructure, and establish significant advantages within an operational theatre. Yet none of these achievements, by themselves, guarantees that the political objectives of a war will be attained.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The outcome of war also depends on the enemy&#8217;s will to resist, its social organization, access to external support, and the political dynamics of the conflict. An important distinction must be made here. It would be incorrect to suggest that Saudi forces are incapable of fighting under all circumstances. During the Battle of Khafji in the 1991 Gulf War, Saudi and Qatari forces, supported by the US-led coalition, carried out a successful counterattack against Iraqi troops.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The issue, therefore, is not the individual courage of Saudi soldiers. It is the ability to plan, conduct, sustain, and bring a modern, prolonged war to a successful strategic conclusion independently. The experience of Yemen exposed a substantial gap between Saudi Arabia&#8217;s possession of advanced military technology and its ability to translate that technology into independent strategic results.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Why Should Turkish Soldiers Fight for Saudi Arabia?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This assessment of Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military capabilities raises a question of profound strategic importance for T&#252;rkiye. Potential military alliances and collective defense arrangements proposed under the name of the Mecca Pact risk becoming mechanisms through which T&#252;rkiye would be expected to compensate for Saudi Arabia&#8217;s military shortcomings, rather than serve its own national security interests.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The central issue is not whether T&#252;rkiye should seek military assistance from Saudi Arabia. With its longstanding military tradition, combat experience, highly trained personnel, and growing defense industry, T&#252;rkiye possesses the capabilities needed to safeguard its own security. The real concern is the possibility that Turkish soldiers could be placed under an obligation to defend the Saudi ruling dynasty or fight in Riyadh&#8217;s regional conflicts. Given the structural limitations of Saudi Arabia&#8217;s ability to conduct independent and sustained military operations, the possibility that T&#252;rkiye would bear a disproportionate share of the military burden in such an alliance must be taken seriously.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The combat aircraft, warships, and missile systems purchased with Saudi oil revenues cannot replace the operational experience, command culture, and trained manpower of the Turkish Armed Forces. Under such circumstances, T&#252;rkiye could find itself assuming what would effectively be a one-sided military responsibility under the guise of mutual defense. More importantly, a clear distinction must be drawn between the security of Saudi Arabia and the security of the House of Saud. Defending a state&#8217;s territorial integrity and sovereignty is not the same as using military force to preserve a dynasty&#8217;s hold on power or protect its regional political ambitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Turkish soldiers must not become the guarantors of another country&#8217;s internal power arrangements or struggles for regional influence. Nor should T&#252;rkiye accept obligations that would place the lives of its soldiers at risk in conflicts unrelated to its own national interests. The fundamental question in T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s military relations with Saudi Arabia, therefore, is not how much assistance Riyadh could provide Ankara, but under what circumstances, in which geographical areas, and for what purposes Saudi Arabia might request Turkish military intervention.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Could such an arrangement draw T&#252;rkiye into conflicts with Iran or other regional states that its own national interests do not require? Could the Turkish Armed Forces become responsible for defending Saudi airspace, securing its maritime lines of communication, or protecting its critical energy infrastructure? And how would national sovereignty and the constitutional authority of the Turkish Grand National Assembly be safeguarded when decisions are made about sending Turkish soldiers to fight on behalf of another state?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cooperation between T&#252;rkiye and Saudi Arabia in defense industries, military training, intelligence, and joint exercises is certainly possible. However, military cooperation and a binding obligation to fight a war on another state&#8217;s behalf are fundamentally different matters. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s accumulated military expertise, trained personnel, and combat experience are not resources that can be placed at the disposal of other states in exchange for economic benefits or diplomatic goodwill.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion: The Value of a Turkish Soldier Is Beyond Measure</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The decisive importance of the human element, emphasized by Marshal Grechko nearly half a century ago, remains as relevant as ever in today&#8217;s technologically advanced warfare. The Arab Israeli wars, Prussia&#8217;s military reforms, Ibn Khaldun&#8217;s theory of asabiyyah, and Saudi Arabia&#8217;s experience in Yemen all point to the same fundamental truth: military power is far more than the sum of a nation&#8217;s weapons systems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is the combined product of a state&#8217;s political structure, the cohesion of its society, its military traditions, command culture, industrial foundations, and collective will to fight. Saudi Arabia&#8217;s central problem is not a lack of modern weapons. It is the structural difficulty of transforming the technological advantages acquired through oil wealth into an independent, integrated, and sustainable military capability.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For T&#252;rkiye, compensating for these shortcomings with the manpower and combat experience of the Turkish Armed Forces cannot be an acceptable strategic choice. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s armed forces do not exist to guarantee the security of other states. Their primary duty is to defend the Turkish homeland, the Turkish nation, and the sovereign rights of the Republic of T&#252;rkiye. Any military alliance must therefore be judged first and foremost by T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s national interests and the strategic risks arising from the obligations it would undertake.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A state may purchase the world&#8217;s most expensive combat aircraft, warships, and missile systems. But military tradition, national solidarity, command competence, and the will to fight cannot be acquired in the same way. Oil revenues can buy weapons. They cannot buy the military heritage and spirit of sacrifice that a nation has forged over centuries. No economic or diplomatic gain could ever justify the loss of Turkish soldiers&#8217; lives in defense of another ruling dynasty. Weapons have a price. But the blood of a Turkish soldier and the independence of the Turkish nation are not for sale.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Suudi Arabistan Neden Savaşamıyor?]]></title><description><![CDATA[T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin hi&#231;bir ekonomik veya diplomatik kazan&#305;m&#305;, T&#252;rk askerinin ba&#351;ka bir hanedan&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i i&#231;in hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetmesini me&#351;rula&#351;t&#305;ramaz.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/suudi-arabistan-neden-savasamyor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/suudi-arabistan-neden-savasamyor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:31:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%212oEy%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F75f7c6bb-c69c-4ad4-9b31-e4c04962baf4_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%212oEy%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F75f7c6bb-c69c-4ad4-9b31-e4c04962baf4_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;<em><strong>Silahlar ve asker&#238; te&#231;hizat, tek ba&#351;lar&#305;na muharebe harek&#226;t&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; belirlemez. &#214;nemli olan, bunlar&#305;n kimin elinde oldu&#287;udur. &#304;nsan&#305;n sava&#351;ta belirleyici g&#252;&#231; oldu&#287;unu ve olmaya devam etti&#287;ini biliyoruz. Ne bir f&#252;ze ne bir u&#231;ak ne de bir tank, d&#252;&#351;man a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan y&#252;ksek muharebe moraline ve asker&#238; uzmanl&#305;&#287;a sahip, silahlar&#305; ve te&#231;hizat&#305; ustal&#305;kla kullanabilen, bunlar&#305;n muharebe yeteneklerinden azami &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yararlanarak d&#252;&#351;man&#305; yenilgiye u&#287;ratabilecek ve zafer kazanabilecek bir asker kadar korkutucu olabilir</strong></em>.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1984 y&#305;l&#305;nda haz&#305;rlad&#305;&#287;&#305;m &#8216;&#8217;Sovyet Askeri &#304;nsan G&#252;c&#252;&#8217;&#8217; ba&#351;l&#305;kl&#305; y&#252;ksek lisans tezimin giri&#351;inde Sovyet Savunma Bakan&#305; Mare&#351;al Andrey Gre&#231;ko&#8217;nun yukardaki de&#287;erlendirmesine yer vermi&#351;tim. Aradan ge&#231;en 42 y&#305;l i&#231;inde sava&#351;&#305;n teknolojik niteli&#287;i k&#246;kl&#252; bi&#231;imde de&#287;i&#351;ti. Hassas g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; m&#252;himmat, insans&#305;z sistemler, yapay zek&#226;, uzay destekli istihbarat ve a&#287; merkezli harek&#226;t, sava&#351; alan&#305;n&#305; ge&#231;mi&#351;le kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lamayacak &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;. Ancak Gre&#231;ko&#8217;nun vurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305; temel ger&#231;ek de&#287;i&#351;medi. Sava&#351;&#305;n merkezinde h&#226;l&#226; insan bulunmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Neden Sava&#351;mak Zor?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Teknoloji, insan&#305;n sava&#351;ma yetene&#287;ini art&#305;rabilir. Ancak sava&#351;ma iradesinin, komuta k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n, asker&#238; disiplinin, kurumsal dayan&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ve stratejik akl&#305;n yerini alamaz. Bir devlet d&#252;nyan&#305;n en geli&#351;mi&#351; sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;n&#305;, en pahal&#305; sava&#351; gemilerini ve en modern f&#252;ze sistemlerini sat&#305;n alabilir. Fakat bunlar&#305; sava&#351; alan&#305;nda etkili bi&#231;imde kullanacak asker&#238; kurumlar&#305;, muharebe tecr&#252;besini ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305; ayn&#305; y&#246;ntemle elde edemez. Suudi Arabistan bu &#231;eli&#351;kinin g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki en dikkat &#231;ekici &#246;rneklerinden biridir. Petrol gelirleri sayesinde d&#252;nyan&#305;n en y&#252;ksek savunma harcamalar&#305;n&#305; yapan &#252;lkeleri aras&#305;nda yer alan Riyad, modern silah sistemlerine eri&#351;imde b&#252;y&#252;k bir ekonomik avantaja sahiptir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k bu teknolojik birikimin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir sava&#351; g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi konusunda ciddi yap&#305;sal sorunlarla kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;yad&#305;r. Burada sorgulanmas&#305; gereken Suudi askerinin bireysel cesareti veya fedak&#226;rl&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l mesele, Suudi devletinin sahip oldu&#287;u ekonomik kaynaklar&#305;, modern asker&#238; teknolojiyi ve insan g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik bir sava&#351; kapasitesine ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebildi&#287;idir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu sorunun cevab&#305; yaln&#305;zca Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; kurumlar&#305;nda de&#287;il, Arap&#8211;&#304;srail sava&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n tarihsel derslerinde, &#304;bn Haldun&#8217;un asabiyet teorisinde, hanedan g&#252;venli&#287;i &#252;zerine kurulan devlet yap&#305;s&#305;nda, petrol ekonomisinde ve d&#305;&#351; g&#252;venlik ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda aranmal&#305;d&#305;r. Mekke Anla&#351;mas&#305; &#252;zerinden ba&#287;lant&#305; kuruldu&#287;unda Suudilerin sava&#351;ma yetene&#287;i ile T&#252;rkiye deste&#287;i konusu stratejik boyuta sahiptir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; asker&#238; yetenekleri b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#305;&#351; deste&#287;e dayanan bir devletle kurulabilecek kolektif savunma d&#252;zenlemesinin ger&#231;ek de&#287;eri, bar&#305;&#351; zaman&#305;ndaki ekonomik ve diplomatik ili&#351;kilerle de&#287;il, sava&#351; zaman&#305;nda ortaya koyabilece&#287;i ger&#231;ek g&#252;&#231;le &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Arap&#8211;&#304;srail Sava&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n Dersi: Silah &#220;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; Neden Zafer Getirmez?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;nda ya&#351;anan Arap&#8211;&#304;srail sava&#351;lar&#305;, modern asker&#238; tarihin en &#246;nemli kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmal&#305; inceleme alanlar&#305;ndan birini olu&#351;turur. 1948, 1956, 1967 ve 1973 sava&#351;lar&#305;, yaln&#305;zca silah sistemlerinin ve kuvvet b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;klerinin de&#287;il, e&#287;itim, komuta, istihbarat, seferberlik ve asker&#238; &#246;rg&#252;tlenmenin sava&#351;&#305;n sonucunu nas&#305;l etkiledi&#287;ini g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Bu sava&#351;lar&#305;n ortaya koydu&#287;u ortak sorunlardan biri, bireysel asker&#238; cesaret ile kurumsal muharebe etkinli&#287;inin ayn&#305; &#351;ey olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. Baz&#305; Arap ordular&#305;nda a&#351;&#305;r&#305; merkez&#238;le&#351;mi&#351; komuta, ast komutanlar&#305;n inisiyatif kullanmas&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, ger&#231;ek&#231;i olmayan e&#287;itim y&#246;ntemleri, istihbarat&#305;n karar mekanizmalar&#305;na yeterince yans&#305;t&#305;lamamas&#305; ve siyasal sadakatin asker&#238; liyakatin &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;mesi ciddi sorunlar yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k &#304;srail ordusu, &#246;zellikle erken d&#246;nem sava&#351;lar&#305;nda seferberlik, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k birlik liderli&#287;i, m&#252;&#351;terek harek&#226;t ve de&#287;i&#351;en muharebe ko&#351;ullar&#305;na uyum sa&#287;lama bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemli &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;kler g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak bu tarihsel de&#287;erlendirmeden Arap askerinin sava&#351;ma yetene&#287;inin d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u gibi etnik veya k&#252;lt&#252;rel bir sonu&#231; da &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lamaz. &#220;rd&#252;n Arap Lejyonunun 1948&#8217;deki &#304;srail&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; performans&#305; ve M&#305;s&#305;r ordusunun 1973&#8217;te S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;&#8217;n&#305; ge&#231;erek Bar-Lev savunma hatt&#305;n&#305; a&#351;mas&#305; bunun a&#231;&#305;k &#246;rnekleridir. &#214;zellikle M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n 1967 ve 1973 sava&#351;lar&#305;ndaki farkl&#305; performans&#305; &#246;&#287;reticidir. Ayn&#305; toplumdan gelen askerler, de&#287;i&#351;en e&#287;itim, doktrin, planlama ve komuta ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda farkl&#305; muharebe sonu&#231;lar&#305; &#252;retebilmi&#351;tir. Bu ger&#231;ek, asker&#238; ba&#351;ar&#305;n&#305;n etnik kimlikten de&#287;il, asker&#238; kurumlar&#305;n niteli&#287;inden ve insan g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n nas&#305;l &#246;rg&#252;tlendi&#287;inden kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail ordusunun da her sava&#351;ta ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;u s&#246;ylenemez. 1973 sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;ndaki a&#287;&#305;r kay&#305;plar ve 2006 L&#252;bnan Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan operasyonel sorunlar, asker&#238; kurumlar&#305;n etkinli&#287;inin s&#252;rekli s&#305;nand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla temel ayr&#305;m Arap veya &#304;srailli asker aras&#305;nda de&#287;il, asker&#238; yetenekleri geli&#351;tiren, kurumsalla&#351;t&#305;ran ve sava&#351; alan&#305;nda etkili bi&#231;imde kullanan sistemler aras&#305;ndad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu tarihsel &#231;er&#231;eve Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; sorunlar&#305;n&#305; anlamak bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemlidir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; Riyad&#8217;&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; temel sorun da asker&#238; teknolojinin eksikli&#287;i de&#287;il, bu teknolojiyi ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir muharebe g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebilecek kurumsal yap&#305;n&#305;n niteli&#287;idir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#304;bn Haldun&#8217;un Asabiyet Teorisi: &#199;&#246;l Sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lar&#305;ndan Petrol Monar&#351;isine</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; yaln&#305;zca modern savunma sistemleri &#252;zerinden de&#287;erlendirmek yeterli de&#287;ildir. Devletin kurulu&#351; ko&#351;ullar&#305;, toplumsal dayan&#305;&#351;ma bi&#231;imleri ve petrol zenginli&#287;iyle ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m de incelenmelidir. 14.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;r&#252; &#304;bn Haldun, <strong>Mukaddime</strong> adl&#305; eserinde devletlerin y&#252;kseli&#351; ve &#231;&#246;z&#252;l&#252;&#351; s&#252;re&#231;lerini a&#231;&#305;klarken asabiyet kavram&#305;n&#305; merkeze yerle&#351;tirir. Asabiyet, bir toplulu&#287;un ortak tehlikeler kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda kenetlenmesini, fedak&#226;rl&#305;k yapmas&#305;n&#305; ve gerekti&#287;inde hayat&#305;n&#305; riske atmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan kolektif dayan&#305;&#351;ma ve m&#252;cadele iradesidir. &#304;bn Haldun&#8217;a g&#246;re zorlu ya&#351;am ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda geli&#351;en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; dayan&#305;&#351;ma ili&#351;kileri, siyasal iktidar&#305;n yerle&#351;mesi, refah&#305;n artmas&#305; ve y&#246;netici s&#305;n&#305;flar&#305;n toplumdan uzakla&#351;mas&#305;yla zaman i&#231;inde zay&#305;flayabilir. Devletler giderek kendi toplumsal g&#252;&#231;leri yerine &#252;cretli askerlerden ve d&#305;&#351; destek unsurlar&#305;ndan yararlanmaya ba&#351;layabilir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n kurulu&#351; s&#252;reci bu teori a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan dikkat &#231;ekicidir. Abd&#252;laziz bin Suud&#8217;un 1902&#8217;de Riyad&#8217;&#305; ele ge&#231;irmesiyle ba&#351;layan ve 1932&#8217;de Suudi Arabistan Krall&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kurulmas&#305;yla sonu&#231;lanan s&#252;re&#231;, kabile ittifaklar&#305;na, din&#238; dayan&#305;&#351;maya, &#231;&#246;l ko&#351;ullar&#305;na uyuma ve silahl&#305; m&#252;cadeleye dayan&#305;yordu. Ancak petrol gelirlerinin &#246;zellikle &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;nda h&#305;zla artmas&#305;, devletin ekonomik ve toplumsal yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. M&#252;cadeleyle geni&#351;leyen hanedan devleti, giderek petrol gelirlerini da&#287;&#305;tan, geli&#351;mi&#351; asker&#238; teknolojiyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan sat&#305;n alan ve g&#252;venli&#287;ini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de uluslararas&#305; ortakl&#305;klarla sa&#287;layan bir monar&#351;iye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Burada belirleyici olan refah&#305;n kendisi de&#287;ildir. Refah toplumlar&#305; da g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ordular ve y&#252;ksek sava&#351;ma iradesi geli&#351;tirebilir. As&#305;l sorun, tarihsel kabile dayan&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n modern vatanda&#351;l&#305;k, ortak vatan bilinci ve kurumsal asker&#238; sorumluluk temelinde yeniden &#252;retilip &#252;retilemedi&#287;idir. &#304;bn Haldun&#8217;un asabiyeti, modern devlet ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda yaln&#305;zca kabile dayan&#305;&#351;mas&#305; olarak d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lemez. Bunun &#231;a&#287;da&#351; kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, toplumun ortak varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve gelece&#287;ini savunma iradesidir. Suudi Arabistan a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan temel soru burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kar. Hanedan ve kabile ili&#351;kileri &#252;zerine kurulmu&#351; tarihsel dayan&#305;&#351;ma sistemi, b&#252;t&#252;n vatanda&#351;lar&#305; kapsayan ortak bir mill&#238; asker&#238; kimli&#287;e ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilmi&#351;tir?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hanedana Sadakat ile Vatana Sadakat Aras&#305;ndaki Fark</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bir ordunun ger&#231;ek sava&#351;ma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; belirleyen en &#246;nemli sorulardan biri, askerlerin ne i&#231;in sava&#351;t&#305;klar&#305;d&#305;r. Modern mill&#238; devlet anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;, asker&#238; sadakati bir h&#252;k&#252;mdar&#305;n, ailenin veya kabilenin &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;ndan &#231;&#305;kararak milletin egemenli&#287;i, vatan&#305;n savunulmas&#305; ve devletin devaml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;zerine kurmu&#351;tur. Frans&#305;z Devrimi sonras&#305;nda geli&#351;en yurtta&#351; ordular&#305; ve T&#252;rk Kurtulu&#351; Sava&#351;&#305; bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n tarihsel &#246;rnekleridir. T&#252;rk Kurtulu&#351; Sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n temelinde hanedan&#305;n devaml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lama d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi de&#287;il, i&#351;gal alt&#305;ndaki vatan&#305; kurtarma ve mill&#238; egemenli&#287;i tesis etme iradesi bulunuyordu. Bu nedenle asker&#238; m&#252;cadele yaln&#305;zca d&#252;zenli ordunun de&#287;il, toplumun geni&#351; kesimlerinin kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; bir ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;k seferberli&#287;ine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebildi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;da ise devletin tarihsel me&#351;ruiyeti hanedan sadakati, kabile ili&#351;kileri ve din&#238; dayan&#305;&#351;ma &#252;zerinden geli&#351;mi&#351;tir. Suud hanedan&#305;, Anaze, Uteybe, Mutayr, &#350;ammar, Kahtan ve Harb gibi kabile topluluklar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ittifaklar&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; dengelerini y&#246;neterek merkez&#238; otoritesini peki&#351;tirmi&#351;tir. Elbette monar&#351;ik devletlerin g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ordular geli&#351;tiremeyece&#287;i ileri s&#252;r&#252;lemez. Prusya ve Britanya bunun tarihsel kar&#351;&#305; &#246;rnekleridir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla sorun y&#246;netim bi&#231;iminin tek ba&#351;&#305;na monar&#351;i olmas&#305; de&#287;il, asker&#238; sadakatin ki&#351;ilere mi, yoksa kal&#305;c&#305; devlet kurumlar&#305;na ve ortak mill&#238; &#231;&#305;karlara m&#305; y&#246;neldi&#287;idir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Modern ordular&#305;n ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;, farkl&#305; toplumsal aidiyetleri ortak bir asker&#238; ama&#231;, liyakat sistemi ve disiplin anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; i&#231;inde b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirebilmesine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; yap&#305;lanmas&#305;ndaki temel &#231;eli&#351;kilerden biri, hanedan g&#252;venli&#287;ini &#246;nceleyen tarihsel kurumlarla modern sava&#351;&#305;n gerektirdi&#287;i b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik mill&#238; komuta yap&#305;s&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ordu Devleti mi Koruyor, Hanedan&#305; m&#305;?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;venlik sisteminde d&#252;zenli silahl&#305; kuvvetler ile Ulusal Muhaf&#305;zlar&#305;n ayr&#305; kurumsal yap&#305;larda geli&#351;mesi, yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; g&#246;rev da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;yla a&#231;&#305;klanamaz. Bu ayr&#305;m&#305;n tarihsel ve siyasal nedenleri bulunmaktad&#305;r. 1952 y&#305;l&#305;nda M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;da H&#252;r Subaylar hareketinin monar&#351;iyi devirmesi, b&#246;lgedeki hanedan y&#246;netimleri a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#246;nemli bir uyar&#305; olmu&#351;tur. Suudi Ulusal Muhaf&#305;zlar&#305;n&#305;n 1950&#8217;li y&#305;llarda kurumsalla&#351;mas&#305;, hanedan g&#252;venli&#287;ini ve i&#231; istikrar&#305; sa&#287;lamaya y&#246;nelik ayr&#305; bir asker&#238; yap&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;&#231;lendirilmesi s&#252;reciyle ili&#351;kilidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Asker&#238; sosyolojide, darbe &#246;nleme d&#252;zenlemeleri olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan yakla&#351;&#305;m, silahl&#305; kuvvetlerin siyasal iktidara tehdit olu&#351;turmas&#305;n&#305; engellemek amac&#305;yla farkl&#305; g&#252;venlik kurumlar&#305; aras&#305;nda denge kurulmas&#305;n&#305; ifade eder. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;da Ulusal Muhaf&#305;zlar ile &#351;ekillenen bu model pek &#231;ok &#252;lkede Polis ile sa&#287;lan&#305;r. Siyasal g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;yla olu&#351;turulan bu tip paralel komuta yap&#305;lar&#305;, kurumlar aras&#305;nda bilgi payla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305;, m&#252;&#351;terek harek&#226;t&#305;, personel y&#246;netimini ve asker&#238; liyakati olumsuz etkileyebilir. Modern sava&#351; ise bunun tersini gerektirir. Kara, deniz, hava, uzay ve siber unsurlar&#305;n ayn&#305; stratejik ama&#231; do&#287;rultusunda b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;mesi, komutanlar&#305;n gerekti&#287;inde ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z inisiyatif kullanabilmesi ve karar mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n h&#305;zla &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; gerekir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu noktada Prusya&#8217;n&#305;n tarihsel deneyimi &#246;&#287;reticidir. 1806&#8217;da Napolyon kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda a&#287;&#305;r yenilgiye u&#287;rayan Prusya, Scharnhorst ve Gneisenau &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde asker&#238; kurumlar&#305;n&#305; yeniden d&#252;zenlemi&#351;tir. Subay e&#287;itimi, kurmayl&#305;k, liyakat ve komuta k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; reformlar&#305;n merkezinde yer alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Daha sonra geli&#351;en g&#246;rev tipi emir anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;, ast komutanlar&#305;n &#252;st komutan&#305;n niyetini kavrayarak de&#287;i&#351;en sava&#351; ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda inisiyatif kullanmas&#305;n&#305; esas alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Prusya &#246;rne&#287;i asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n, yaln&#305;zca silahlar&#305;n modernle&#351;tirilmesiyle de&#287;il, onlar&#305; kullanan kurumlar&#305;n ve komuta anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;yle geli&#351;ti&#287;ini ortaya koymaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; temel sorunlardan biri de budur. Siyasal istikrar&#305; korumak amac&#305;yla olu&#351;turulan g&#252;venlik mekanizmalar&#305;, d&#305;&#351; tehdide kar&#351;&#305; gerekli komuta b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve operasyonel esnekli&#287;i destekleyememektedir. Zira hanedan g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;layan bir asker&#238; yap&#305; ile uzun s&#252;reli harici bir sava&#351;&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bi&#231;imde s&#252;rd&#252;rebilen mill&#238; ordu ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Petrol Zenginli&#287;i: Silah &#304;thalat&#305; ile Sava&#351; G&#252;c&#252; Aras&#305;ndaki U&#231;urum</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; di&#287;er bir&#231;ok devletten ay&#305;ran temel &#246;zellik, petrol gelirleri sayesinde d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k savunma b&#252;t&#231;elerinden birine sahip olmas&#305;d&#305;r. 2026 y&#305;l&#305; i&#231;in yakla&#351;&#305;k 64 milyar dolarl&#305;k asker&#238; b&#252;t&#231;e ay&#305;rm&#305;&#351;, toplam kamu harcamalar&#305;n&#305;n %18,3&#8217;&#252;n&#252; asker&#238; sekt&#246;re tahsis etmi&#351;tir. &#304;&#231; g&#252;venlik ve b&#246;lgesel y&#246;netim i&#231;in de 32 milyar dolar b&#252;t&#231;eye sahiptir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Riyad&#8217;&#305;n hava kuvvetlerinde Amerikan F-15 sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;, Avrupa yap&#305;m&#305; Eurofighter Typhoon ve Tornado u&#231;aklar&#305;, E-3 AWACS erken ihbar ve A330 MRTT yak&#305;t ikmal u&#231;aklar&#305; bulunmaktad&#305;r. Deniz kuvvetleri Frans&#305;z La Fayette tasar&#305;m&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirilen Al Riyadh s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; f&#305;rkateynler, &#304;spanyol Avante 2200 korvetleri ve Amerikan yap&#305;m&#305; sava&#351; gemileriyle donat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kara kuvvetleri ise M1A2S Abrams tanklar&#305;, M2 Bradley z&#305;rhl&#305; ara&#231;lar&#305;, AH-64 Apache taarruz helikopterleri ve Patriot hava savunma sistemleriyle desteklenmektedir. Ancak milyarlarca dolarl&#305;k bu modern silah envanteri, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir sava&#351; g&#252;c&#252; anlam&#305;na gelmemektedir. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n temel &#231;eli&#351;kisi, petrol zenginli&#287;i sayesinde elde etti&#287;i teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; ayn&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;de asker&#238; etkinli&#287;e, muharebe ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;na ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;a d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rememesidir. Bu &#231;eli&#351;kinin k&#246;keninde, &#252;lkenin petrol gelirlerine dayal&#305; rantiyer devlet yap&#305;s&#305; bulunmaktad&#305;r. Devletin ekonomik kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; toplumsal &#252;retimden ve vergilerden ziyade do&#287;al kaynak gelirlerinden sa&#287;lamas&#305;, asker&#238; modernle&#351;menin de b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan teknoloji ve silah sat&#305;n al&#305;nmas&#305;na dayanmas&#305;n&#305; kolayla&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. B&#246;ylece modern silah sistemlerine eri&#351;im sa&#287;lan&#305;rken bunlar&#305; destekleyecek yerli savunma sanayisi, teknik uzmanl&#305;k, bak&#305;m ve lojistik altyap&#305;s&#305; ile ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z harek&#226;t kapasitesi ayn&#305; h&#305;zda geli&#351;memi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu yap&#305;sal ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k, &#246;zellikle uzun s&#252;reli sava&#351;larda veya silah tedarik&#231;isi &#252;lkelerle siyasi ili&#351;kilerin bozulmas&#305; durumunda ciddi stratejik riskler do&#287;urmaktad&#305;r. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; modern sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;n&#305;n, hava savunma sistemlerinin ve sava&#351; gemilerinin etkinli&#287;i yaln&#305;zca sahip olduklar&#305; teknolojik &#246;zelliklere de&#287;il, yaz&#305;l&#305;m, m&#252;himmat, yedek par&#231;a, bak&#305;m, istihbarat ve lojistik deste&#287;in kesintisiz s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilmesine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Suudi Arabistan son y&#305;llarda savunma sanayisini yerlile&#351;tirmeye y&#246;nelik giri&#351;imlerde bulunsa da teknoloji transferi, yerli &#252;retim ve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z tasar&#305;m yetene&#287;i ile tam operasyonel &#246;zerklik birbirinden farkl&#305; a&#351;amalard&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bir devletin ger&#231;ek asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;, envanterindeki silahlar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305; ve de&#287;eriyle de&#287;il, bu sistemleri d&#305;&#351; deste&#287;e ihtiya&#231; duymadan ne kadar s&#252;re ve hangi etkinlikle kullanabildi&#287;iyle &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmelidir. Sonu&#231;ta silah sat&#305;n almak ekonomik bir i&#351;lemdir; sava&#351;ma yetene&#287;i kazanmak ise e&#287;itim, sanayi, komuta k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;, asker&#238; gelenek, toplumsal dayan&#305;&#351;ma ve muharebe tecr&#252;besinin uzun y&#305;llar i&#231;inde b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;mesini gerektiren stratejik bir s&#252;re&#231;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yemen Sava&#351;&#305;: Teknolojik &#220;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n Stratejik Yenilgiye D&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n Muhammed Bin Salman liderli&#287;inde asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n en &#246;nemli s&#305;navlar&#305;ndan biri, Mart 2015&#8217;te ba&#351;layan Yemen m&#252;dahalesidir. Riyad &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ndeki koalisyon, modern sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;, geli&#351;mi&#351; m&#252;himmat, &#246;nemli istihbarat olanaklar&#305; ve ekonomik kaynaklarla harek&#226;ta ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k Husiler, daha s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kaynaklarla, yerel &#246;rg&#252;tlenme, arazi ko&#351;ullar&#305;na uyum, asimetrik sava&#351; y&#246;ntemleri, f&#252;ze ve insans&#305;z hava arac&#305; sistemlerinden yararlanarak direnmi&#351;tir. &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; destek de Husilerin asker&#238; kapasitesinin geli&#351;mesinde &#246;nemli rol oynam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ndeki koalisyonun teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta ilan edilen siyasal hedeflerin ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilmesine yetmemi&#351;tir. Hava harek&#226;t&#305;, kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n asker&#238; ve siyasal &#246;rg&#252;tlenmesini ortadan kald&#305;ramam&#305;&#351;, sava&#351; zaman i&#231;inde Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;r g&#252;venli&#287;ini ve kritik enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; da etkileyen bir m&#252;cadeleye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Yemen &#246;rne&#287;inin ortaya koydu&#287;u en &#246;nemli ger&#231;ek, taktik ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k ile stratejik zafer aras&#305;ndaki farkt&#305;r. Bir hava kuvveti belirli hedefleri ba&#351;ar&#305;yla vurabilir, d&#252;&#351;man&#305;n altyap&#305;s&#305;na zarar verebilir ve harek&#226;t alan&#305;nda &#246;nemli &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;layabilir. Ancak bunlar tek ba&#351;&#305;na sava&#351;&#305;n siyasal hedeflerine ula&#351;&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Sava&#351;&#305;n sonucu, kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n m&#252;cadele iradesi, toplumsal &#246;rg&#252;tlenmesi, d&#305;&#351; destek olanaklar&#305; ve &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n siyasi dinamikleriyle de belirlenir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Burada &#246;nemli bir ayr&#305;m yap&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. Suudi birliklerinin hi&#231;bir ko&#351;ulda sava&#351;amad&#305;&#287;&#305; iddias&#305; do&#287;ru de&#287;ildir. 1991 K&#246;rfez Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndaki Hafci Muharebesi&#8217;nde Suudi ve Katar birlikleri, Amerikan &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ndeki koalisyonun deste&#287;iyle Irak kuvvetlerine kar&#351;&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir kar&#351;&#305; taarruz ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla mesele Suudi askerinin bireysel cesareti de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l mesele, modern ve uzun s&#252;reli bir sava&#351;&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak planlama, y&#252;r&#252;tme, destekleme ve stratejik sonuca ula&#351;t&#305;rma kapasitesidir. Yemen deneyimi, Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u asker&#238; teknoloji ile ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z stratejik sonu&#231; &#252;retme yetene&#287;i aras&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir mesafe bulundu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Suudi Arabistan &#304;&#231;in T&#252;rk Askeri Neden Sava&#351;s&#305;n?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; yetene&#287;ine ili&#351;kin bu de&#287;erlendirme, T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan son derece &#246;nemli bir stratejik sorunu g&#252;ndeme getirmektedir. &#214;zellikle Mekke Pakt&#305; ad&#305; alt&#305;nda g&#252;ndeme getirilen olas&#305; asker&#238; ittifaklar ve kolektif savunma d&#252;zenlemeleri, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin kendi mill&#238; g&#252;venlik ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;ndan ziyade Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n asker&#238; yetersizliklerini telafi edecek bir mekanizmaya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;me riski ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r. Burada temel sorun T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Suudi Arabistan&#8217;dan asker&#238; yard&#305;m almas&#305; de&#287;ildir. T&#252;rkiye, k&#246;kl&#252; asker&#238; gelene&#287;i, sava&#351; tecr&#252;besi, yeti&#351;mi&#351; insan g&#252;c&#252; ve geli&#351;en savunma sanayisiyle kendi g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;layabilecek bir devlettir. As&#305;l mesele, T&#252;rk askerinin Suudi hanedan&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;lamak veya Riyad&#8217;&#305;n b&#246;lgesel &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda sava&#351;mak &#252;zere y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;k alt&#305;na sokulmas&#305; ihtimalidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n modern silah sistemlerine ra&#287;men ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir sava&#351; y&#252;r&#252;tme kapasitesindeki yap&#305;sal s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar dikkate al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, b&#246;yle bir ittifakta asker&#238; y&#252;k&#252;n &#246;nemli b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin omuzlar&#305;na b&#305;rak&#305;lmas&#305; ihtimali ciddiyetle de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n petrol gelirleriyle sat&#305;n ald&#305;&#287;&#305; sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;, sava&#351; gemileri ve f&#252;ze sistemleri, T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetlerinin asker&#238; tecr&#252;besinin, komuta k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n ve yeti&#351;mi&#351; insan g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yerini alamaz. Bu durumda T&#252;rkiye, kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; savunma ad&#305; alt&#305;nda ger&#231;ekte tek tarafl&#305; asker&#238; sorumluluk &#252;stlenen &#252;lke konumuna d&#252;&#351;ebilir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Daha da &#246;nemlisi, Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i ile Suud hanedan&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i birbirinden ayr&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. Bir devletin toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; ve egemenli&#287;ini savunmak ile bir hanedan&#305;n iktidar&#305;n&#305; veya b&#246;lgesel siyasi tercihlerini asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullanarak korumak ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir. T&#252;rk askeri, ba&#351;ka bir devletin i&#231; iktidar dengelerinin veya b&#246;lgesel n&#252;fuz m&#252;cadelelerinin g&#252;vencesi h&#226;line getirilemez. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin mill&#238; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;yla do&#287;rudan ilgisi bulunmayan &#231;at&#305;&#351;malarda T&#252;rk askerinin hayat&#305;n&#305; riske atacak y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler kabul edilemez.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu nedenle T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Suudi Arabistan&#8217;la asker&#238; ili&#351;kilerinde as&#305;l sorgulanmas&#305; gereken, Riyad&#8217;&#305;n T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye ne kadar yard&#305;m edebilece&#287;i de&#287;il, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;den hangi &#351;artlarda, hangi co&#287;rafyalarda ve hangi ama&#231;larla asker&#238; m&#252;dahale talep edebilece&#287;idir. B&#246;yle bir d&#252;zenleme T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi &#304;ran&#8217;la veya ba&#351;ka b&#246;lge devletleriyle kendi mill&#238; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305;n gerektirmedi&#287;i &#231;at&#305;&#351;malara s&#252;r&#252;kleyebilir mi? T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetleri, Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n hava savunmas&#305;ndan, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;ndan veya kritik enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;ndan sorumlu tutulabilir mi? T&#252;rk askerinin ba&#351;ka bir devlet ad&#305;na sava&#351;a g&#246;nderilmesi konusunda karar yetkisi, mill&#238; egemenlik ve TBMM&#8217;nin anayasal yetkileri nas&#305;l korunacakt&#305;r?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye ile Suudi Arabistan aras&#305;nda savunma sanayisi, e&#287;itim, istihbarat ve m&#252;&#351;terek tatbikat alanlar&#305;nda i&#351; birli&#287;i geli&#351;tirilmesi elbette m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Ancak asker&#238; i&#351; birli&#287;i ile kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; sava&#351; y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252; birbirinden tamamen farkl&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin tarihsel asker&#238; birikimi, yeti&#351;mi&#351; insan g&#252;c&#252; ve sava&#351; tecr&#252;besi, ekonomik beklentiler veya diplomatik yak&#305;nl&#305;k kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ba&#351;ka devletlerin g&#252;venli&#287;ine tahsis edilebilecek kaynaklar de&#287;ildir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sonu&#231;: T&#252;rk Askerinin De&#287;eri &#214;l&#231;&#252;lemez</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mare&#351;al Gre&#231;ko&#8217;nun yakla&#351;&#305;k yar&#305;m y&#252;zy&#305;l &#246;nce vurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305; insan unsurunun belirleyicili&#287;i, g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z&#252;n y&#252;ksek teknolojili sava&#351;lar&#305;nda da ge&#231;erlili&#287;ini korumaktad&#305;r. Arap&#8211;&#304;srail sava&#351;lar&#305;, Prusya&#8217;n&#305;n asker&#238; reformlar&#305;, &#304;bn Haldun&#8217;un asabiyet teorisi ve Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n Yemen deneyimi ayn&#305; temel ger&#231;e&#287;e i&#351;aret etmektedir: Asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; yaln&#305;zca silah sistemlerinin toplam&#305; de&#287;ildir. Devletin siyasal yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n, toplumun dayan&#305;&#351;ma kapasitesinin, asker&#238; gelene&#287;inin, komuta k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n, sanayi altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n ve sava&#351;ma iradesinin ortak &#252;r&#252;n&#252;d&#252;r. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;&#305;n temel sorunu modern silahlara sahip olmamas&#305; de&#287;ildir. Sorun, petrol zenginli&#287;i sayesinde elde etti&#287;i teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z, b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir asker&#238; g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmekte kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; yap&#305;sal engellerdir. Bu eksikliklerin T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetlerinin insan g&#252;c&#252; ve muharebe tecr&#252;besiyle giderilmesi, T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kabul edilebilir bir stratejik yakla&#351;&#305;m olamaz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye, ba&#351;ka devletlerin g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;lamak i&#231;in kurulmu&#351; bir asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; de&#287;ildir. T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetlerinin asli g&#246;revi T&#252;rk vatan&#305;n&#305;, T&#252;rk milletini ve T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin egemenlik haklar&#305;n&#305; korumakt&#305;r. Bu nedenle herhangi bir asker&#238; ittifak&#305;n de&#287;erlendirilmesinde temel &#246;l&#231;&#252;t, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin mill&#238; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; ve &#252;stlenece&#287;i y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerin yarataca&#287;&#305; stratejik riskler olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Bir devlet d&#252;nyan&#305;n en pahal&#305; sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;n&#305;, sava&#351; gemilerini ve f&#252;ze sistemlerini sat&#305;n alabilir. Ancak asker&#238; gelenek, mill&#238; dayan&#305;&#351;ma, komuta yetene&#287;i ve sava&#351;ma iradesi ayn&#305; y&#246;ntemle elde edilemez. Petrol gelirleriyle silah sat&#305;n al&#305;nabilir; fakat bir milletin tarih boyunca olu&#351;turdu&#287;u asker&#238; birikim ve fedak&#226;rl&#305;k k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; sat&#305;n al&#305;namaz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin hi&#231;bir ekonomik veya diplomatik kazan&#305;m&#305;, T&#252;rk askerinin ba&#351;ka bir hanedan&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i i&#231;in hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetmesini me&#351;rula&#351;t&#305;ramaz. Silahlar&#305;n fiyat&#305; vard&#305;r. Ancak T&#252;rk askerinin kan&#305;n&#305;n ve T&#252;rk milletinin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n sat&#305;n al&#305;nabilecek bir bedeli yoktur.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Wind Defeated the Caravan. But Five Hundred Years Later, History Is Reversing Course]]></title><description><![CDATA[Five centuries ago, west&#8217;s wind defeated the Asian caravan. Later steam replaced sail, oil displaced coal. Today, Asian industry, energy, technology, and algorithms challenge Atlantic hegemony.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/the-wind-defeated-the-caravan-but</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/the-wind-defeated-the-caravan-but</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2026 19:24:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21aSSQ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21aSSQ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSSQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feae858c5-542f-4bdd-96d3-4b397894663b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Five hundred years ago, the center of gravity of the world economy was in Asia. The historical process set in motion by Europe&#8217;s expansion into the oceans would eventually give rise to a new global order that integrated sea power, production, capital, and technology. China and India were among the world&#8217;s principal centers of wealth, not merely because of their large populations, but also because of their agricultural output, sophisticated craftsmanship, extensive trade networks, scientific knowledge, and thriving urban economies. At a time when Europe had yet to emerge as a global center of power, a substantial proportion of the world&#8217;s most valuable, traded commodities originated in Asia. The wealth of the East aroused both admiration and an appetite for riches in the West. Silk, spices, porcelain, cotton textiles, precious stones, and advanced metal products were tangible manifestations of Asia&#8217;s productive capacity and economic supremacy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This supremacy was not merely commercial; it rested on profound demographic and economic realities. According to historical population estimates, the world&#8217;s population around 1500 stood at approximately 450&#8211;500 million, of whom nearly 60 percent lived in Asia. China and India each accounted for close to one-quarter of the global population. Based on Angus Maddison&#8217;s historical estimates of economic output, China and India together accounted for nearly 50 percent of world production in 1500. At the dawn of the modern era, the center of the world economy was not the Atlantic but Asia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Asia&#8217;s wealth reached the Mediterranean and Europe through vast, interconnected trading networks. The Silk Road, stretching from China across Central Asia, Persia, Anatolia, and onward to Mediterranean ports, was not a single route but an extensive economic and cultural system comprising overland caravan routes that had developed over centuries. These routes carried not only silk and precious commodities but also scientific knowledge, religions, technologies, and cultural influences across continents. The Spice Route, extending from India and Southeast Asia toward the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, constituted another major trading network combining maritime and overland routes. Black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and other valuable commodities commanded high prices in European markets. Although coastal navigation played an important role in this maritime trade, seafarers also undertook open-ocean passages across the Indian Ocean, taking advantage of the seasonal monsoon winds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the most striking characteristics of this trading system was Europe&#8217;s long-standing position as a dependent purchaser of Asian goods. Commodities originating in the production centers of the East reached Western markets through the seafaring communities of the Indian Ocean, Arab and Persian merchants, Central Asian caravans, and the maritime trading cities of the Mediterranean. Although maritime republics such as Venice and Genoa accumulated considerable wealth from this commerce, the principal centers of production remained outside Europe. Europe sought access to the riches of the East but lacked direct control over both the centers that produced them and the trade networks through which they were transported.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the late thirteenth century, the journeys of the Venetian merchant Marco Polo to Asia, particularly his accounts of China under the Yuan Dynasty, intensified European interest in the East. His travel narratives introduced European readers to China&#8217;s great cities, sophisticated commercial networks, use of paper currency, and the economic capacity of its imperial administration. The East was no longer merely a distant geographical realm; it had become a vast world of wealth that Europe aspired to reach.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the fundamental economic motivations behind Europe&#8217;s expansion into the oceans was precisely the desire to gain direct access to this wealth without relying on intermediaries. Securing a greater share of the silk and spice trades, establishing direct maritime access to Asia&#8217;s centers of production, and reducing dependence on traditional trade networks were among the principal objectives driving Portuguese and Spanish voyages of exploration. In other words, Europe&#8217;s initial ambition was not so much to seize Asia&#8217;s wealth as to discover direct routes to it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the same time, the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul placed a strategically vital crossroads of Eurasian commerce under the control of the Muslim world, with which Christian Europe had been engaged in intense rivalry since the Crusades. The Ottoman Empire&#8217;s position along major commercial arteries connecting East and West further reinforced Europe&#8217;s determination to circumvent established trading networks and seek alternative maritime routes to the riches of Asia.A new sea route had to be found.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Shift of Global Dominance from Asia to the Atlantic</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Christopher Columbus&#8217;s crossing of the Atlantic and arrival in the Americas in 1492, followed by Vasco da Gama&#8217;s voyage to India via the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, marked two major turning points in world history. Europe gained access to new oceanic sea routes that enabled it to bypass traditional overland trade routes and Mediterranean-centered intermediary trading networks. Thus began the historical process through which the center of gravity of the world economy would gradually shift from Asia to the Atlantic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Europeans integrated shipbuilding, cartography, the magnetic compass, astronomy, naval gunnery, and financial resources into a formidable maritime system. Large ocean-going sailing vessels enabled not only the transportation of commercial goods but also the projection of military power across vast distances. Wind was no longer merely a source of propulsion; it had become a strategic instrument of global dominance. Yet the West was not the first civilization to harness the power of wind at sea. The Chinese, Arabs, and seafaring societies of the Indian Ocean had maintained sophisticated maritime trading networks for centuries. The great expeditions of the Chinese Admiral Zheng He during the fifteenth century were compelling evidence of this maritime capability. What distinguished the West was its transformation of seafaring capacity into a global system of domination through armed commerce, colonial expansion, state sponsorship, and capital accumulation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While the Portuguese established strategic maritime strongholds throughout the Indian Ocean, the Spanish channeled the wealth of the Americas into the emerging Atlantic economy. They were followed by the Dutch and the English, who integrated chartered trading companies, banking, marine insurance, and naval power into increasingly sophisticated systems of maritime expansion. Seaborne trade accelerated capital accumulation; capital financed stronger fleets; and those fleets secured control over new markets. Sea power thus became not merely the protector of wealth but also an instrument for its creation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Overland trade did not disappear, nor did Asia&#8217;s productive superiority come to an immediate end. Nevertheless, oceanic shipping, colonial expansion, and naval military power gradually shifted the center of the world economy toward the Atlantic. What increasingly mattered was not simply who produced the goods, but who controlled the sea lines of communication, maritime transportation, and the financial mechanisms underpinning international trade.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is why the great transformation of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be summarized in a single sentence: &#8216;&#8217;The wind defeated the caravan.&#8217;&#8217; Yet it was not sail power alone that defeated the caravan. Behind the sails stood naval artillery, capital, state organization, and the determination to establish overseas dominion. These were the foundations upon which five centuries of Atlantic supremacy were built.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Today, however, one of history&#8217;s great ironies is unfolding. Five hundred years ago, the West rose to prominence by reaching Asia&#8217;s wealth across the oceans. Today, China&#8217;s industrial production, merchant fleet, shipyards, ports, and technological capabilities are challenging the economic foundations of the Atlantic-centered order. The West, which once ventured across the oceans in pursuit of the riches of the East, now finds itself confronting Asia&#8217;s resurgence within the very global system it created. Today, industrial production, technological capability, and maritime trade are challenging the historical privileges of Atlantic hegemony.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Practice Outpaced Theory (16th&#8211;18th Centuries)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The foundations of humanity&#8217;s scientific and technological knowledge were laid to a considerable extent by the ancient civilizations of the East. Mathematics and astronomy flourished in Mesopotamia; geometry and engineering advanced in Egypt; China made major contributions to the development of the compass, gunpowder, paper, and mechanical technologies; while Islamic civilization achieved remarkable progress in algebra, optics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering. Within the Islamic scientific tradition, in which Turkic and Persian intellectual and cultural circles played prominent roles, the mechanical inventions of Al-Jazari, the pioneering work of Al-Khwarizmi in algebra and mathematics, Al-Biruni&#8217;s research in astronomy and geography, Ibn Sina&#8217;s contributions to medicine, and the achievements of Ulugh Beg, Ali Qushji, and Qadi Zada al-Rumi in astronomy and mathematics became integral parts of humanity&#8217;s shared scientific heritage. Europe&#8217;s scientific ascent also benefited substantially from this accumulated knowledge, particularly through its translation into Latin during the Middle Ages, its subsequent development, and its integration with new methods of observation, experimentation, and scientific inquiry.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The decisive historical turning point, however, lay not so much in the production of knowledge as in its transformation into economic and military power. Although China and the Islamic world possessed sophisticated engineering capabilities, major infrastructure projects, and advanced manufacturing techniques, these achievements did not evolve into a continuously expanding system of mechanized production on the scale that would later characterize Europe&#8217;s Industrial Revolution. From the sixteenth century onward, Europe increasingly began to apply scientific knowledge in a more systematic manner to navigation, naval gunnery, shipbuilding, commerce, and finance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maritime affairs became the field in which theoretical knowledge was most directly converted into strategic power. Astronomy improved the safety and accuracy of navigation; mathematics and geometry advanced cartography and hydrographic surveying; metallurgy enhanced naval artillery; and mechanical engineering contributed to ship design and construction. Capital generated through maritime commerce financed technological innovation, while the military requirements of competing states accelerated scientific research and technical development. A mutually reinforcing relationship emerged among science, production, capital, and sea power. By the eighteenth century, this process, combined with the increasing application of steam power and mechanization, had laid the foundations for the Industrial Revolution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Why, then, did Eastern societies, which possessed substantial scientific knowledge during the same period, fail to undergo a comparable transformation? The answer must be sought not only in differences in technology or capital accumulation but also in the intellectual and institutional structures that shaped the production, questioning, and practical application of knowledge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Europe, reason, observation, experimentation, and critical inquiry increasingly moved to the center of scientific progress. Meanwhile, in certain influential educational and intellectual institutions of the Islamic world, the emphasis placed on the knowledge transmitted through established traditions and inherited authority tended to narrow the scope for independent inquiry. This distinction was, of course, neither absolute nor universal. Rational thought and experimentation never disappeared from the East, just as the influence of religious authority did not vanish entirely from Europe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Over the longer term, however, the decisive difference lay in the strengthening of institutions that encouraged knowledge to be continuously tested, refined, expanded, and translated into productive capabilities, rather than merely preserved and transmitted. Ultimately, historical supremacy was determined not simply by which civilization possessed the greatest body of knowledge, but by which societies were capable of critically reassessing that knowledge, renewing it, and converting it into economic, technological, and military power. At its most fundamental level, the issue concerned the relationship between reason and transmitted authority.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The essential distinction, therefore, was not that the East produced only theory while the West produced only practical applications. Both civilizational spheres possessed sophisticated scientific traditions and advanced engineering capabilities. The decisive difference was that, in Europe, scientific advances became increasingly integrated with capital accumulation, institutional transformation, commercial competition, and military requirements, creating a continuously expanding system of production and power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This historical transformation can be summarized in a single proposition: The East pioneered the development of much of humanity&#8217;s scientific and technological knowledge. The West, in turn, integrated this accumulated heritage from different civilizations with sea power, capital, and increasingly mechanized production, transforming it into global dominance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, the decisive determinant of global supremacy was no longer merely the possession of knowledge, but the capacity to convert knowledge into productive capability, economic wealth, and military superiority.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mercantilism Evolved into Capitalism, and Capitalism into Imperialism</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The oceanic voyages of exploration that began in the late fifteenth century did more than reshape the geography of world trade. They initiated a historical process that fundamentally transformed Europe&#8217;s economic, political, and social structures. The expansion of maritime commerce, colonial expansion, capital accumulation, and scientific advances reinforced one another, establishing the economic foundations of Western global supremacy. This transformation unfolded in three major stages.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the first stage, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European states established new trading networks connecting Asia, Africa, and the Americas through oceanic exploration and the expansion of overseas commerce. Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, mercantilism emerged as the dominant economic doctrine, seeking to strengthen state power through favorable balances of trade, the accumulation of precious metals, colonial possessions, and protectionist policies. Powerful merchant fleets and naval forces were indispensable instruments of this system. Control of maritime trade routes, the enrichment of state treasuries, and the restriction of rival powers&#8217; commerce were interconnected elements of the same strategic objective.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the second stage, spanning the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment thought, the development of financial institutions, and ultimately the Industrial Revolution accelerated the transformation of accumulated commercial capital into industrial productive capacity. Steam power, mechanization, iron and steel production, and railway networks became the new engines of economic growth. During the nineteenth century, industrial capitalism, driven by its growing demand for raw materials, cheap labor, new markets, and secure lines of transportation and communication, fueled the expansion of modern imperialism. Sea power now became essential not only to the protection of maritime commerce but also to the maintenance of industrial production and supply chains on a global scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the third stage, during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, this historical process evolved into a global system of financial, technological, and military dominance. Particularly after the Second World War, the United States emerged as the principal power of the Atlantic-centered order through its dollar-based international financial system, global economic institutions, advanced technological capabilities, worldwide network of military bases, and naval forces deployed across the world&#8217;s oceans. The supremacy once secured through colonial ports and merchant fleets thus evolved into a multilayered system of power sustained by financial markets, energy transportation routes, technological standards, and military alliances.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Capitalism&#8217;s emergence, of course, cannot be explained solely through colonialism. Europe&#8217;s internal agricultural transformation, evolving property relations, urbanization, commercial institutions, legal systems, and technological developments also played decisive roles. Nevertheless, colonial exploitation, enslaved labor, coercive trading arrangements, and the transfer of overseas resources substantially accelerated capital accumulation, particularly within the Atlantic economy. An increasingly powerful relationship of mutual dependence emerged between economic expansion and military strength. Religion also played an important role as an instrument of legitimacy and political organization throughout this process. The early colonial expansion of Spain and Portugal was supported by the missionary objectives of Catholic Christianity and religious narratives that sought to legitimize overseas conquest. With the rise of Protestantism, states such as the Netherlands and England developed a different economic synthesis in which commercial entrepreneurship, financial institutions, overseas chartered companies, and evolving work cultures became increasingly interconnected.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ultimately, mercantilism, capitalism, and imperialism were not rigidly successive systems that mechanically replaced one another. Rather, they were historically intertwined economic and political orders whose development frequently overlapped. Their common characteristic was the conversion of economic wealth into political and military power, and the subsequent use of that power to secure new economic privileges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within this mutually reinforcing relationship, sea power became one of the principal strategic instruments underpinning five centuries of Western ascendancy. By venturing into the oceans, Europe transformed maritime commerce into capital, capital into industrial capacity, and industrial capacity into military superiority, thereby shifting the center of global dominance toward the Atlantic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Age of Energy and Sea Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Throughout history, the evolution of sea power has been inseparable from transformations in energy. Every major revolution in energy and propulsion has altered the operational capabilities of fleets, the geography of maritime commerce, and ultimately the global balance of power. Yet the decisive factor has never been energy alone. Maritime supremacy has belonged to those powers capable of integrating energy resources, propulsion technologies, industrial production, naval capabilities, and logistical infrastructure into a comprehensive system of strategic power. From the age of sail to the era of nuclear propulsion and autonomous maritime systems, control of the seas has depended increasingly on the capacity to transform energy and technology into sustained maritime and military superiority.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the late fifteenth century, ocean-going sailing ships harnessing wind power became the principal instruments of Europe&#8217;s overseas expansion and global maritime supremacy. During the eighteenth century, the development of precision marine chronometers, capable of maintaining accurate timekeeping despite a ship&#8217;s motion and rolling, made it possible to determine longitude reliably, marking a breakthrough in ocean navigation. In the nineteenth century, the widespread adoption of coal-fired steam engines and, particularly, screw-propeller propulsion systems substantially reduced ships&#8217; dependence on prevailing winds and seasonal conditions. As a result, maritime transportation became faster, more reliable, and more predictable. The expansion of scheduled ocean services accelerated the growth of international trade.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The transition from sail to steam represented far more than a technological improvement in ship propulsion. It fundamentally changed the strategic requirements of maritime supremacy. While sailing fleets depended primarily on winds, seamanship, and access to suitable ports, steam-powered fleets increasingly required secure coal supplies, coaling stations, repair facilities, and an extensive network of overseas naval bases. Consequently, the ability to sustain naval operations across the world&#8217;s oceans became inseparable from industrial capacity and global logistical infrastructure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The new energy system, integrating steam-powered warships, industrial production, and railway networks, further consolidated Britain&#8217;s global naval supremacy. During the twentieth century, petroleum and internal combustion engines transformed the mobility, speed, and operational range of naval and air power. Access to oil reserves, refineries, replenishment facilities, and maritime lines of communication became a central strategic priority for the great powers. Following the Second World War, nuclear propulsion systems provided submarines with the capability to remain submerged for extended periods and conduct sustained operations on a global scale. Energy security and command of the sea thus became inseparable components of economic and military superiority.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The strategic significance of these transformations extended beyond the performance of individual ships or weapons systems. Each new energy regime reshaped the infrastructure required to sustain maritime power. Coal made overseas coaling stations indispensable; petroleum elevated oil-producing regions, tanker routes, refineries, and strategic maritime chokepoints to critical geopolitical importance; and nuclear propulsion introduced new requirements in reactor technology, specialized shipbuilding, nuclear fuel infrastructure, and highly skilled personnel. &#8216;&#8217;The history of sea power is therefore also the history of competition to control the energy systems and industrial networks upon which maritime supremacy depends.&#8217;&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The twenty-first century is witnessing another major technological transformation. Advances in electricity generation and energy storage technologies, nuclear energy, artificial intelligence, autonomous maritime systems, satellite networks, and digital infrastructure are fundamentally reshaping the character of sea power. Maritime supremacy can no longer be measured solely by the possession of major surface combatants, aircraft carriers, or powerful naval fleets. The shipyards capable of building and maintaining these platforms, advanced semiconductors, critical minerals, energy infrastructure, software capabilities, and uninterrupted logistical support have all become integral components of the strategic power equation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This transformation does not render the traditional elements of sea power obsolete; rather, it integrates them with emerging technologies. Nuclear-powered submarines, unmanned surface vessels (USVs), unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), artificial intelligence-enabled command-and-control systems, and space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) networks are expanding the speed, operational reach, and effectiveness of naval operations. At the same time, access to energy resources, the security of strategic maritime chokepoints, and the uninterrupted functioning of global supply chains remain essential to the economic and military resilience of states.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The implications for the emerging global balance of power are profound. In previous centuries, the Atlantic powers consolidated their supremacy by combining advances in maritime propulsion with industrial production, overseas bases, and control of international trade routes. Today, the growing importance of shipbuilding capacity, advanced manufacturing, energy technologies, digital infrastructure, and maritime logistics is introducing new dimensions into the competition for global maritime supremacy. In this context, the expanding industrial and maritime capabilities of Asian powers, particularly China, challenge the historical concentration of these capabilities within the Atlantic-centered order. Ultimately, the central lesson of five centuries of maritime history is that command of the sea cannot be separated from command of the industrial, technological, energy, and logistical systems that sustain it. The transition from wind to coal, from coal to petroleum, and from petroleum to nuclear propulsion and increasingly autonomous systems has repeatedly transformed the foundations of naval power. The dominant maritime powers have been those capable of adapting to these transformations and integrating them into comprehensive national power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The emerging struggle for maritime supremacy in the twenty-first century will therefore be determined not simply by the number of warships, aircraft carriers, or submarines a nation deploys, but by its ability to design, build, power, maintain, replenish, and replace them while sustaining the commercial and industrial networks upon which national power ultimately rests. Energy transforms propulsion. Propulsion transforms maritime reach. But it is the integration of energy, industry, technology, and logistics that transforms sea power into global power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion: The Turning Point of a Five-Hundred-Year Historical Cycle</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">World history is marked by great transformations in which economic wealth, productive capacity, and military supremacy shift from one geographical center to another. Five hundred years ago, such a transformation unfolded from Asia toward the Atlantic. By venturing into the oceans, Europe integrated the scientific knowledge of the East with sea power, capital, and military organization, gradually shifting the center of the world economy. Mercantilism, industrial capitalism, and imperialism constituted mutually reinforcing stages of this ascent. Western supremacy rested not merely on powerful navies, but on the ability to integrate production, commerce, finance, and military power into a coherent strategic system.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet no hegemony can endure indefinitely when its underlying economic and technological foundations begin to erode. The decline of the British Empire demonstrated that naval supremacy, when no longer adequately supported by productive economic capacity, can eventually become a costly strategic burden. Today, although the United States retains its global military reach, the financial privileges of the dollar, and its strengths in advanced technology, China&#8217;s expanding industrial production, shipbuilding capacity, and maritime commerce are challenging the economic foundations of the Atlantic-centered order. Conflicts in the Strait of Hormuz, the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and the Red Sea have also demonstrated that military superiority alone cannot guarantee the security of sea lines of communication. The Arctic Revolution adds another geopolitical dimension to this transformation by opening new maritime routes and energy connections across the northern reaches of Eurasia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental issue is therefore not simply China&#8217;s rise or America&#8217;s relative decline. It is the restructuring of the relationship among production, capital, technology, and sea power that has sustained Atlantic supremacy for five centuries. In the emerging global struggle for power, the decisive factor will not merely be the ability to deploy warships across the oceans, but the possession of the industrial capacity to build them, the energy resources to sustain their operations, the merchant fleets to maintain international trade, and the economic resilience to finance the entire system.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For T&#252;rkiye, this historical transformation offers important strategic lessons. The true strategic value of the Blue Homeland (Mavi Vatan) doctrine extends beyond the protection of maritime jurisdiction areas. It must be integrated with a strong merchant marine, a competitive shipbuilding industry, modern port infrastructure, energy security, advanced maritime technologies, and an independent industrial base. Naval superiority unsupported by productive economic strength cannot be transformed into enduring geopolitical power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Five hundred years ago, despite its immense productive capacity and accumulated wealth, the East lost control of the expanding oceanic trading system to the West. Today, while the West continues to retain substantial naval and military superiority, it faces the growing industrial and technological power of Asia. History is not repeating itself in precisely the same form, but the economic foundations of global power are once again shifting.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Five hundred years ago, the wind defeated the caravan. Steam displaced sail and oil supplanted coal as the dominant source of maritime propulsion. Today, industrial production, energy, technology, and algorithms are challenging the foundations of Atlantic hegemony. History now confronts us with a fundamental question: &#8216;&#8217;Can the West, which rose to global supremacy by gaining maritime access to Asia&#8217;s wealth five centuries ago, preserve its privileged position within the international order it created in the face of Asia&#8217;s resurgent productive power?&#8217;&#8217; Sea power can protect wealth, secure maritime trade routes, and establish military superiority. But over the long term, it cannot substitute for the economic and industrial foundations that sustain it. Five hundred years ago, the wind defeated the caravan. Today, history is approaching another turning point: &#8216;&#8217;Will the power of production ultimately overcome the supremacy of the Atlantic?&#8217;&#8217;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Rüzgâr Kervanı Yendi. Ancak Beş Yüz Yıl Sonra Tarih Tersine Dönüyor]]></title><description><![CDATA[500 y&#305;l &#246;nce r&#252;zg&#226;r kervan&#305; yendi. Buhar yelkenin, petrol k&#246;m&#252;r&#252;n denizlerdeki &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; k&#305;rd&#305;. &#350;imdi ise &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;, enerji, teknoloji ve algoritmalar Atlantik hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n temellerini zorluyor.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/ruzgar-kervan-yendi-ancak-bes-yuz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/ruzgar-kervan-yendi-ancak-bes-yuz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 24 Oct 2026 21:10:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21GRt9%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F23fbfebf-70c2-403f-b749-87eb1a165998_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21GRt9%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F23fbfebf-70c2-403f-b749-87eb1a165998_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRt9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23fbfebf-70c2-403f-b749-87eb1a165998_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRt9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23fbfebf-70c2-403f-b749-87eb1a165998_1536x1024.png 848w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi Asya&#8217;dayd&#305;. Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;yla ba&#351;layan tarihsel s&#252;re&#231;, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;, &#252;retimi, sermayeyi ve teknolojiyi birle&#351;tiren yeni bir k&#252;resel d&#252;zenin do&#287;u&#351;una yol a&#231;acakt&#305;. 15&#8217;inci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonlar&#305;na kadar d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi Avrupa de&#287;il, Asya&#8217;yd&#305;. &#199;in ve Hindistan, yaln&#305;zca b&#252;y&#252;k n&#252;fuslar&#305;yla de&#287;il, tar&#305;msal &#252;retimleri, geli&#351;mi&#351; zanaatlar&#305;, ticaret a&#287;lar&#305;, bilimsel birikimleri ve &#351;ehir ekonomileriyle d&#252;nyan&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;ca zenginlik merkezlerini olu&#351;turuyordu. Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n hen&#252;z k&#252;resel bir g&#252;&#231; merkezi h&#226;line gelmedi&#287;i bu d&#246;nemde, d&#252;nya ticaretinin en de&#287;erli mallar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; Asya&#8217;da &#252;retiliyor, Do&#287;u&#8217;nun zenginli&#287;i Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n hayranl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve i&#351;tah&#305;n&#305; kabart&#305;yordu. &#304;pek, baharat, porselen, pamuklu dokumalar, de&#287;erli ta&#351;lar ve geli&#351;mi&#351; metal &#252;r&#252;nleri, Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim kapasitesinin ve ekonomik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n somut g&#246;stergeleriydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k yaln&#305;zca ticari de&#287;il, demografik ve ekonomik bir ger&#231;ekli&#287;e dayan&#305;yordu. Tarihsel n&#252;fus tahminlerine g&#246;re 1500 y&#305;l&#305; civar&#305;nda d&#252;nya n&#252;fusu yakla&#351;&#305;k 450&#8211;500 milyon aras&#305;ndayd&#305; ve bunun yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 60&#8217;&#305; Asya&#8217;da ya&#351;&#305;yordu. &#199;in ve Hindistan&#8217;&#305;n her biri d&#252;nya n&#252;fusunun yakla&#351;&#305;k d&#246;rtte birine yak&#305;n bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; bar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;yordu. Angus Maddison&#8217;&#305;n tarihsel ekonomik b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;k tahminleri esas al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, 1500 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#199;in ve Hindistan&#8217;&#305;n d&#252;nya &#252;retimindeki toplam pay&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 50&#8217;ye yakla&#351;&#305;yordu. Modern &#231;a&#287;&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;nda d&#252;nya ekonomisinin merkezinde Atlantik de&#287;il, Asya bulunuyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;i, birbirine ba&#287;lanan b&#252;y&#252;k ticaret a&#287;lar&#305; &#252;zerinden Akdeniz&#8217;e ve Avrupa&#8217;ya ula&#351;&#305;yordu. &#199;in&#8217;den Orta Asya&#8217;ya, &#304;ran&#8217;dan Anadolu&#8217;ya ve Akdeniz limanlar&#305;na uzanan &#304;pek Yolu, tek bir g&#252;zerg&#226;h de&#287;il, y&#252;zy&#305;llar boyunca geli&#351;mi&#351; kervanlara dayanan kara ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u geni&#351; bir ekonomik ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel sistemdi. Bu yollar &#252;zerinden yaln&#305;zca ipek ve de&#287;erli mallar ta&#351;&#305;nm&#305;yor; bilimsel bilgiler, dinler, teknolojiler ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel etkiler de k&#305;talar aras&#305;nda dola&#351;&#305;yordu. Hindistan ve G&#252;neydo&#287;u Asya&#8217;dan Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ne, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e ve Akdeniz&#8217;e uzanan Baharat Yolu ise kara ve deniz g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar&#305;n&#305; birle&#351;tiren ba&#351;ka bir b&#252;y&#252;k ticaret a&#287;&#305;yd&#305;. Karabiber, tar&#231;&#305;n, karanfil, muskat ve di&#287;er de&#287;erli &#252;r&#252;nler Avrupa pazarlar&#305;nda y&#252;ksek fiyatlarla al&#305;c&#305; buluyordu. Bu deniz ticaretinde k&#305;y&#305; seyri &#246;nemli bir yer tutmakla birlikte, muson r&#252;zg&#226;rlar&#305;ndan yararlanan denizciler Hint Okyanusu&#8217;nda a&#231;&#305;k deniz ge&#231;i&#351;leri de ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiriyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu ticaret sisteminin en dikkat &#231;ekici &#246;zelliklerinden biri, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n uzun s&#252;re Asya mallar&#305;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; bir al&#305;c&#305; konumunda bulunmas&#305;yd&#305;. Do&#287;u&#8217;nun &#252;retim merkezlerinden &#231;&#305;kan mallar, Hint Okyanusu&#8217;nun denizci toplumlar&#305;, Arap ve &#304;ranl&#305; t&#252;ccarlar, Orta Asya kervanlar&#305; ve Akdeniz&#8217;in ticaret &#351;ehirleri &#252;zerinden Bat&#305;&#8217;ya ula&#351;&#305;yordu. Venedik ve Cenova gibi denizci cumhuriyetler bu ticaretten b&#252;y&#252;k kazan&#231;lar sa&#287;lasalar da &#252;retimin ana kaynaklar&#305; Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda bulunuyordu. Avrupa, Do&#287;u&#8217;nun zenginli&#287;ine ula&#351;mak istiyor, ancak bu zenginli&#287;i &#252;reten merkezleri ve onlara giden ticaret a&#287;lar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan kontrol edemiyordu. 13.Y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonlar&#305;nda Venedikli t&#252;ccar Marco Polo&#8217;nun Asya&#8217;ya yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; yolculuklar ve &#246;zellikle &#199;in&#8217;deki Yuan Hanedan&#305; y&#246;netimine ili&#351;kin aktard&#305;klar&#305;, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n Do&#287;u&#8217;ya duydu&#287;u ilgiyi g&#252;&#231;lendirdi. Marco Polo&#8217;nun seyahat anlat&#305;lar&#305;, &#199;in&#8217;in b&#252;y&#252;k &#351;ehirlerini, geli&#351;mi&#351; ticaretini, k&#226;&#287;&#305;t para kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; ve imparatorluk y&#246;netiminin ekonomik kapasitesini Avrupa okuyucusuna tan&#305;tt&#305;. Do&#287;u art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca uzak bir co&#287;rafya de&#287;il, ula&#351;&#305;lmas&#305; gereken b&#252;y&#252;k bir zenginlik d&#252;nyas&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndaki temel ekonomik d&#252;rt&#252;lerden biri i&#351;te bu zenginli&#287;e arac&#305;lar olmadan ula&#351;abilmekti. &#304;pek ve baharat ticaretinden daha b&#252;y&#252;k pay almak, Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim merkezlerine do&#287;rudan eri&#351;mek ve geleneksel ticaret a&#287;lar&#305;na olan ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; azaltmak, Portekiz ve &#304;spanya&#8217;n&#305;n deniz seferlerini te&#351;vik eden ba&#351;l&#305;ca hedefler aras&#305;ndayd&#305;. Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle Avrupa, ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;ini ele ge&#231;irmekten &#246;nce ona do&#287;rudan ula&#351;man&#305;n yollar&#305;n&#305; ar&#305;yordu. Di&#287;er yandan &#304;stanbul&#8217;un Osmanl&#305;lar&#305;n kontrol&#252;ne ge&#231;mesi Ha&#231;l&#305; Seferlerinden itibaren b&#252;y&#252;k bir rekabet i&#231;ine girdikleri M&#252;sl&#252;man d&#252;nyan&#305;n ipek ve baharat yoluna h&#226;kim olmas&#305; demekti. Yeni bir rota bulunmal&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>R&#252;zg&#226;r&#305;n Kervan&#305; Yendi&#287;i &#199;a&#287;: D&#252;nya H&#226;kimiyetinin Asya&#8217;dan Atlantik&#8217;e Ge&#231;i&#351;i</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">1492&#8217;de Kristof Kolomb&#8217;un Atlantik&#8217;i a&#351;arak Amerika&#8217;ya ula&#351;mas&#305; ve 1498&#8217;de Vasco da Gama&#8217;n&#305;n &#220;mit Burnu &#252;zerinden Hindistan&#8217;a varmas&#305;, d&#252;nya tarihinin iki b&#252;y&#252;k d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305;yd&#305;. Avrupa, geleneksel kara ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; ve Akdeniz merkezli arac&#305; ticaret a&#287;lar&#305;n&#305; a&#351;abilecek yeni okyanus g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar&#305;na kavu&#351;tu. B&#246;ylece d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezinin Asya&#8217;dan Atlantik&#8217;e kayaca&#287;&#305; tarihsel s&#252;re&#231; ba&#351;lad&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Avrupal&#305;lar gemi in&#351;as&#305;n&#305;, haritac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, pusulay&#305;, astronomiyi, deniz top&#231;ulu&#287;unu ve finansman&#305; b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirdiler. B&#252;y&#252;k okyanus yelkenlileri, ticaretin yan&#305;nda asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n de uzak co&#287;rafyalara ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. R&#252;zg&#226;r art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca bir ula&#351;&#305;m enerjisi de&#287;il, k&#252;resel h&#226;kimiyetin stratejik arac&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ancak r&#252;zg&#226;r&#305; kullanan ilk uygarl&#305;k Bat&#305; de&#287;ildi. &#199;inliler, Araplar ve Hint Okyanusu&#8217;nun denizci toplumlar&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;llard&#305;r geli&#351;mi&#351; ticaret a&#287;lar&#305;na sahipti. &#199;inli Amiral Zheng He&#8217;nin 15. y&#252;zy&#305;ldaki b&#252;y&#252;k seferleri bunun kan&#305;t&#305;yd&#305;. Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n fark&#305;, denizcilik kapasitesini silahl&#305; ticaret, s&#246;m&#252;rgecilik, devlet deste&#287;i ve sermaye birikimiyle k&#252;resel bir h&#226;kimiyet sistemine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmesiydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Portekizliler Hint Okyanusu&#8217;nda stratejik &#252;sler kurarken &#304;spanyollar Amerika&#8217;n&#305;n zenginliklerini Atlantik ekonomisine aktard&#305;lar. Ard&#305;ndan Hollanda ve &#304;ngiltere, ticaret &#351;irketlerini, bankac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, sigortac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve sava&#351; donanmalar&#305;n&#305; b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirdiler. Deniz ticareti sermaye birikimini art&#305;r&#305;yor, sermaye donanmalar&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendiriyor, donanmalar yeni pazarlar&#305; kontrol ediyordu. B&#246;ylece deniz g&#252;c&#252;, zenginli&#287;in yaln&#305;zca koruyucusu de&#287;il, &#252;reticisi h&#226;line geldi. Kara ticareti de ortadan kalkmad&#305;, Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; de hemen sona ermedi. Ancak okyanus ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, s&#246;m&#252;rgecilik ve asker&#238; deniz g&#252;c&#252;, d&#252;nya ekonomisinin merkezini zamanla Atlantik&#8217;e ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;. Art&#305;k belirleyici olan yaln&#305;zca kimin &#252;retti&#287;i de&#287;il, ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305;, ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve finansman&#305; kimin kontrol etti&#287;iydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;&#351;te bu nedenle 15. ve 16. y&#252;zy&#305;llar&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n&#252; tek c&#252;mleyle &#246;zetleyebiliriz. R&#252;zg&#226;r kervan&#305; yendi. Ancak kervan&#305; yenen yaln&#305;zca yelken de&#287;ildi. Yelkenin arkas&#305;ndaki g&#252;&#231;, top, sermaye, devlet &#246;rg&#252;tlenmesi ve deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; h&#226;kimiyet iradesiydi. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k Atlantik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n temelleri b&#246;yle at&#305;ld&#305;. Tarihin b&#252;y&#252;k ironisi bug&#252;n ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Bat&#305;, Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;ine denizden ula&#351;arak y&#252;kselmi&#351;ti. Bug&#252;n ise &#199;in&#8217;in sanayi &#252;retimi, ticaret filosu, tersaneleri, limanlar&#305; ve teknolojik kapasitesi Atlantik merkezli d&#252;zenin ekonomik temellerini zorlamaktad&#305;r. Bir zamanlar Do&#287;u&#8217;nun zenginli&#287;ine ula&#351;mak i&#231;in okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lan Bat&#305;, &#351;imdi kendi kurdu&#287;u k&#252;resel sistemde Asya&#8217;n&#305;n y&#252;kseli&#351;iyle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;yad&#305;r. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce r&#252;zg&#226;r kervan&#305; yenmi&#351;ti. &#350;imdi &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;, teknoloji ve deniz ticareti Atlantik hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n tarihsel ayr&#305;cal&#305;klar&#305;na meydan okumaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pratik, Teorinin &#214;n&#252;ne Ge&#231;ti (16&#8211;18. Y&#252;zy&#305;llar)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;nsanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n bilimsel ve teknolojik birikiminin temelleri b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de Do&#287;u&#8217;nun kadim medeniyetlerinde at&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Mezopotamya&#8217;da matematik ve astronomi, M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;da geometri ve m&#252;hendislik, &#199;in&#8217;de pusula, barut, k&#226;&#287;&#305;t ve mekanik, &#304;slam medeniyetinde ise cebir, optik, astronomi, t&#305;p ve m&#252;hendislik ileri seviyelere ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. T&#252;rk ve &#304;ran&#238; bilim ve k&#252;lt&#252;r &#231;evrelerinin &#246;nemli bir yer tuttu&#287;u &#304;slam medeniyetinde El-Cezer&#238;&#8217;nin mekanik d&#252;zenekleri, H&#226;rizm&#238;&#8217;nin cebir ve matematik alan&#305;ndaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;, B&#238;r&#251;n&#238;&#8217;nin astronomi ve co&#287;rafya ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;, &#304;bn S&#238;n&#226;&#8217;n&#305;n t&#305;p alan&#305;ndaki eserleri, Ulu&#287; Bey, Ali Ku&#351;&#231;u ve Kad&#305;z&#226;de-i R&#251;m&#238;&#8217;nin astronomi ve matemati&#287;e katk&#305;lar&#305; insanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n ortak bilimsel miras&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli par&#231;alar&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turdu. Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n bilimsel y&#252;kseli&#351;i de &#246;zellikle Orta &#199;a&#287;&#8217;da bu birikimin Latinceye &#231;evrilerek aktar&#305;lmas&#305;ndan, daha sonra geli&#351;tirilmesinden ve yeni g&#246;zlem, deney ve ara&#351;t&#305;rma y&#246;ntemleriyle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirilmesinden &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yararland&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak tarihsel k&#305;r&#305;lma, bilginin &#252;retilmesinden &#231;ok, onun ekonomik ve asker&#238; g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesinde ya&#351;and&#305;. &#199;in ve &#304;slam d&#252;nyas&#305;nda geli&#351;mi&#351; m&#252;hendislik uygulamalar&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;k altyap&#305; projeleri ve ileri &#252;retim teknikleri bulunmas&#305;na ra&#287;men bunlar Avrupa&#8217;da ortaya &#231;&#305;kacak Sanayi Devrimi &#246;l&#231;e&#287;inde, s&#252;rekli geni&#351;leyen bir makinele&#351;mi&#351; &#252;retim d&#252;zenine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;medi. Avrupa ise 16. y&#252;zy&#305;ldan itibaren bilimsel bilgiyi denizcilik, top&#231;uluk, gemi in&#351;as&#305;, ticaret ve finans alanlar&#305;nda giderek daha sistemli bi&#231;imde uygulamaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#214;zellikle denizcilik, teorik bilginin do&#287;rudan stratejik g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252; alan oldu. Astronomi seyir g&#252;venli&#287;ini, matematik ve geometri haritac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, metal&#252;rji top&#231;ulu&#287;u, mekanik gemi in&#351;as&#305;n&#305; geli&#351;tirdi. Ticaretin sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; sermaye yeni teknolojileri finanse ederken devletlerin asker&#238; ihtiya&#231;lar&#305; bilimsel ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305; ve teknik yenilikleri h&#305;zland&#305;rd&#305;. Bilim, &#252;retim, sermaye ve deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;nda birbirini besleyen bir ili&#351;ki kuruldu. Bu s&#252;re&#231; 18. y&#252;zy&#305;lda buhar g&#252;c&#252; ve makinele&#351;menin y&#252;kseli&#351;iyle Sanayi Devrimi&#8217;nin temellerini olu&#351;turdu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Peki, ayn&#305; d&#246;nemlerde &#246;nemli bilimsel birikimlere sahip olan Do&#287;u toplumlar&#305; neden benzer bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiremedi? Bu sorunun cevab&#305; yaln&#305;zca teknoloji veya sermaye eksikli&#287;inde de&#287;il, bilginin &#252;retilmesini, sorgulanmas&#305;n&#305; ve uygulanmas&#305;n&#305; belirleyen d&#252;&#351;&#252;nsel ve kurumsal yap&#305;larda da aranmal&#305;d&#305;r. Avrupa&#8217;da ak&#305;l, g&#246;zlem, deney ve ele&#351;tirel sorgulama giderek bilimsel ilerlemenin merkezine yerle&#351;irken, &#304;slam d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n baz&#305; &#246;nemli e&#287;itim ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce kurumlar&#305;nda nakle, yani ge&#231;mi&#351;ten aktar&#305;lan otoriteye dayal&#305; bilgiye verilen a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z sorgulaman&#305;n alan&#305;n&#305; daraltt&#305;. Elbette bu ayr&#305;m mutlak de&#287;ildi; Do&#287;u&#8217;da ak&#305;l ve deney hi&#231;bir zaman ortadan kalkmad&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi Avrupa&#8217;da da din&#238; otoritenin etkisi b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;yle sona ermedi. Ancak uzun vadede belirleyici fark, mevcut bilginin korunmas&#305;yla yetinmek yerine onun s&#252;rekli s&#305;nanmas&#305;n&#305;, geli&#351;tirilmesini ve &#252;retime aktar&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan kurumlar&#305;n g&#252;&#231;lenmesiydi. Sonu&#231;ta tarihsel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; belirleyen yaln&#305;zca kimin daha fazla bilgiye sahip oldu&#287;u de&#287;il, hangi toplumun bilgiyi sorgulayarak yenileyebildi&#287;i ve ekonomik, teknolojik ve asker&#238; g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebildi&#287;i oldu. Mesele, en temel d&#252;zeyde, ak&#305;l ile nakil aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kinin nas&#305;l kuruldu&#287;uydu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Buradaki temel ayr&#305;m, Do&#287;u&#8217;nun yaln&#305;zca teori, Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n ise yaln&#305;zca pratik &#252;retmesi de&#287;ildi. Her iki medeniyet havzas&#305;nda da bilimsel d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce ve ileri m&#252;hendislik vard&#305;. Belirleyici fark, Avrupa&#8217;da bilimsel geli&#351;melerin sermaye birikimi, kurumsal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, ticari rekabet ve asker&#238; ihtiya&#231;larla birle&#351;erek s&#252;rekli b&#252;y&#252;yen bir &#252;retim ve g&#252;&#231; sistemine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesiydi. Bu tarihsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m tek c&#252;mleyle &#246;zetlenebilir. Do&#287;u bilginin ve teknolojinin b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n geli&#351;mesine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etti. Bat&#305; ise farkl&#305; medeniyetlerin &#252;retti&#287;i bu birikimi deniz g&#252;c&#252;, sermaye ve giderek makinele&#351;en &#252;retimle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirerek k&#252;resel iktidara d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;. B&#246;ylece d&#252;nya h&#226;kimiyetinin belirleyici unsuru yaln&#305;zca bilgiye sahip olmak de&#287;il, bilgiyi &#252;retim kapasitesine, ekonomik zenginli&#287;e ve asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebilmek oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Merkantilizm Kapitalizme, Kapitalizm Emperyalizme D&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On be&#351;inci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonlar&#305;nda ba&#351;layan okyanus ke&#351;ifleri, yaln&#305;zca d&#252;nya ticaretinin co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirmedi. Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n ekonomik, siyasi ve toplumsal yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; da k&#246;kten d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ren tarihsel bir s&#252;reci ba&#351;latt&#305;. Deniz ticaretinin geni&#351;lemesi, s&#246;m&#252;rgeci yay&#305;lma, sermaye birikimi ve bilimsel geli&#351;meler birbirini besleyerek Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n k&#252;resel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n ekonomik temellerini olu&#351;turdu. Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m &#252;&#231; b&#252;y&#252;k a&#351;amada ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Birinci a&#351;amada 15&#8211;16. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda okyanus ke&#351;ifleri ve deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; ticaretin geni&#351;lemesiyle Avrupa devletleri Asya, Afrika ve Amerika aras&#305;nda yeni ticaret a&#287;lar&#305; kurdular. 16&#8211;18. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda merkantilizm, devletlerin ekonomik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; d&#305;&#351; ticaret fazlas&#305;, de&#287;erli maden birikimi, s&#246;m&#252;rgeler ve korumac&#305; politikalar &#252;zerinden art&#305;rmay&#305; hedefleyen temel anlay&#305;&#351; h&#226;line geldi. G&#252;&#231;l&#252; ticaret filolar&#305; ve donanmalar bu sistemin vazge&#231;ilmez ara&#231;lar&#305;yd&#305;. Deniz yollar&#305;n&#305; kontrol etmek, devlet hazinesini zenginle&#351;tirmek ve rakiplerin ticaretini s&#305;n&#305;rlamak ayn&#305; stratejik hedefin par&#231;alar&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci a&#351;amada, 17&#8211;19. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda Bilimsel Devrim, Ayd&#305;nlanma d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi, finans kurumlar&#305;n&#305;n geli&#351;mesi ve nihayet Sanayi Devrimi, biriken ticari sermayenin &#252;retim kapasitesine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesini h&#305;zland&#305;rd&#305;. Buhar g&#252;c&#252;, makinele&#351;me, demir-&#231;elik &#252;retimi ve demiryollar&#305; ekonomik b&#252;y&#252;menin yeni motorlar&#305; oldu. 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda sanayi kapitalizmi, hammadde kaynaklar&#305;na, ucuz i&#351; g&#252;c&#252;ne, yeni pazarlara ve g&#252;venli ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;na duydu&#287;u ihtiya&#231;la modern emperyalizmin geni&#351;lemesini besledi. Deniz g&#252;c&#252; bu kez yaln&#305;zca ticaretin de&#287;il, sanayi &#252;retiminin k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilmesinin de g&#252;vencesi h&#226;line geldi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; a&#351;amada yani 20 ve 21. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda ise bu tarihsel s&#252;re&#231; finansal, teknolojik ve asker&#238; k&#252;resel h&#226;kimiyet d&#252;zenine evrildi. &#214;zellikle &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;nda ABD, dolar merkezli finans sistemi, uluslararas&#305; ekonomik kurumlar, ileri teknoloji, k&#252;resel asker&#238; &#252;sler ve okyanuslara yay&#305;lan donanmas&#305; sayesinde Atlantik merkezli d&#252;zenin ba&#351;l&#305;ca g&#252;c&#252; oldu. B&#246;ylece ge&#231;mi&#351;te s&#246;m&#252;rge limanlar&#305; ve ticaret filolar&#305;yla sa&#287;lanan &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k, modern &#231;a&#287;da finans piyasalar&#305;, enerji yollar&#305;, teknoloji standartlar&#305; ve asker&#238; ittifaklarla desteklenen &#231;ok katmanl&#305; bir g&#252;&#231; sistemine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Elbette kapitalizmin do&#287;u&#351;unu yaln&#305;zca s&#246;m&#252;rgecilikle a&#231;&#305;klamak m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;ildir. Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n kendi i&#231;indeki tar&#305;msal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, m&#252;lkiyet ili&#351;kileri, &#351;ehirle&#351;me, ticari kurumlar, hukuk sistemleri ve teknolojik geli&#351;meler de belirleyici rol oynad&#305;. Ancak s&#246;m&#252;rgecilik, k&#246;le eme&#287;i, zorla kurulan ticaret ili&#351;kileri ve deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; kaynak aktar&#305;m&#305;, &#246;zellikle Atlantik ekonomisindeki sermaye birikimini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de h&#305;zland&#305;rd&#305;. Ekonomik geni&#351;leme ile asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; aras&#305;nda giderek g&#252;&#231;lenen bir kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k olu&#351;tu. Bu s&#252;re&#231;te din de &#246;nemli bir me&#351;ruiyet ve &#246;rg&#252;tlenme arac&#305;yd&#305;. &#304;lk &#304;spanyol ve Portekiz s&#246;m&#252;rgeci geni&#351;lemeleri, Katolik Hristiyanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n misyonerlik hedefleri ve din&#238; me&#351;ruiyet s&#246;ylemleriyle desteklendi. Protestanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n y&#252;kseli&#351;iyle Hollanda ve &#304;ngiltere gibi devletlerde ise ticari giri&#351;imcilik, finans kurumlar&#305;, deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; &#351;irketler ve farkl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma k&#252;lt&#252;rleri yeni bir ekonomik sentez olu&#351;turdu. Sonu&#231;ta merkantilizm, kapitalizm ve emperyalizm birbirini mekanik bi&#231;imde izleyen de&#287;il, tarihsel olarak i&#231; i&#231;e geli&#351;en ekonomik ve siyasi d&#252;zenlerdi. Ortak &#246;zellikleri, ekonomik zenginli&#287;in siyasi ve asker&#238; g&#252;ce, asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n ise yeni ekonomik ayr&#305;cal&#305;klara d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesiydi. Bu kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; ili&#351;ki i&#231;inde deniz g&#252;c&#252;, be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k Bat&#305; y&#252;kseli&#351;inin temel stratejik ara&#231;lar&#305;ndan biri oldu. Okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lan Avrupa, ticaretten sermaye, sermayeden sanayi, sanayiden asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;reterek d&#252;nya h&#226;kimiyetini Atlantik&#8217;e ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Enerji ve Deniz G&#252;c&#252; &#199;a&#287;&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">D&#252;nya h&#226;kimiyetinin tarihsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;nde enerji kaynaklar&#305; ile deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir ili&#351;ki bulunmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonlar&#305;nda r&#252;zg&#226;r enerjisinden yararlanan okyanusa dayan&#305;kl&#305; yelkenli gemiler, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; geni&#351;lemesinin ve k&#252;resel deniz h&#226;kimiyetinin temel ara&#231;lar&#305; oldu. 18. y&#252;zy&#305;lda gemilerin hareketlerinden ve yalpas&#305;ndan m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;unca etkilenmeyen hassas deniz kronometrelerinin geli&#351;tirilmesi, boylam&#305;n g&#252;venilir bi&#231;imde hesaplanmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layarak okyanus seyrinde &#246;nemli bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305; yaratt&#305;. 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ise k&#246;m&#252;rle &#231;al&#305;&#351;an buhar makineleri ve &#246;zellikle pervaneli tahrik sistemlerinin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;, gemilerin r&#252;zg&#226;ra ve mevsimsel ko&#351;ullara ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de azaltt&#305;. B&#246;ylece deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;nda h&#305;z, g&#252;venilirlik ve sefer d&#252;zenlili&#287;i artt&#305;; tarifeli okyanus seferleri geli&#351;erek d&#252;nya ticaretinin b&#252;y&#252;mesini h&#305;zland&#305;rd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Buharl&#305; sava&#351; gemileri, sanayi &#252;retimi ve demiryollar&#305;yla b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;en yeni enerji d&#252;zeni, &#246;zellikle &#304;ngiltere&#8217;nin k&#252;resel deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; peki&#351;tirdi. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda petrol ve i&#231;ten yanmal&#305; motorlar, deniz ve hava g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n hareket kabiliyetini, s&#252;ratini ve harek&#226;t menzilini d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;. Petrol kaynaklar&#305;na, rafinerilere, ikmal merkezlerine ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;na eri&#351;im, b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerin stratejik &#246;ncelikleri aras&#305;na girdi. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;nda n&#252;kleer tahrik sistemleri, &#246;zellikle denizalt&#305;lara uzun s&#252;re su alt&#305;nda kalabilme ve k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte harek&#226;t yapabilme yetene&#287;i kazand&#305;rd&#305;. B&#246;ylece enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i ile denizlerin kontrol&#252;, ekonomik ve asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n ayr&#305;lmaz unsurlar&#305; h&#226;line geldi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21.y&#252;zy&#305;lda ise yeni bir teknolojik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m ya&#351;anmaktad&#305;r. Elektrik &#252;retimi ve veri depolama teknolojileri, n&#252;kleer enerji, yapay zek&#226;, otonom deniz sistemleri, uydu a&#287;lar&#305; ve veri altyap&#305;s&#305;, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n niteli&#287;ini yeniden &#351;ekillendirmektedir. Art&#305;k &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k yaln&#305;zca b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemilerine, u&#231;ak gemilerine veya g&#252;&#231;l&#252; donanmalara sahip olmakla &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmemektedir. Bunlar&#305; &#252;retebilen tersaneler, geli&#351;mi&#351; yar&#305; iletkenler, kritik mineraller, enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;, yaz&#305;l&#305;m kapasitesi ve kesintisiz lojistik destek de stratejik g&#252;&#231; denklemine kat&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n geleneksel unsurlar&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmamakta, onlar&#305; yeni teknolojilerle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirmektedir. N&#252;kleer tahrikli denizalt&#305;lar, insans&#305;z su&#252;st&#252; ve sualt&#305; ara&#231;lar&#305;, yapay zek&#226; destekli komuta kontrol sistemleri ve uzay tabanl&#305; ke&#351;if a&#287;lar&#305;, deniz harek&#226;t&#305;n&#305;n h&#305;z&#305;n&#305;, menzilini ve etki alan&#305;n&#305; geni&#351;letmektedir. Ayn&#305; zamanda enerji kaynaklar&#305;na eri&#351;im, kritik deniz ge&#231;itlerinin g&#252;venli&#287;i ve k&#252;resel tedarik zincirlerinin s&#252;reklili&#287;i, devletlerin ekonomik ve asker&#238; dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#246;nemini korumaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonu&#231; olarak enerji ve deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki, her teknolojik devrimde yeni bir boyut kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Yelken &#231;a&#287;&#305;ndan buhar &#231;a&#287;&#305;na, petrolden n&#252;kleer tahrike ve insans&#305;z / otonom sistemlere uzanan s&#252;re&#231;, deniz h&#226;kimiyetinin yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; gemilerinin say&#305;s&#305;na de&#287;il, onlar&#305; destekleyen enerji, sanayi, teknoloji ve lojistik altyap&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne dayand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Be&#351; Y&#252;z Y&#305;ll&#305;k Bat&#305; Hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n El De&#287;i&#351;tirmesi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k k&#252;resel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, birbirini izleyen ve zaman zaman rekabet eden denizci g&#252;&#231;lerin y&#252;kseli&#351;iyle &#351;ekillendi. Hegemonya, ekonomik, teknolojik ve asker&#238; ko&#351;ullara ba&#287;l&#305; olarak Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n farkl&#305; merkezleri aras&#305;nda el de&#287;i&#351;tirdi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15&#8211;17. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda Portekiz ve &#304;spanya, okyanus ke&#351;ifleri, s&#246;m&#252;rge imparatorluklar&#305; ve Amerika&#8217;dan ta&#351;&#305;nan alt&#305;n ve g&#252;m&#252;&#351; sayesinde &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. 17. y&#252;zy&#305;lda Hollanda, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ticaret filosu, anonim &#351;irketleri ve finans kurumlar&#305;yla Amsterdam&#8217;&#305; d&#252;nya ticaretinin merkezlerinden birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;. 18&#8211;20. y&#252;zy&#305;llarda &#304;ngiltere, Sanayi Devrimi&#8217;nin &#252;retim &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; Kraliyet Donanmas&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n k&#252;resel eri&#351;imiyle birle&#351;tirerek 19. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;ca denizci hegemonu oldu. Fransa, donanmas&#305; ve s&#246;m&#252;rge imparatorlu&#287;uyla &#304;ngiltere&#8217;ye rakip olurken Almanya, y&#252;kselen sanayisi ve donanmas&#305;yla &#304;ngiliz deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne meydan okudu. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;nda hegemonya Atlantik&#8217;in bat&#305; yakas&#305;na ge&#231;ti. ABD, dolar merkezli finans sistemi, ileri teknolojisi, k&#252;resel asker&#238; &#252;sleri ve okyanuslara yay&#305;lan donanmas&#305;yla d&#252;nya d&#252;zeninin merkezine yerle&#351;ti. &#304;ngiltere&#8217;nin deniz g&#252;c&#252;yle korudu&#287;u k&#252;resel ticaret sistemi, Amerikan asker&#238; ve finansal &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; alt&#305;nda yeniden &#351;ekillendi. Bu d&#246;nemlerin ortak stratejik &#246;zelli&#287;i, deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n kontrol&#252;, sermaye birikimi, sanayi &#252;retimi ve asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n birbirini beslemesiydi. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l boyunca hegemonya Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n kendi i&#231;inde el de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Ancak 21. y&#252;zy&#305;lda bu tarihsel d&#246;ng&#252;n&#252;n y&#246;n&#252; sorgulanmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Be&#351; Y&#252;z Y&#305;ll&#305;k D&#246;ng&#252; Tersine mi D&#246;n&#252;yor?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bug&#252;n ya&#351;anan sava&#351;lar&#305;, ekonomik krizleri ve jeopolitik &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305; birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z geli&#351;meler olarak de&#287;il, Atlantik merkezli be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k g&#252;&#231; d&#252;zeninin yap&#305;sal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n par&#231;alar&#305; olarak de&#287;erlendirmek m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n merkezinde &#252;retim kapasitesinin yeniden Asya&#8217;ya kaymas&#305;, Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n farkl&#305; co&#287;rafyalarda zorlanmas&#305;, dolar merkezli finans sistemine alternatif aray&#305;&#351;lar&#305; ve k&#252;resel deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n co&#287;rafi yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirme potansiyeli ta&#351;&#305;yan Arktik Devrimi bulunmaktad&#305;r. &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i bu s&#252;recin en belirgin ekonomik boyutudur. &#199;in, sanayi &#252;retimi, d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k ticaret filolar&#305;ndan biri, dev tersane kapasitesi, liman altyap&#305;s&#305; ve teknolojik geli&#351;imiyle k&#252;resel ekonominin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezinin Asya&#8217;ya kaymas&#305;nda belirleyici rol oynamaktad&#305;r. ABD&#8217;nin asker&#238; ve finansal &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne kar&#351;&#305; &#199;in&#8217;in &#252;retim ve ticaret kapasitesi, k&#252;resel g&#252;&#231; dengesinde yeni bir rekabet alan&#305; olu&#351;turmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu tarihsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n hen&#252;z yeterince de&#287;erlendirilmeyen di&#287;er b&#252;y&#252;k boyutu Arktik Devrimi&#8217;dir. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lan Avrupal&#305; denizci devletler, &#220;mit Burnu ve Atlantik &#252;zerinden yeni ticaret yollar&#305; olu&#351;turarak d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezini de&#287;i&#351;tirmi&#351;lerdi. Bug&#252;n ise k&#252;resel &#305;s&#305;nman&#305;n neden oldu&#287;u deniz buzu &#246;rt&#252;s&#252;ndeki gerileme, y&#252;zy&#305;llar boyunca b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de buzlarla kapl&#305; kalan Arktik deniz alanlar&#305;n&#305; giderek daha uzun s&#252;relerle ula&#351;&#305;ma a&#231;maktad&#305;r. Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzey k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305; boyunca uzanan Kuzey Deniz Rotas&#305;, Avrupa ile Do&#287;u Asya aras&#305;nda S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305; &#252;zerinden ge&#231;en geleneksel g&#252;zerg&#226;ha co&#287;rafi bak&#305;mdan daha k&#305;sa bir alternatif sunmaktad&#305;r. Hen&#252;z mevsimsellik, a&#287;&#305;r buz ko&#351;ullar&#305;, y&#252;ksek sigorta maliyetleri, buz s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; gemi ihtiyac&#305; ve altyap&#305; yetersizlikleri nedeniyle S&#252;vey&#351;&#8217;in yerini alabilecek kapasitede olmasa da bu rotan&#305;n giderek daha fazla kullan&#305;lmas&#305;, k&#252;resel deniz ticaretinin gelece&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan stratejik &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r. Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k n&#252;kleer buzk&#305;ran filosuna sahip olmas&#305;, Arktik limanlar&#305;na, enerji terminallerine ve ula&#351;t&#305;rma altyap&#305;s&#305;na yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; yat&#305;r&#305;mlar, Kuzey Deniz Rotas&#305;n&#305; (NSR) yaln&#305;zca ticari bir ge&#231;i&#351; alan&#305; olmaktan &#231;&#305;kararak Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzeyinde yeni bir jeoekonomik koridora d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmektedir. Arktik Devrimi&#8217;nin &#246;nemi yaln&#305;zca Avrupa ile Asya aras&#305;ndaki mesafelerin k&#305;salmas&#305; de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l stratejik sonu&#231;, Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzey k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n k&#252;resel deniz ticaretine daha fazla a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305; ve Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u geni&#351; enerji ve ham madde kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n Asya pazarlar&#305;na deniz yoluyla ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;nda yeni imk&#226;nlar&#305;n ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;d&#305;r. Rus petrol&#252; ve s&#305;v&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; do&#287;al gaz&#305;n&#305;n Arktik &#252;zerinden Asya&#8217;ya ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;, Bat&#305; yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; bask&#305;lar kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda Moskova&#8217;ya alternatif lojistik se&#231;enekler sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r. &#199;in&#8217;in enerji ve ham madde ihtiyac&#305; ile Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n kaynaklar&#305; ve Arktik ula&#351;t&#305;rma kapasitesi aras&#305;ndaki tamamlay&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k, iki &#252;lkenin stratejik yak&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;na yeni bir deniz boyutu kazand&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Di&#287;er taraftan Arktik, Rus Kuzey Filosu&#8217;nun, stratejik n&#252;kleer denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n, erken uyar&#305; sistemlerinin ve asker&#238; &#252;slerin bulundu&#287;u kritik bir g&#252;venlik co&#287;rafyas&#305;d&#305;r. Finlandiya ve &#304;sve&#231;&#8217;in NATO&#8217;ya kat&#305;lmas&#305;yla Balt&#305;k-Arktik ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n asker&#238; &#246;nemi daha da artm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. B&#246;ylece Arktik, yaln&#305;zca iklim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;inin yeni ticaret imk&#226;nlar&#305; yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; bir b&#246;lge de&#287;il, Atlantik merkezli deniz d&#252;zeni ile Avrasya g&#252;&#231;leri aras&#305;ndaki rekabetin kuzey cephesi h&#226;line gelmektedir. Tarihsel bak&#305;mdan dikkat &#231;ekici olan, be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan co&#287;rafi ve teknolojik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n bug&#252;n farkl&#305; ko&#351;ullar alt&#305;nda Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzeyinde yeni bir denizcilik &#231;a&#287;&#305;n&#305;n kap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; aralamas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Avrasya&#8217;da Rusya ile Bat&#305; aras&#305;ndaki m&#252;cadele, NATO&#8217;nun geni&#351;lemesi ve Ukrayna sava&#351;&#305; &#252;zerinden Avrupa g&#252;venlik mimarisini sarsarken, &#304;ran ve Yemen merkezli &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;, Bab &#252;l Mendep ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;lama kapasitesini zorlamaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle d&#252;&#351;&#252;k maliyetli f&#252;zeler, insans&#305;z hava ve deniz ara&#231;lar&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;k donanmalar&#305;n teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne ra&#287;men stratejik deniz ge&#231;itlerinin g&#252;venli&#287;inin garanti edilemedi&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Di&#287;er bir deyi&#351;le asimetrik yetenekler, b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerin konvansiyonel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; belirli co&#287;rafyalarda dengeleyebilmekte ve asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n otomatik olarak stratejik kontrol anlam&#305;na gelmedi&#287;ini ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. Bu geli&#351;meler, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yaln&#305;zca b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemilerinin say&#305;s&#305;yla de&#287;il, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rebilme, ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; koruyabilme ve stratejik ge&#231;itlerde g&#252;venli&#287;i sa&#287;layabilme kapasitesiyle &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmesi gerekti&#287;ini yeniden hat&#305;rlatmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">ABD&#8217;nin Bat&#305; Asya g&#252;venlik mimarisinde &#304;srail&#8217;e verdi&#287;i merkezi destek ve bunun yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; b&#246;lgesel kar&#351;&#305;tl&#305;klar da bu jeopolitik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n &#246;nemli unsurlar&#305;ndand&#305;r. Di&#287;er yandan BRICS &#252;lkelerinin alternatif &#246;deme mekanizmalar&#305;na y&#246;nelmesi, ikili ticarette yerel para kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305; ve merkez bankalar&#305;n&#305;n rezerv &#231;e&#351;itlendirme aray&#305;&#351;lar&#305;, dolar merkezli finans d&#252;zeninin gelece&#287;ine ili&#351;kin tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmektedir. B&#252;t&#252;n bu geli&#351;meler, Bat&#305; merkezli d&#252;zenin farkl&#305; alanlarda zorland&#305;&#287;&#305;na i&#351;aret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte ABD&#8217;nin k&#252;resel asker&#238; eri&#351;imi, dolar&#305;n uluslararas&#305; finans sistemindeki merkezi konumu ve ileri teknolojideki g&#252;c&#252; &#246;nemini korumaktad&#305;r. &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i ve Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Arktik &#252;zerinden geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i yeni stratejik imk&#226;nlar da tek merkezli yeni bir Asya hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelmemektedir. Ancak tarihsel a&#231;&#305;dan &#246;nemli olan, ekonomik g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;ndaki de&#287;i&#351;imin art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n kendi i&#231;inde ger&#231;ekle&#351;memesi, deniz ticaretinin co&#287;rafi eksenlerinin de de&#287;i&#351;me potansiyeli ta&#351;&#305;mas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Avrupa, Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;ine ula&#351;mak i&#231;in okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lm&#305;&#351; ve zamanla k&#252;resel ticaret d&#252;zeninin merkezine yerle&#351;mi&#351;ti. Bug&#252;n ise Asya, &#252;retim kapasitesi, deniz ticareti, teknoloji ve sermaye birikimi &#252;zerinden bu d&#252;zenin ekonomik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezini yeniden kendisine do&#287;ru &#231;ekmektedir. Ayn&#305; zamanda Arktik Devrimi, Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzey k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; k&#252;resel deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;na a&#231;arak Atlantik merkezli geleneksel ticaret co&#287;rafyas&#305;na yeni bir boyut kazand&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce r&#252;zg&#226;r&#305;n kervan&#305; yenmesiyle ba&#351;layan Atlantik &#199;a&#287;&#305;, bug&#252;n Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;, Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n enerji kaynaklar&#305; ve Arktik&#8217;in giderek eri&#351;ilebilir h&#226;le gelen deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; yeni ko&#351;ullarla tarihsel bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n e&#351;i&#287;indedir. Bu, Atlantik&#8217;in &#246;nemini kaybetmesi de&#287;il, d&#252;nya denizlerinin art&#305;k tek bir hegemonik merkezin belirleyici &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; alt&#305;nda d&#252;zenlenmesinin giderek zorla&#351;mas&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmektedir. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k d&#246;ng&#252;n&#252;n tersine d&#246;nmesi de tam olarak burada anlam kazanmaktad&#305;r: Bir zamanlar Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;ine ula&#351;mak i&#231;in denizlere a&#231;&#305;lan Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kurdu&#287;u d&#252;zen, bug&#252;n Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252; ve Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n yeniden &#351;ekillenen deniz ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sonu&#231;: Be&#351; Y&#252;z Y&#305;ll&#305;k Tarihsel D&#246;ng&#252;n&#252;n K&#305;r&#305;lma Noktas&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">D&#252;nya tarihi, ekonomik zenginli&#287;in, &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n ve asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n co&#287;rafyalar aras&#305;nda yer de&#287;i&#351;tirdi&#287;i b&#252;y&#252;k d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;mlerin tarihidir. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m Asya&#8217;dan Atlantik&#8217;e do&#287;ru ya&#351;and&#305;. Okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lan Avrupa, Do&#287;u&#8217;nun bilimsel birikimini deniz g&#252;c&#252;, sermaye ve asker&#238; &#246;rg&#252;tlenmeyle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirerek d&#252;nya ekonomisinin merkezini de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Merkantilizm, sanayi kapitalizmi ve emperyalizm bu y&#252;kseli&#351;in birbirini besleyen a&#351;amalar&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turdu. Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; yaln&#305;zca g&#252;&#231;l&#252; donanmalara de&#287;il, &#252;retim, ticaret, finans ve asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252; ayn&#305; stratejik sistem i&#231;inde birle&#351;tirebilmesine dayan&#305;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak hi&#231;bir hegemonya, kendisini yaratan ekonomik ve teknolojik temellerden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak sonsuza kadar s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez. &#304;ngiliz &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun gerilemesi, ekonomik &#252;retim kapasitesiyle desteklenemeyen deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n zamanla a&#287;&#305;r bir stratejik maliyete d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilece&#287;ini g&#246;sterdi. Bug&#252;n ABD k&#252;resel asker&#238; eri&#351;imini, dolar&#305;n finansal ayr&#305;cal&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ve ileri teknolojideki g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; korusa da &#199;in&#8217;in sanayi &#252;retimi, tersane kapasitesi ve deniz ticaretindeki y&#252;kseli&#351;i Atlantik merkezli d&#252;zenin ekonomik temellerini zorlamaktad&#305;r. H&#252;rm&#252;z, Bab &#252;l Mendeb ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar ise asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma g&#252;venli&#287;ini tek ba&#351;&#305;na garanti edemedi&#287;ini ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. Arktik Devrimi de Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzeyinde yeni deniz yollar&#305; ve enerji ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305; a&#231;arak bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;me ayr&#305; bir jeopolitik boyut kazand&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As&#305;l konu yaln&#305;zca &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i veya ABD&#8217;nin gerilemesi de&#287;il, be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ld&#305;r Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; besleyen &#252;retim, sermaye, teknoloji ve deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;ndaki dengenin yeniden &#351;ekillenmesidir. Gelece&#287;in k&#252;resel g&#252;&#231; m&#252;cadelesinde belirleyici olan, yaln&#305;zca okyanuslarda sava&#351; gemileri bulundurmak de&#287;il, bu gemileri in&#351;a edecek sanayiye, onlar&#305; destekleyecek enerjiye, ticareti s&#252;rd&#252;recek filolara ve b&#252;t&#252;n bunlar&#305; finanse edecek ekonomik dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;a sahip olmakt&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lacak dersler vard&#305;r. Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n stratejik de&#287;eri, deniz yetki alanlar&#305;n&#305;n korunmas&#305;n&#305;n yan&#305;nda g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir ticaret filosu, tersanecilik, liman altyap&#305;s&#305;, enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i, deniz teknolojileri ve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z sanayi kapasitesiyle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirildi&#287;inde ger&#231;ek anlam&#305;n&#305; kazan&#305;r. Ekonomik &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;yle desteklenmeyen deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; kal&#305;c&#305; bir jeopolitik g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;emez. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Do&#287;u, b&#252;y&#252;k &#252;retim ve zenginlik kapasitesine ra&#287;men okyanus ticaretinin kontrol&#252;n&#252; Bat&#305;&#8217;ya kapt&#305;rd&#305;. Bug&#252;n ise Bat&#305;, denizlerdeki asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de korurken Asya&#8217;n&#305;n y&#252;kselen &#252;retim ve teknoloji g&#252;c&#252;yle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;yad&#305;r. Tarih birebir tekrarlanm&#305;yor; ancak k&#252;resel g&#252;c&#252;n ekonomik temelleri yeniden yer de&#287;i&#351;tiriyor. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce r&#252;zg&#226;r kervan&#305; yendi. Buhar yelkenin, petrol k&#246;m&#252;r&#252;n denizlerdeki &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; k&#305;rd&#305;. &#350;imdi ise &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252;, enerji, teknoloji ve algoritmalar Atlantik hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n temellerini zorluyor. Tarihin &#246;n&#252;m&#252;ze koydu&#287;u &#351;u soru cevap bekliyor: Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginli&#287;ine ula&#351;arak y&#252;kselen Bat&#305;, bug&#252;n Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#252;retim g&#252;c&#252; kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda kendi kurdu&#287;u d&#252;nya d&#252;zenindeki ayr&#305;cal&#305;kl&#305; konumunu koruyabilecek midir? &#199;&#252;nk&#252; deniz g&#252;c&#252; zenginli&#287;i koruyabilir, ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; denetleyebilir ve asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;layabilir. Ancak uzun vadede ekonomik g&#252;c&#252;n yerini tutamaz. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce r&#252;zg&#226;r kervan&#305; yenmi&#351;ti. &#350;imdi tarih, &#252;retimin Atlantik&#8217;i yenip yenemeyece&#287;ini s&#305;namaktad&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Black Sea Maritime Security and Türkiye’s Inescapable Responsibility ]]></title><description><![CDATA[The strategic task facing T&#252;rkiye is to uphold the Montreux Convention without compromise, mitigate the impact of the war on maritime trade, and take the lead in restoring safe navigation in the Black]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/black-sea-maritime-security-and-turkiyes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/black-sea-maritime-security-and-turkiyes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2026 07:15:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Approximately 83 years separate the outbreak of the Second World War from the beginning of the Russia&#8211;Ukraine War. Yet an examination of the impact of these two conflicts on maritime commerce in the Black Sea reveals that, despite profound changes in military technology and geopolitical circumstances, the fundamental strategic logic of maritime trade warfare remains largely unchanged. In both periods, the Black Sea has served not merely as a theatre of naval operations but also as a strategically vital maritime basin for the control of energy resources, critical raw materials, grain exports, and international sea lines of communication. During the Second World War, maritime trade warfare was conducted primarily through submarines, torpedoes, and naval mines. Today, similar strategic objectives are pursued through unmanned surface and aerial systems, long-range missiles, electronic warfare, and various instruments of economic coercion. Although the methods have evolved, the underlying objective remains constant: to undermine an adversary&#8217;s economic and military resilience by disrupting maritime transportation and commercial supply chains.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the center of this historical continuity lies T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s unique geopolitical position. During both conflicts, T&#252;rkiye, despite not being a direct belligerent, has been profoundly affected by the military balance in the Black Sea and developments in maritime commerce. The present situation, however, has evolved beyond attacks by belligerent states against merchant shipping. From the perspective of maritime security, developments have long since exceeded the limits of what T&#252;rkiye can reasonably tolerate. Attacks and security incidents within Turkish territorial waters, naval mines drifting into Turkish territorial and internal waters, and uncontrolled, abandoned, or drifting vessels running aground along the Turkish coastline demonstrate that the war now poses direct threats to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s maritime security, navigational safety, coastal environment, and economic interests. These are not isolated incidents but rather the spillover effects of an armed conflict extending into areas under Turkish sovereignty and jurisdiction. Consequently, the issue is no longer confined to protecting Turkish-flagged merchant vessels on the high seas. It now concerns the protection of navigation, human life, property, and maritime activities within T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s own maritime zones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In my Substack article entitled &#8216;&#8217;Maritime Trade Warfare in the Black Sea: 83 Years Later&#8217;&#8217;, published on 9 August 2026, I examined the historical parallels between these two conflicts. A defining characteristic shared by the maritime security challenges of the Second World War and those arising from the current Russia&#8211;Ukraine War is the exposure of neutral states&#8217; maritime commerce to belligerent military operations, including beyond the immediate areas of hostilities. During the Second World War, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s neutrality did not prevent Turkish merchant vessels and seafarers from becoming targets of attacks. Comparable threats have re-emerged in the present conflict. Under international law, however, the mere fact that a merchant vessel may contribute economically to a belligerent&#8217;s war effort does not automatically deprive a neutral-flagged vessel of the legal protections to which it is entitled. The enduring strategic lesson for T&#252;rkiye is therefore unmistakable: neutrality does not guarantee maritime security. When the consequences of armed conflict extend to the territorial waters, merchant vessels, and maritime trade routes of neutral states, the challenge transcends commercial navigation and becomes a direct matter of sovereignty and national security.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">These developments now demand a concrete strategic initiative. T&#252;rkiye must assume a more proactive role and take the lead in safeguarding maritime trade and navigational security in the Black Sea. The protection of maritime commerce cannot be left to the military priorities of the belligerents, cycles of retaliation, or the expectation that the conflict will eventually subside on its own. While preserving the strategic and legal framework established by the 1936 Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits, T&#252;rkiye should spearhead the development of an active, regionally coordinated maritime security architecture. Such a framework should encompass enhanced maritime domain awareness, mine countermeasure operations, early-warning mechanisms, the protection of merchant shipping, and institutionalized coordination among the Black Sea littoral states. This initiative should be grounded in regional ownership, respect for sovereignty, and the principles of international maritime law, with the ultimate objective of safeguarding freedom of navigation, protecting legitimate maritime commerce, and preventing the further expansion of the conflict&#8217;s consequences into the maritime domains of non-belligerent states.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Maritime Trade Losses Suffered by Neutral T&#252;rkiye During the Second World War</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Throughout the Second World War, T&#252;rkiye largely maintained its neutrality and implemented Article 19 of the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits, restricting the passage of belligerent warships through the Turkish Straits. Although this policy reduced the risk of T&#252;rkiye being drawn into the conflict, it could not guarantee maritime security in the Black Sea. Following Germany&#8217;s invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Black Sea became a critical maritime logistics theatre supporting operations on the Eastern Front. Romania&#8217;s Ploie&#537;ti oilfields, the Port of Constan&#539;a, the Danube transportation network, and Soviet supply routes linking Crimea and the Caucasus emerged as strategically significant objectives. Naval warfare in the region focused less on major fleet engagements than on the control and disruption of ports, coastal shipping, minefields, and merchant maritime traffic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the severe economic constraints imposed by the war, T&#252;rkiye sought to maintain the transportation of coal, chromium ore, grain, and other essential commodities through the ports of Istanbul, Zonguldak, Samsun, and Trabzon. However, the belligerents&#8217; treatment of maritime transportation as a legitimate instrument of economic warfare exposed the neutral Turkish merchant fleet to considerable danger. Particularly between 1941 and 1944, numerous Turkish merchant vessels were sunk or damaged in attacks carried out by, or attributed to, Soviet submarines. Although historical compilations associate several incidents with Soviet submarine operations, the identity of the attacking forces cannot be established with equal certainty in every case. Nevertheless, these evidentiary limitations do not diminish the broader historical conclusion that T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s neutral merchant fleet suffered substantial losses because of submarine warfare. The principal strategic objective of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet was to disrupt Axis maritime transportation, thereby weakening the German war economy and undermining military operations on the Eastern Front. Within this strategic context, shipments of chromium ore and other critical raw materials from T&#252;rkiye to Romania and Bulgaria could be perceived as potential targets because of their contribution to the Axis war effort.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Limitations of Montreux and the Human Dimension of Maritime Security</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Montreux Convention constitutes an indispensable strategic achievement for Turkish sovereignty and the preservation of the naval balance in the Black Sea. During the Second World War, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s implementation of the Convention&#8217;s wartime provisions restricted the entry of external belligerent naval forces into the Black Sea through the Turkish Straits. Similarly, following the outbreak of the Russia&#8211;Ukraine War in 2022, the application of Article 19 established an important legal barrier against the further expansion of the naval dimension of the conflict through the deployment of additional belligerent warships from outside the region. Nevertheless, Germany&#8217;s transfer of six Type IIB submarines to Constan&#539;a during the Second World War, following their dismantling and transportation through a combination of the Elbe River, overland routes, and the Danube, demonstrated the distinction between the legal scope of the Montreux regime and the practical realities of maritime security in the Black Sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Montreux Convention primarily governs the passage of vessels through the Turkish Straits. It does not constitute a comprehensive maritime security mechanism capable of guaranteeing merchant shipping protection, mine clearance, port security, or the prevention of attacks at sea. The sinking of neutral Turkish merchant vessels during the Second World War, together with refugee tragedies occurring near the Turkish coastline, exposed the profound humanitarian consequences of these limitations. Today, unmanned surface and aerial systems, long-range missiles, and drifting naval mines have rendered the same underlying security challenge considerably more complex. Maritime security must therefore be understood as extending beyond military deterrence to encompass navigational safety, search and rescue capabilities, and the protection of the lives of seafarers, passengers, and refugees.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s strategic priority should be to assume a leading role in regional maritime security while preserving the Montreux framework and avoiding any expansion of the military presence of non-littoral powers in the Black Sea. Within this framework, the immediate objective should be to facilitate an agreement between Russia and Ukraine providing for the reciprocal cessation of attacks against civilian merchant vessels, commercial ports, and maritime transportation infrastructure. Should such an agreement prove unattainable, priority must be given to strengthening maritime surveillance, early-warning systems, mine countermeasure capabilities, navigational safety, and crisis communication mechanisms. The fundamental strategic imperative is to complement the legal and geopolitical balance established by Montreux with effective maritime security arrangements. T&#252;rkiye must seek to protect human life and maritime commerce without contributing to an escalation or geographical expansion of the conflict. In this respect, the preservation of the Montreux regime and the establishment of a functional, littoral-state-led maritime security architecture should be regarded not as competing objectives, but as mutually reinforcing pillars of stability in the Black Sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Transformation of Maritime Security During the Russia&#8211;Ukraine War</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The war that began with Russia&#8217;s large-scale military offensive against Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has placed the Black Sea at the center of one of the most serious maritime security crises since the Second World War. During the initial phase of the conflict, Russia exploited the superiority of its Black Sea Fleet to impose a de facto blockade of Ukrainian ports, substantially disrupting exports through Odesa, Chornomorsk, and Yuzhny. The interruption of Ukrainian grain exports demonstrated how a regional armed conflict could generate far-reaching consequences for global food prices and international supply chains. Against this background, the Black Sea Grain Initiative, brokered by T&#252;rkiye and the United Nations in July 2022, represented not merely a diplomatic compromise but a strategically significant maritime security arrangement. As the conflict progressed, however, the operational character of naval warfare underwent a fundamental transformation. Ukrainian unmanned surface vessels progressively eroded the conventional superiority of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, while Russian missile and unmanned aerial vehicle attacks targeted Ukrainian ports, energy infrastructure, and grain terminals. Consequently, the conflict increasingly extended beyond attacks against merchant vessels to encompass the systematic disruption of the infrastructure upon which maritime commerce depends.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This transformation has integrated the dimensions of physical destruction, economic coercion, and technological disruption into a more complex form of maritime warfare. The submarines, torpedoes, and naval mines that characterized maritime operations during the Second World War have now been supplemented by unmanned systems, precision-guided missiles, electronic warfare capabilities, and space-based intelligence networks. Merchant vessels face not only the threat of direct kinetic attacks but also Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) jamming, position spoofing, interference with Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, and communications disruptions. These threats increase the risks of navigational errors, unintended course deviations, collisions, and groundings. At the same time, rising war-risk insurance premiums, higher freight costs, restrictions on port operations, and difficulties affecting crew availability and welfare further undermine the commercial viability of maritime transportation. The strategic objectives of maritime warfare can now be achieved without necessarily sinking a merchant vessel. Rendering a ship uninsurable, preventing its safe access to port, or making its commercial operations economically unsustainable may produce comparable strategic effects. Maritime trade warfare has therefore evolved beyond the traditional concept of blockade into a multidimensional contest combining physical, economic, technological, and psychological instruments of coercion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The assessment of war-risk insurance in the Black Sea does not always adequately reflect the geographical interconnectedness of the maritime domain. The designation of high-war-risk areas covering much of the basin, generally excluding the territorial waters of T&#252;rkiye, Romania, Bulgaria, and Georgia, illustrates the geographical scale of the threat. Nevertheless, maritime threats do not terminate at the boundaries of territorial seas or exclusive economic zones. The possibility of civilian merchant vessels flying third-country flags being damaged even within the exclusive economic zones of NATO littoral states demonstrates that maritime and land-based military operations cannot be assessed as entirely separate security environments. Moreover, the distinction between risks considered commercially acceptable by the insurance industry and conditions that are genuinely safe for navigation is of fundamental importance. Although freedom of navigation may remain legally intact, the practical ability to exercise that freedom safely has become severely constrained in maritime areas affected by the conflict.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Renewed Targeting of the Turkish Merchant Fleet</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 2026, attacks against commercial shipping in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov have reportedly reached an intensity that poses a serious threat to regional maritime security. During the first nine months of the year, approximately 109 merchant vessels were assessed to have been subjected to attacks, with nearly 86 vessels reportedly targeted between July and September alone. This represents almost four times the number recorded during the preceding six months. The economic consequences of these attacks have also become increasingly severe. In August, grain carrier calls at Ukrainian Black Sea ports reportedly declined by 92% compared with the previous month, while cargo-handling volumes at Odesa&#8217;s ports fell more than fifteenfold after 22 July. Significant reductions were also recorded in daily vessel traffic through the Istanbul Strait.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most significant contemporary parallel to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s experience during the Second World War lies in the growing threats confronting Turkish-linked merchant shipping during the Russia&#8211;Ukraine War. In my article published on 9 August 2026, I noted that between February 2022 and August 2026, at least 21 Turkish-flagged, Turkish-owned, or Turkish-operated merchant vessels had either been attacked or directly exposed to threats arising from the conflict. Particularly since late 2025, the proliferation of unmanned aerial systems and long-range strike capabilities has fundamentally altered the nature and geographical extent of these threats. Merchant vessels have increasingly become exposed to the consequences of hostilities not only in ports located within conflict zones but also on the high seas, at designated anchorages, and in maritime areas adjacent to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s zones of jurisdiction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Attacks affecting Turkish-linked vessels intensified in July 2026 and have continued with increasing frequency in maritime areas under Bulgarian and Romanian jurisdiction. From T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s perspective, the overriding strategic concern is the protection of Turkish maritime commerce and seafarers, irrespective of which belligerent is responsible for a particular attack. The continuation of commercial relations with either Russia or Ukraine cannot justify unlawful attacks against Turkish-linked civilian merchant vessels. The maritime security challenge that emerged during the Second World War, when Turkish merchant vessels suffered attacks attributed to Soviet submarines, has thus re-emerged under fundamentally different technological conditions and across a considerably expanded threat environment. This historical continuity underscores the necessity for T&#252;rkiye to adopt a proactive maritime security policy in the Black Sea&#8212;one that moves beyond reactive crisis management towards anticipatory risk assessment, strengthened deterrence, and the development of effective protective measures for merchant shipping and maritime personnel.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A T&#252;rkiye-Led Maritime Security Architecture for the Black Sea</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s role in the Black Sea should not be confined to issuing diplomatic protests against attacks by the belligerents or documenting losses suffered by merchant vessels. With its naval capabilities, maritime infrastructure, sovereignty over the Turkish Straits, diplomatic experience, and established relations with the Black Sea littoral states, T&#252;rkiye possesses the strategic and institutional capacity to lead the development of an active regional maritime security architecture. Such an architecture should recognize the security of civilian maritime transportation as a shared regional interest and adopt a comprehensive approach integrating military deterrence, maritime surveillance, early warning, mine countermeasures, merchant vessel protection, energy security, and diplomatic coordination.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Black Sea Maritime Security Coordination Mechanism, established under T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s leadership, could provide a permanent framework for cooperation, open to the participation of all littoral states and fully compatible with the Montreux regime. Although the ongoing Russia&#8211;Ukraine War may prevent the simultaneous participation of all Black Sea coastal states, a gradual and inclusive arrangement could be developed by building upon existing regional cooperation mechanisms. T&#252;rkiye has already demonstrated its capacity to initiate and institutionalize such cooperation. Under Turkish leadership, the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Task Group (BLACKSEAFOR) was established in 2001, followed by Operation Black Sea Harmony in 2004 and the Black Sea Border and Coast Guard Cooperation Forum (BSCF) in 2006. Within the BSCF framework, the Black Sea Border Coordination and Information Centre (BSBCIC), located in Burgas, Bulgaria, operated as a mechanism designed to facilitate coordination among the National Border Coordination and Operations Centres of participating states. Having successfully pioneered these regional cooperation initiatives in the past, T&#252;rkiye should once again assume a leading role in addressing the contemporary maritime security crisis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Risk-Based Voyage Planning for Turkish Merchant Shipping</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The first operational priority of a new regional initiative should be the introduction of a comprehensive risk-based voyage planning system for Turkish merchant shipping. Continuously updated threat assessments should be prepared for Russian and Ukrainian ports affected by the conflict, anchorages located near areas of hostilities, routes exposed to naval mine threats, and strategically important energy terminals.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A clear legal distinction must be maintained between mandatory security measures applicable to Turkish-flagged vessels and advisory or coordination arrangements concerning foreign-flagged vessels under Turkish ownership or commercial operation. These categories are subject to different legal jurisdictions and regulatory obligations. The objective should not be to suspend maritime commerce but to establish a controlled, sustainable, and security-oriented operating environment in which the protection of seafarers&#8217; lives remains the overriding consideration. Such a system should encompass voyage routes, port approaches and departures, anchorage areas, crew changes, insurance requirements, and emergency evacuation procedures. Providing shipmasters, shipowners, insurers, and relevant public authorities with access to coordinated threat assessments would improve maritime safety while reducing unnecessary economic disruption and commercial losses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Integrated Maritime Surveillance and Early-Warning Mechanisms</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second priority should be the development of integrated maritime surveillance and early-warning capabilities. Contemporary maritime security depends not merely on the physical presence of naval forces but increasingly on the timely detection, identification, assessment, and dissemination of information concerning emerging threats. Under T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s leadership, a regional early-warning network could integrate coastal radar systems, satellite imagery, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance, electronic intelligence, meteorological information, and maritime traffic analysis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such an integrated framework would facilitate the earlier identification of drifting naval mines, suspicious unmanned surface vessels, and hazardous navigation areas. Regular navigational warnings should also address Global Positioning System and Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS) jamming, position spoofing, and communications disruptions. Alternative navigation and position-fixing procedures should be developed to strengthen the resilience of merchant shipping against electronic interference. While the confidentiality of sensitive military intelligence must be preserved, information essential to civilian maritime safety should be shared through clearly defined channels. Attention should be given to preventing the misuse of maritime security information in ways that could confer an operational military advantage upon either belligerent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Expanding Mine Countermeasure Cooperation into a Comprehensive Regional Security Framework</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The third priority should be to transform existing mine countermeasure cooperation into a broader maritime security coordination framework. The Black Sea Mine Countermeasures Task Group, established through an agreement signed by T&#252;rkiye, Romania, and Bulgaria on 11 January 2024 and activated on 1 July 2024, demonstrates that Black Sea littoral states are capable of developing cooperative responses to shared maritime security challenges through their own resources and capabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Building upon this arrangement, cooperation could be expanded in mine detection and neutralization, information exchange, maritime traffic warnings, and search and rescue coordination. However, naval mines represent only one dimension of the contemporary threat environment. Unmanned maritime and aerial systems, long-range precision strikes, electronic warfare, and threats against ports and energy terminals must also be incorporated into regional security planning. Drawing upon the operational experience of existing arrangements, a broader coordination mechanism involving both military and civilian institutions would give practical expression to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s longstanding preference for a regional security framework based on the primacy of Black Sea littoral states.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within this process, the littoral identity of T&#252;rkiye, Romania, and Bulgaria should take precedence over their institutional affiliation with NATO. From the perspective advanced in this analysis, NATO&#8217;s extensive military support for Ukraine and its increasingly confrontational relationship with Russia have brought the Alliance into a position of substantial strategic involvement in the conflict, notwithstanding its formal status as a non-belligerent. Consequently, a maritime security initiative involving these three states should be explicitly structured around their responsibilities as Black Sea coastal nations rather than presented as an extension of NATO&#8217;s military posture. This distinction is essential to preserving the regional character of the initiative, reducing the risk of escalation, and maintaining channels of communication with all littoral states.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Selective Naval Escort and Protection of Merchant Shipping</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fourth area concerns the provision of naval escort and protective measures for merchant vessels operating in high-risk maritime areas when circumstances require. The losses suffered by Turkish merchant shipping during the Second World War demonstrated that neutrality and navigational warnings alone cannot guarantee the safety of commercial vessels. The proliferation of unmanned systems and long-range weapons has made this challenge considerably more complex.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nevertheless, naval escort should not be conceived as a permanent convoy system extending across the entire Black Sea. Its possible implementation must be assessed in relation to the maritime jurisdictions of the non-belligerent littoral states&#8212;T&#252;rkiye, Georgia, Bulgaria, and Romania&#8212;as well as vessel nationality, coastal-state jurisdiction and consent, international law, rules of engagement, and the potential risk of military escalation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A clear legal distinction must be maintained between protective operations conducted by T&#252;rkiye within areas under its sovereignty or jurisdiction and activities undertaken within the maritime zones of other states. In particular, the legal rights and obligations applicable in territorial seas differ from those governing exclusive economic zones and the high seas. Although naval escort cannot provide absolute protection against modern maritime threats, carefully limited protective arrangements along designated routes, for specified periods, and under appropriate diplomatic coordination could contribute to the continuity of commercial shipping.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such measures should not be designed to draw T&#252;rkiye into the conflict as a belligerent. Their purpose must remain the protection of civilian maritime transportation in accordance with international law and the prevention of further threats to neutral shipping.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Comprehensive Protection of Energy and Port Infrastructure</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fifth priority should be the integrated protection of critical energy and port infrastructure. Beyond its importance for grain exports and general cargo transportation, the Black Sea constitutes a strategically vital maritime basin for oil and natural gas exports from Russia, Kazakhstan, and other regional producers. The Novorossiysk terminals, the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) oil terminal, the Odesa port complex, the TurkStream and Blue Stream gas pipelines, and coastal energy installations represent essential components of regional economic security.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Attacks against such infrastructure can directly affect energy supplies, tanker traffic, marine insurance markets, and freight costs, generating economic consequences far beyond the immediate conflict zone.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly, the concept of maritime security must encompass not only merchant vessels and ports but also oil terminals, subsea pipelines, submarine cables, coastal logistics facilities, and the digital systems supporting maritime operations. Physical protection, underwater surveillance, counter-unmanned-system capabilities, cybersecurity, resilience against electronic warfare, and emergency response capacity should be developed as mutually reinforcing components of an integrated security strategy. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s strategic position within regional energy transportation networks provides an additional rationale for assuming a leading role in developing cooperative arrangements for the protection of critical maritime infrastructure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Active Neutrality, De-escalation, and the Primacy of Regional Security</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The entire strategy should be founded upon the principles of active neutrality and conflict de-escalation. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s ability to maintain direct diplomatic communication with both Russia and Ukraine constitutes a significant strategic advantage that must be preserved. Initiatives that facilitate an expanded military presence or intervention by non-littoral powers in the Black Sea could constrain T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s geopolitical freedom of maneuver and increase the risk of further escalation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The immediate priority should therefore not be the establishment of additional military formations but the achievement of a reciprocal cessation of attacks against merchant shipping and civilian maritime infrastructure, the prevention of the conflict&#8217;s spillover into the sovereign maritime areas of other littoral states, and the restoration of safe conditions for commercial navigation throughout the Black Sea. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s leadership should be grounded in a strategy that preserves the Montreux regime, upholds the principle of littoral-state primacy, and places diplomatic accommodation and maritime security above military escalation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The ultimate objective must be to establish a sustainable regional security architecture in which the protection of human life, freedom of navigation, maritime commerce, and critical infrastructure is pursued through cooperation among the Black Sea coastal states, without transforming maritime security initiatives into instruments of wider geopolitical confrontation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Diplomatic and Economic Dimensions of Maritime Security</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Maritime security in the Black Sea cannot be ensured through military measures alone. Maritime commerce operates within a complex and interconnected system encompassing international law, diplomacy, insurance, finance, port operations, and global supply chains. Accordingly, any maritime security framework developed under T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s leadership must incorporate diplomatic and economic instruments alongside military deterrence and operational protection. In response to attacks against Turkish-flagged or Turkish-linked merchant vessels, systematic technical investigations, evidence-based attribution of responsibility, and appropriate diplomatic initiatives would strengthen the legal and institutional foundations of maritime security. At the same time, continuous coordination among shipowners, marine insurers, and relevant public authorities should address war-risk insurance, maritime financing, crew safety, port delays, and the economic sustainability of commercial voyages.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Particularly during periods when war-risk insurance premiums reach prohibitive levels or voyages to certain ports become commercially unviable, risk-sharing arrangements and financial support mechanisms should be considered to prevent the complete disruption of maritime trade. Within this framework, enhanced information exchange and institutional cooperation should be established among the Chambers of Shipping and Ministries of Transport of the Black Sea littoral states. T&#252;rkiye must therefore approach maritime security in the Black Sea not merely as a military challenge but as an integral component of national economic security and the continuity of international commerce.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Despite its membership in NATO, T&#252;rkiye has maintained relations with both Russia and Ukraine, implemented the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits, and demonstrated its capacity to initiate regional maritime security cooperation. This distinctive geopolitical position enables T&#252;rkiye to develop initiatives aimed at protecting civilian maritime transportation without directly altering the military balance between the belligerents. The Black Sea Grain Initiative and the Black Sea Mine Countermeasures Task Group constitute tangible examples of this accumulated diplomatic and operational experience.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, in this process T&#252;rkiye made two serious strategic mistakes. They were the joining the Coalition of the Willing in support of Ukraine and supplying Ukraine with Turkish-made armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UCAVs). Both decisions undermined T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s policy of maintaining balanced and neutral relations with Russia and Ukraine, weakened its credibility as an impartial mediator, and risked drawing Ankara closer to one side of the conflict.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the emerging strategic environment, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s diplomatic leadership should not be directed towards enabling either belligerent to secure military superiority over maritime transportation routes, or should it facilitate the further expansion of strategic competition involving non-littoral powers in the Black Sea. The overriding objective must be to enhance the security of civilian maritime traffic operating in accordance with international law, reinforce regional stability, and preserve the Black Sea as a reliable maritime transportation corridor for global commerce. This approach is fully consistent with T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s commitment to safeguarding the Montreux regime. The strategic significance of the Convention derives not only from its regulation of warship passage through the Turkish Straits but also from its enduring contribution to the preservation of the naval balance and regional stability in the Black Sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion: From the Straits Safeguarded by Montreux to a Secure Black Sea</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Although approximately 83 years separate the Second World War from the present Russia&#8211;Ukraine War, the fundamental strategic logic of maritime trade warfare in the Black Sea remains largely unchanged. Weapons and technologies have evolved, yet the objective of undermining an adversary&#8217;s economic and military resilience by targeting maritime transportation has endured. Both conflicts have imparted the same historical lesson to T&#252;rkiye: remaining outside a war does not guarantee protection from its consequences at sea. The threats that once manifested themselves in the sinking of neutral Turkish merchant vessels and the loss of seafarers&#8217; lives have now re-emerged through unmanned systems, missiles, and drifting naval mines, extending into maritime areas under Turkish jurisdiction and towards T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s coastline. The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits remains an indispensable safeguard of Turkish sovereignty and the naval balance in the Black Sea. Nevertheless, regulating the passage of warships through the Turkish Straits does not guarantee the security of merchant vessels, ports, or seafarers throughout the basin. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s strategic responsibility is therefore to complement the legal and geopolitical advantages provided by Montreux with effective maritime security arrangements. This responsibility derives not merely from T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s naval capabilities but also from its geographical position, sovereignty over the Turkish Straits, and vital national interests in preserving stability throughout the Black Sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under present circumstances, the security of maritime commerce in the Black Sea has evolved beyond an economic and diplomatic concern into a direct question of national security and sovereignty for T&#252;rkiye. The immediate priority should be a diplomatic initiative aimed at securing a reciprocal cessation of attacks by Russia and Ukraine against civilian merchant vessels, commercial ports, and maritime transportation infrastructure. Such an initiative should be reinforced by maritime surveillance, early-warning mechanisms, mine countermeasures, search and rescue capabilities, and, where necessary, protective measures consistent with international law. Any future maritime security architecture in the Black Sea should be founded upon the primary responsibility of the littoral states and regional cooperation, rather than the military priorities of external powers or the emergence of new geopolitical blocs. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s leadership must serve not the further militarization of the Black Sea but the prevention of conflict escalation, the protection of seafarers&#8217; lives, and the preservation of legitimate maritime commerce.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ultimately, T&#252;rkiye faces a clear strategic imperative which is to preserve the Montreux regime without compromise, mitigate the consequences of armed conflict for maritime trade, and lead efforts to restore safe navigation throughout the Black Sea. T&#252;rkiye must move beyond its traditional role as the guardian of the Turkish Straits and a custodian of the regional naval balance to become a decisive regional actor in safeguarding peace, maritime commerce, and human life across the entire Black Sea basin. For the security of the Turkish Straits and the security of the Black Sea are strategically inseparable.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Karadeniz Deniz Güvenliği ve Türkiye’nin Kaçınılmaz Sorumluluğu]]></title><description><![CDATA[T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;n&#252;ndeki stratejik g&#246;rev Montr&#246;&#8217;y&#252; tavizsiz korumak, sava&#351;&#305;n deniz ticaretine y&#246;nelik etkilerini s&#305;n&#305;rlamak ve Karadeniz&#8217;de g&#252;venli seyr&#252;seferin yeniden tesisine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmektir.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/karadeniz-deniz-guvenligi-ve-turkiyenin</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/karadeniz-deniz-guvenligi-ve-turkiyenin</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 18:28:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305; ile Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;lar&#305; aras&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k 83 y&#305;l bulunmaktad&#305;r. Ancak bu iki sava&#351;&#305;n Karadeniz&#8217;deki deniz ticaretine etkileri incelendi&#287;inde, de&#287;i&#351;en asker&#238; teknolojilere ve jeopolitik ko&#351;ullara ra&#287;men deniz ticaret sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n temel stratejik mant&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;medi&#287;i g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Her iki d&#246;nemde de Karadeniz, sava&#351; filolar&#305;n&#305;n m&#252;cadele etti&#287;i bir harek&#226;t alan&#305; olman&#305;n &#246;tesinde enerji kaynaklar&#305;, stratejik hammaddeler, tah&#305;l ticareti ve uluslararas&#305; ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305;n kontrol&#252; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kritik bir deniz havzas&#305; olmu&#351;tur. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda denizalt&#305;lar, torpidolar ve may&#305;nlarla y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len deniz ticaret sava&#351;&#305;, g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde insans&#305;z deniz ve hava ara&#231;lar&#305;, uzun menzilli f&#252;zeler, elektronik harp ve ekonomik bask&#305; y&#246;ntemleriyle s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lmektedir. Y&#246;ntemler de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;, ancak deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; kesintiye u&#287;ratarak rakibin ekonomik ve asker&#238; dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; zay&#305;flatma hedefi de&#287;i&#351;memi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu tarihsel s&#252;reklili&#287;in merkezinde T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin jeopolitik konumu bulunmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye, her iki sava&#351;ta da &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n do&#287;rudan taraf&#305; olmamas&#305;na ra&#287;men Karadeniz&#8217;deki asker&#238; dengeden ve deniz ticaretindeki geli&#351;melerden do&#287;rudan etkilenmi&#351;tir. Ancak bug&#252;n ya&#351;ananlar, sava&#351;an devletlerin ticaret gemilerine y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesine ge&#231;mi&#351;tir. Deniz ticaretinin g&#252;venli&#287;i bak&#305;m&#305;ndan geli&#351;meler, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin m&#252;samaha s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; &#231;oktan a&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. T&#252;rk karasular&#305;ndaki sald&#305;r&#305;lar ve g&#252;venlik olaylar&#305;, T&#252;rk karasular&#305;na ve i&#231; sular&#305;na s&#252;r&#252;klenen may&#305;nlar, kontrols&#252;z s&#252;r&#252;klenen veya terk edilerek k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;m&#305;zda karaya oturan gemiler, sava&#351;&#305;n T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini, k&#305;y&#305; emniyetini, &#231;evresini ve ekonomik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan tehdit etti&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Bunlar m&#252;nferit olaylar de&#287;il, sava&#351;&#305;n T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin egemenlik alanlar&#305;na ta&#351;an sonu&#231;lar&#305;d&#305;r. Art&#305;k mesele yaln&#305;zca a&#231;&#305;k denizdeki T&#252;rk gemilerinin korunmas&#305; de&#287;il, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin kendi deniz alanlar&#305;nda seyir g&#252;venli&#287;inin, can ve mal emniyetinin sa&#287;lanmas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9 A&#287;ustos 2026 tarihli Karadeniz&#8217;de 83 Y&#305;l Sonra Deniz Ticaret Sava&#351;lar&#305; ba&#351;l&#305;kl&#305; makalemde, iki sava&#351; aras&#305;ndaki tarihsel benzerlikleri ele alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;m. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; ile g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde Karadeniz&#8217;de ya&#351;anan deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i krizinin ortak &#246;zelli&#287;i, sava&#351;an devletlerin &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma alanlar&#305; d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda tarafs&#305;z devletlerin deniz ticaretini hedef almas&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin tarafs&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305; T&#252;rk ticaret gemilerini ve denizcilerini sald&#305;r&#305;lardan koruyamam&#305;&#351;, benzer tehditler bug&#252;n Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda yeniden ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Oysa bir geminin sava&#351; ekonomisine katk&#305;s&#305;, tarafs&#305;z bayra&#287;&#305;n uluslararas&#305; hukuktan kaynaklanan korumas&#305;n&#305; kendili&#287;inden ortadan kald&#305;rmaz. Her iki sava&#351;&#305;n T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan de&#287;i&#351;meyen stratejik dersi a&#351;ikard&#305;r. Tarafs&#305;zl&#305;k tek ba&#351;&#305;na denizde g&#252;venlik garantisi de&#287;ildir. Sava&#351;&#305;n etkileri tarafs&#305;z devletlerin karasular&#305;na, gemilerine ve deniz ticaret yollar&#305;na ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda sorun, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesinde do&#287;rudan egemenlik ve ulusal g&#252;venlik sorununa d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bug&#252;n ya&#351;anan geli&#351;meler, somut bir stratejik giri&#351;imi zorunlu k&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye art&#305;k bu duruma m&#252;dahale etmeli ve Karadeniz&#8217;de deniz ticaret g&#252;venli&#287;inin sa&#287;lanmas&#305;na &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmelidir. Deniz ticaretinin g&#252;venli&#287;i, sava&#351;an devletlerin asker&#238; &#246;nceliklerine, misillemelerine veya &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n kendili&#287;inden sona ermesine b&#305;rak&#305;lamaz. T&#252;rkiye, Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi&#8217;nin sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; stratejik ve hukuki konumu korurken deniz g&#246;zetleme, may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri, erken ihbar, ticaret gemilerinin korunmas&#305; ve k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletler aras&#305;nda koordinasyonu kapsayan aktif bir b&#246;lgesel deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i d&#252;zeni olu&#351;turulmas&#305;na &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda Tarafs&#305;z T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Deniz Ticaret Kay&#305;plar&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye, &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; boyunca tarafs&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de koruyarak Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi&#8217;nin 19. maddesini uygulam&#305;&#351;, sava&#351;an devletlerin sava&#351; gemilerinin T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305;ndan ge&#231;i&#351;ini s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu politika T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin sava&#351;a s&#252;r&#252;klenme riskini azaltm&#305;&#351;, ancak Karadeniz&#8217;in g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;layamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Almanya&#8217;n&#305;n 22 Haziran 1941&#8217;de Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;ne sald&#305;rmas&#305;yla Karadeniz, Do&#287;u Cephesi&#8217;nin &#246;nemli bir deniz lojistik alan&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Romanya&#8217;n&#305;n Ploie&#351;ti petrol sahalar&#305;, K&#246;stence Liman&#305;, Tuna ula&#351;t&#305;rma sistemi ve Sovyetlerin K&#305;r&#305;m-Kafkasya ikmal hatlar&#305; m&#252;cadelenin merkezine yerle&#351;mi&#351;tir. Deniz sava&#351;&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k filo muharebelerinden &#231;ok limanlar&#305;n, k&#305;y&#305; ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n, may&#305;nl&#305; sahalar&#305;n ve ticaret gemilerinin kontrol&#252;ne odaklanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye, sava&#351; ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;r ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda &#304;stanbul, Zonguldak, Samsun ve Trabzon limanlar&#305; &#252;zerinden k&#246;m&#252;r, krom, tah&#305;l ve di&#287;er hammaddelerin ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak sava&#351;an devletlerin deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; asker&#238; hedef olarak g&#246;rmesi, tarafs&#305;z T&#252;rk ticaret filosunu do&#287;rudan tehdit etmi&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle 1941-1944 y&#305;llar&#305;nda Sovyet denizalt&#305;lar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen veya bu denizalt&#305;lara atfedilen sald&#305;r&#305;larda &#231;ok say&#305;da T&#252;rk gemisi batm&#305;&#351; ya da hasar g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Tarihsel derlemelerde baz&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar Sovyet denizalt&#305;lar&#305;yla ili&#351;kilendirilmekle birlikte, sald&#305;rganlar&#305;n kimli&#287;i b&#252;t&#252;n olaylarda ayn&#305; kesinlikle do&#287;rulanamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak bu belirsizlik, tarafs&#305;z T&#252;rk ticaret filosunun denizalt&#305; sava&#351;&#305;ndan ciddi zarar g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; ger&#231;e&#287;ini de&#287;i&#351;tirmemektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sovyet Karadeniz Filosu&#8217;nun temel hedefi, Mihver devletlerinin deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; keserek Alman sava&#351; ekonomisini ve Do&#287;u Cephesi&#8217;ndeki harek&#226;t&#305; zay&#305;flatmakt&#305;. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;den Romanya ve Bulgaristan&#8217;a ta&#351;&#305;nan krom ve di&#287;er stratejik hammaddeler bu nedenle potansiyel hedef olarak de&#287;erlendirilebiliyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n S&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; ve Deniz G&#252;venli&#287;inin &#304;nsani Boyutu</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin egemenli&#287;i ve Karadeniz&#8217;deki asker&#238; dengenin korunmas&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan vazge&#231;ilmez bir stratejik kazan&#305;md&#305;r. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin sava&#351; d&#246;nemine ili&#351;kin h&#252;k&#252;mleri uygulamas&#305;, Karadeniz&#8217;e d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan sava&#351; gemilerinin giri&#351;ini s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Benzer &#351;ekilde, 2022&#8217;de Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;lamas&#305;yla 19. maddenin uygulanmas&#305;, &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan gelecek deniz kuvvetleriyle geni&#351;lemesini &#246;nleyen &#246;nemli bir engel olu&#351;turmu&#351;tur. Ancak &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda Almanya&#8217;n&#305;n alt&#305; Type IIB denizalt&#305;s&#305;n&#305; s&#246;kerek Elbe, kara ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305; ve Tuna &#252;zerinden K&#246;stence&#8217;ye ta&#351;&#305;mas&#305;, Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n hukuki kapsam&#305; ile Karadeniz&#8217;in fiil&#238; deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305; ortaya koymu&#351;tur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Montr&#246;, Bo&#287;azlardan ge&#231;i&#351;i d&#252;zenleyen bir rejimdir, ticaret gemilerinin korunmas&#305;n&#305;, may&#305;nlar&#305;n temizlenmesini, liman g&#252;venli&#287;ini veya denizdeki sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n &#246;nlenmesini sa&#287;layan kapsaml&#305; bir g&#252;venlik mekanizmas&#305; de&#287;ildir. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda tarafs&#305;z T&#252;rk gemilerinin bat&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; ve T&#252;rkiye k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305; yak&#305;nlar&#305;nda ya&#351;anan m&#252;lteci facialar&#305;, bu s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;n insani sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde insans&#305;z deniz ve hava ara&#231;lar&#305;, f&#252;zeler ve s&#252;r&#252;klenen may&#305;nlar ayn&#305; sorunu daha karma&#351;&#305;k h&#226;le getirmektedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;il, seyir emniyetini, arama kurtarmay&#305;, denizcilerin, yolcular&#305;n ve m&#252;ltecilerin can g&#252;venli&#287;ini de kapsamal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nceli&#287;i, Montr&#246;&#8217;y&#252; temel alarak Karadeniz&#8217;e k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; olmayan devletlerin asker&#238; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmadan, b&#246;lgesel deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmek olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Bu &#231;er&#231;evede ilk hedef, Rusya ve Ukrayna aras&#305;nda sivil ticaret gemilerine, limanlara ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma altyap&#305;s&#305;na y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; durdurulmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layacak bir mutabakat olu&#351;turmakt&#305;r. Bunun ba&#351;ar&#305;lamamas&#305; h&#226;linde deniz g&#246;zetleme, erken ihbar, may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri, seyir emniyeti ve kriz ileti&#351;imi g&#252;&#231;lendirilmelidir. Esas olan, Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; stratejik dengeyi denizde fiil&#238; g&#252;venlikle tamamlamak, &#231;at&#305;&#351;may&#305; geni&#351;letmeden insan hayat&#305;n&#305; ve deniz ticaretini korumakt&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda Deniz G&#252;venli&#287;inin D&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">24 &#350;ubat 2022&#8217;de Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Ukrayna&#8217;ya y&#246;nelik geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; asker&#238; harek&#226;t&#305;yla ba&#351;layan sava&#351;, Karadeniz&#8217;i &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndan bu yana en ciddi deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i krizlerinden birinin merkezine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rd&#252;. Rusya, sava&#351;&#305;n ilk d&#246;neminde Karadeniz Filosu&#8217;nun &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;yle Ukrayna limanlar&#305;n&#305; fiil&#238; abluka alt&#305;na alarak Odesa, &#199;ernomorsk ve Yujniy &#252;zerinden yap&#305;lan ihracat&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de durdurdu. Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n tah&#305;l ihracat&#305;ndaki kesinti, b&#246;lgesel &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n k&#252;resel g&#305;da fiyatlar&#305; ve tedarik zincirleri &#252;zerindeki etkisini ortaya koydu. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler ile &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etti&#287;i Temmuz 2022 tarihli Karadeniz Tah&#305;l Giri&#351;imi, bu nedenle diplomatik bir uzla&#351;man&#305;n &#246;tesinde stratejik bir deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i d&#252;zenlemesiydi. Ancak sava&#351; ilerledik&#231;e harek&#226;t&#305;n karakteri de&#287;i&#351;ti. Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n insans&#305;z deniz ara&#231;lar&#305; Rus Karadeniz Filosu&#8217;nun klasik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;rken Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n f&#252;ze ve insans&#305;z hava arac&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; Ukrayna limanlar&#305;n&#305;, enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ve tah&#305;l terminallerini hedef ald&#305;. B&#246;ylece ticaret gemilerinin yan&#305; s&#305;ra deniz ticaretini m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lan altyap&#305;n&#305;n bask&#305; alt&#305;na al&#305;nmas&#305; &#246;n plana &#231;&#305;kt&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, deniz sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n fiziksel imha, ekonomik bask&#305; ve teknolojik m&#252;dahale boyutlar&#305;n&#305; b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirdi. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n denizalt&#305;, torpido ve may&#305;nlar&#305;n&#305;n yerini g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde insans&#305;z sistemler, hassas g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; f&#252;zeler, elektronik harp ve uzay tabanl&#305; istihbarat a&#287;lar&#305; tamamlamaktad&#305;r. Ticaret gemileri art&#305;k do&#287;rudan sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n yan&#305;nda GPS/GNSS kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;, konum yan&#305;ltma, AIS verilerinin bozulmas&#305; ve haberle&#351;me kesintileriyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;makta; rota sapmas&#305;, &#231;arp&#305;&#351;ma ve karaya oturma riskleri artmaktad&#305;r. Y&#252;kselen sava&#351; riski sigortalar&#305;, navlun maliyetleri, liman k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305; ve m&#252;rettebat sorunlar&#305; da ticaretin s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;ini zay&#305;flatmaktad&#305;r. Art&#305;k bir geminin bat&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; gerekmeksizin sigortalanamamas&#305;, g&#252;venli limana ula&#351;amamas&#305; veya ekonomik olarak sefer yapamaz h&#226;le gelmesi de sava&#351;&#305;n stratejik hedeflerine hizmet etmektedir. Deniz ticaret sava&#351;&#305; b&#246;ylece klasik ablukan&#305;n &#246;tesinde fiziksel, ekonomik, teknolojik ve psikolojik bask&#305; ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n birle&#351;ti&#287;i &#231;ok boyutlu bir m&#252;cadeleye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Karadeniz&#8217;deki sava&#351; riski sigortalar&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;erlendirilmesi ise deniz co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; her zaman yeterince yans&#305;tmamaktad&#305;r. Y&#252;ksek sava&#351; riski tan&#305;mlanan alan&#305;n T&#252;rkiye, Romanya, Bulgaristan ve G&#252;rcistan karasular&#305; d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda havzan&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;ne yay&#305;lmas&#305;, tehdidin &#246;l&#231;e&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Ancak tehditler karasuyu veya m&#252;nhas&#305;r ekonomik b&#246;lge s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;nda sona ermemektedir. K&#305;y&#305;da&#351; NATO &#252;lkelerinin m&#252;nhas&#305;r ekonomik b&#246;lgelerinde dahi &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#252;lke bayrakl&#305; sivil gemilerin zarar g&#246;rebilmesi, deniz ve kara harek&#226;t&#305;n&#305;n birbirinden ayr&#305; de&#287;erlendirilemeyece&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Sigortac&#305;l&#305;k a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kabul edilebilir risk ile fiilen g&#252;venli seyir ko&#351;ullar&#305; ayn&#305; de&#287;ildir. Seyr&#252;sefer serbestisi hukuken s&#252;rse de sava&#351;&#305;n etkiledi&#287;i alanlarda bu &#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n g&#252;venle kullan&#305;lmas&#305; ciddi bi&#231;imde k&#305;s&#305;tlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p><strong>T&#252;rk Ticaret Filosunun Yeniden Hedef H&#226;line Gelmesi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">2026 y&#305;l&#305;nda Karadeniz ve Azak Denizi&#8217;nde ticari gemilere y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar, b&#246;lgesel deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini ciddi bi&#231;imde tehdit eden bir yo&#287;unlu&#287;a ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Y&#305;l&#305;n ilk dokuz ay&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k 109 ticari geminin sald&#305;r&#305;ya u&#287;rad&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;erlendirilirken, yaln&#305;zca Temmuz-Eyl&#252;l d&#246;neminde yakla&#351;&#305;k 86 gemi hedef al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu say&#305; y&#305;l&#305;n ilk alt&#305; ay&#305;n&#305;n neredeyse d&#246;rt kat&#305;d&#305;r. Sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n ekonomik sonu&#231;lar&#305; da a&#287;&#305;rla&#351;maktad&#305;r. A&#287;ustos ay&#305;nda Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n Karadeniz limanlar&#305;na tah&#305;l gemisi u&#287;raklar&#305; bir &#246;nceki aya g&#246;re %92 azal&#305;rken, 22 Temmuz sonras&#305;nda Odesa limanlar&#305;ndaki y&#252;k elle&#231;leme hacmi on be&#351; kattan fazla gerilemi&#351;tir. &#304;stanbul Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;ndaki g&#252;nl&#252;k gemi hareketlerinde de ciddi d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;ler kaydedilmi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Di&#287;er yandan &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndaki tarihsel deneyimin g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki en &#246;nemli kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, T&#252;rk ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; ticaret gemilerinin Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; tehditlerdir. 9 A&#287;ustos 2026 tarihli makalemde, &#350;ubat 2022 ile A&#287;ustos 2026 aras&#305;nda en az 21 T&#252;rk bayrakl&#305;, T&#252;rk sahipli veya T&#252;rk i&#351;letmeli ticaret gemisinin sald&#305;r&#305;ya u&#287;rad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ya da do&#287;rudan sava&#351; tehdidine maruz kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtmi&#351;tim. &#214;zellikle 2025 sonundan itibaren insans&#305;z hava ara&#231;lar&#305; ve uzun menzilli sald&#305;r&#305; sistemlerinin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;yla tehditlerin niteli&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;; ticaret gemileri yaln&#305;zca &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma b&#246;lgelerindeki limanlarda de&#287;il, a&#231;&#305;k denizde, demir sahalar&#305;nda ve T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin deniz yetki alanlar&#305;na yak&#305;n b&#246;lgelerde de sava&#351;&#305;n etkilerine maruz kalmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Temmuz 2026&#8217;da T&#252;rk ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; gemilere y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;. Bug&#252;n de bu sald&#305;r&#305;lar Bulgaristan ve Romanya deniz yetki alanlar&#305;nda artarak devam etmektedir. T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan sorun sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n hangi taraftan kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak T&#252;rk deniz ticaretinin ve denizcilerinin korunmas&#305;d&#305;r. Rusya veya Ukrayna ile ticari ili&#351;kilerin s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lmesi, T&#252;rk ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; sivil gemilerin hukuka ayk&#305;r&#305; bi&#231;imde hedef al&#305;nmas&#305;na gerek&#231;e olamaz. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda Sovyet denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n T&#252;rk gemilerine y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;yla ortaya &#231;&#305;kan g&#252;venlik sorunu, bug&#252;n farkl&#305; teknolojiler ve geni&#351;leyen tehdit alanlar&#305;yla yeniden ya&#351;anmaktad&#305;r. Bu tarihsel s&#252;reklilik, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Karadeniz&#8217;de olaylara tepki vermekle yetinmeyen, riskleri &#246;nceden de&#287;erlendiren, cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendiren ve koruyucu tedbirler geli&#351;tiren aktif bir deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i politikas&#305; izlemesini zorunlu k&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#214;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde Karadeniz Deniz G&#252;venli&#287;i Mimarisi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Karadeniz&#8217;deki rol&#252;, sava&#351;an devletlerin sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;na diplomatik tepki vermek veya zarar g&#246;ren gemilerin kay&#305;plar&#305;n&#305; kaydetmekle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kalmamal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye donanmas&#305;, denizcilik altyap&#305;s&#305;, Bo&#287;azlar &#252;zerindeki egemenli&#287;i, diplomatik deneyimi ve k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerle ili&#351;kileri sayesinde aktif bir b&#246;lgesel deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i mimarisine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k edebilecek kapasitededir. Bu mimari, sivil deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini ortak bir b&#246;lgesel &#231;&#305;kar olarak kabul etmeli, asker&#238; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k, deniz g&#246;zetleme, erken ihbar, may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri, ticaret gemilerinin korunmas&#305;, enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i ve diplomatik koordinasyonu b&#252;t&#252;nc&#252;l bi&#231;imde ele almal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde kurulabilecek Karadeniz Deniz G&#252;venli&#287;i Koordinasyon Mekanizmas&#305;, k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerin kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;na a&#231;&#305;k, Montr&#246; rejimiyle uyumlu ve s&#252;rekli bir i&#351; birli&#287;i yap&#305;s&#305; olarak tasarlanabilir. Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; nedeniyle b&#252;t&#252;n k&#305;y&#305;da&#351;lar&#305;n e&#351; zamanl&#305; kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n olmasa da mevcut i&#351; birli&#287;i yap&#305;lar&#305;ndan hareketle kademeli ve kapsay&#305;c&#305; bir d&#252;zen olu&#351;turulabilir. T&#252;rkiye &#246;nderli&#287;inde 2001&#8217;de Karadeniz Deniz &#304;&#351;birli&#287;i G&#246;rev Grubu (BLACKSEAFOR); 2004&#8217;te Karadeniz Uyumu Harek&#226;t&#305;n&#305; (KUH) ve 2006&#8217;da Karadeniz&#8217;e Sahildar &#220;lkeler S&#305;n&#305;r ve Sahil G&#252;venlik &#304;&#351;birli&#287;i Forumunun (BSCF) kurulmas&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. BSCF kapsam&#305;nda &#252;ye &#252;lkelerin Ulusal S&#305;n&#305;r Koordinasyon/Harek&#226;t Merkezleri aras&#305;nda e&#351;g&#252;d&#252;m sa&#287;lamay&#305; ama&#231;layan Karadeniz S&#305;n&#305;r Koordinasyon ve Bilgi Merkezi -BSBCIC), Bulgaristan&#8217;&#305;n Burgaz kentinde faaliyetlerini y&#252;r&#252;tmekte idi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ge&#231;mi&#351;te bu i&#351; birliklerini ba&#351;aran T&#252;rkiye bug&#252;n de &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmelidir. Yeni giri&#351;imde ilk uygulama alan&#305;, T&#252;rk ticaret gemileri i&#231;in &#8216;&#8217;risk esasl&#305; sefer planlamas&#305;&#8217;&#8217; olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Rusya ve Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n sava&#351;tan etkilenen limanlar&#305;, &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma b&#246;lgelerine yak&#305;n demir sahalar&#305;, may&#305;n tehdidi bulunan g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar ve enerji terminalleri i&#231;in s&#252;rekli g&#252;ncellenen risk de&#287;erlendirmeleri haz&#305;rlanmal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rk bayrakl&#305; gemilere y&#246;nelik ba&#287;lay&#305;c&#305; tedbirlerle T&#252;rk sahipli veya i&#351;letmeli yabanc&#305; bayrakl&#305; gemilere ili&#351;kin tavsiye ve koordinasyon uygulamalar&#305; hukuki stat&#252;lerine g&#246;re ayr&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. Ama&#231; ticareti durdurmak de&#287;il, denizcilerin can g&#252;venli&#287;ini esas alan kontroll&#252; ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir bir sefer d&#252;zeni kurmakt&#305;r. Bu sistem, g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar&#305;, liman giri&#351; &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;, demirleme alanlar&#305;n&#305;, m&#252;rettebat de&#287;i&#351;imlerini, sigorta ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; ve acil tahliye usullerini kapsamal&#305;d&#305;r. Kaptanlar&#305;n, armat&#246;rlerin, sigortac&#305;lar&#305;n ve kamu makamlar&#305;n&#305;n ortak tehdit de&#287;erlendirmelerine ula&#351;mas&#305;, g&#252;venli&#287;i art&#305;r&#305;rken gereksiz ekonomik kay&#305;plar&#305; da azaltacakt&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci &#246;ncelik, ortak deniz g&#246;zetleme ve erken ihbar mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n geli&#351;tirilmesidir. Modern deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i, yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; gemilerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;na de&#287;il, tehditlerin zaman&#305;nda tespit edilmesine ve ilgili unsurlara aktar&#305;lmas&#305;na dayanmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde k&#305;y&#305; radarlar&#305;, uydu g&#246;r&#252;nt&#252;leri, AIS verileri, &#304;HA Temelli g&#246;zetleme bilgileri, elektronik istihbarat, meteorolojik bilgiler ve deniz trafi&#287;i analizlerini b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tiren bir erken ihbar a&#287;&#305; olu&#351;turulabilir. B&#246;ylece s&#252;r&#252;klenen may&#305;nlar, &#351;&#252;pheli insans&#305;z deniz ara&#231;lar&#305; ve tehlikeli seyir b&#246;lgeleri daha erken belirlenebilir. GPS/GNSS kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;, konum yan&#305;ltma ve haberle&#351;me kesintilerine kar&#351;&#305; d&#252;zenli uyar&#305;lar yap&#305;lmal&#305;, alternatif seyir ve mevki belirleme y&#246;ntemleri geli&#351;tirilmelidir. Asker&#238; istihbarat&#305;n gizlili&#287;i korunurken sivil deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i i&#231;in gerekli bilgiler payla&#351;&#305;lmal&#305;, bu verilerin sava&#351;an taraflardan birine asker&#238; avantaj sa&#287;lamas&#305; &#246;nlenmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#246;ncelik, mevcut may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri i&#351; birli&#287;inin daha kapsaml&#305; bir g&#252;venlik koordinasyonuna d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesidir. T&#252;rkiye, Romanya ve Bulgaristan aras&#305;nda 11 Ocak 2024&#8217;te imzalanan ve 1 Temmuz 2024&#8217;te faaliyete ge&#231;irilen Karadeniz May&#305;n Kar&#351;&#305; Tedbirleri G&#246;rev Grubu, k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerin kendi imk&#226;nlar&#305;yla ortak g&#252;venlik sorunlar&#305;na &#231;&#246;z&#252;m &#252;retebildi&#287;ini g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Bu yap&#305; &#252;zerinden may&#305;n tespiti ve etkisiz h&#226;le getirme, bilgi payla&#351;&#305;m&#305;, deniz trafi&#287;inin uyar&#305;lmas&#305; ve arama kurtarma koordinasyonu geli&#351;tirilebilir. Ancak may&#305;n tehdidi sorunun yaln&#305;zca bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;d&#252;r. &#304;nsans&#305;z sistemler, uzun menzilli sald&#305;r&#305;lar, elektronik harp, limanlar ve enerji terminallerine y&#246;nelik tehditler de dikkate al&#305;nmal&#305;d&#305;r. Mevcut i&#351; birli&#287;inin deneyimlerinden yararlan&#305;larak asker&#238; ve sivil kurumlar&#305; kapsayan daha geni&#351; bir deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i koordinasyonu olu&#351;turulmas&#305;, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin k&#305;y&#305;da&#351;l&#305;k esas&#305;na dayanan b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; somutla&#351;t&#305;racakt&#305;r. Ancak bu s&#252;re&#231;te &#252;&#231; devletin k&#305;y&#305;da&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; kesinlikle NATO ortakl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;nde olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Zira NATO Rusya ile adeta sava&#351;an taraf durumuna d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; alan, y&#252;ksek riskli b&#246;lgelerde ticaret gemilerine gerekti&#287;inde asker&#238; refakat ve koruma sa&#287;lanmas&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndaki T&#252;rk gemi kay&#305;plar&#305;, tarafs&#305;zl&#305;k ve seyir uyar&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde insans&#305;z sistemler ve uzun menzilli silahlar bu ihtiyac&#305; daha karma&#351;&#305;k h&#226;le getirmektedir. Ancak asker&#238; refakat, b&#252;t&#252;n Karadeniz&#8217;i kapsayan s&#252;rekli bir konvoy sistemi olarak d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmemelidir. Ba&#351;ta sava&#351;mayan taraflar&#305;n yani G&#252;rcistan, T&#252;rkiye, Bulgaristan ve Romanya&#8217;n&#305;n deniz yetki alanlar&#305;, gemilerin bayraklar&#305;, k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerin yetkileri ve r&#305;zas&#305;, uluslararas&#305; hukuk, angajman kurallar&#305; ve &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n geni&#351;leme riskleri &#246;nceden de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin kendi deniz yetki alanlar&#305;ndaki koruma tedbirleri ile di&#287;er devletlerin yetki alanlar&#305;ndaki faaliyetleri hukuken farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Refakat mutlak g&#252;venlik sa&#287;lamasa da belirli g&#252;zerg&#226;hlarda, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; s&#252;relerle ve diplomatik koordinasyonla uygulanacak koruma tedbirleri deniz ticaretinin s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lmesine katk&#305;da bulunabilir. Bu se&#231;enek, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin sava&#351;a taraf olmas&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, sivil deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n uluslararas&#305; hukuka uygun bi&#231;imde korunmas&#305;n&#305; hedeflemelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Be&#351;inci &#246;ncelik, enerji ve liman altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;nc&#252;l korunmas&#305;d&#305;r. Karadeniz, tah&#305;l ve genel y&#252;k ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n yan&#305;nda Rusya, Kazakistan ve di&#287;er b&#246;lge &#252;lkelerinin petrol ve do&#287;al gaz ihracat&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan da kritik bir havzad&#305;r. Novorossisk terminalleri, CPC petrol terminali, Odesa liman sistemi, T&#252;rkAk&#305;m ve Mavi Ak&#305;m boru hatlar&#305; ile k&#305;y&#305; enerji tesisleri b&#246;lgesel ekonomik g&#252;venli&#287;in temel unsurlar&#305;d&#305;r. Bu altyap&#305;ya y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar enerji arz&#305;n&#305;, tanker trafi&#287;ini, sigorta piyasalar&#305;n&#305; ve navlun maliyetlerini do&#287;rudan etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i; limanlar&#305;, petrol terminallerini, denizalt&#305; boru hatlar&#305;n&#305;, kablolar&#305;, k&#305;y&#305; lojistik tesislerini ve dijital sistemleri de kapsamal&#305;d&#305;r. Fiziksel g&#252;venlik, sualt&#305; g&#246;zetleme, insans&#305;z sistemlere kar&#351;&#305; savunma, siber g&#252;venlik, elektronik harp dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve acil m&#252;dahale kapasitesi birlikte geli&#351;tirilmelidir. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin enerji ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;ndaki stratejik konumu, bu alanda da b&#246;lgesel i&#351; birli&#287;ine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmesini gerekli k&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#252;t&#252;n bu stratejinin temelinde aktif tarafs&#305;zl&#305;k ve gerilimi d&#252;&#351;&#252;rme hedefi bulunmal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Rusya ve Ukrayna ile do&#287;rudan ileti&#351;im kurabilme kapasitesi, korunmas&#305; gereken &#246;nemli bir diplomatik avantajd&#305;r. Karadeniz&#8217;e k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; olmayan g&#252;&#231;lerin asker&#238; m&#252;dahalesine alan a&#231;abilecek giri&#351;imler, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin jeopolitik manevra alan&#305;n&#305; daraltabilir ve &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n geni&#351;lemesi riskini art&#305;rabilir. Bu nedenle &#246;ncelik, yeni asker&#238; yap&#305;lanmalar olu&#351;turmak de&#287;il, deniz ticaretine ve sivil altyap&#305;ya y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; durdurulmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamak, sava&#351;&#305;n di&#287;er k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerin egemenlik alanlar&#305;na yay&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;nlemek ve Karadeniz&#8217;de g&#252;venli seyr&#252;sefer ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; yeniden tesis etmek olmal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;, Montr&#246; rejimini ve k&#305;y&#305;da&#351;l&#305;k ilkesini koruyan, asker&#238; t&#305;rmanmay&#305; de&#287;il diplomatik uzla&#351;may&#305; ve deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini esas alan bir stratejiye dayanmal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Deniz G&#252;venli&#287;inin Diplomatik ve Ekonomik Boyutu</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Karadeniz&#8217;de deniz g&#252;venli&#287;inin sa&#287;lanmas&#305; yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; tedbirlerle m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;ildir. Deniz ticareti, uluslararas&#305; hukuk, diplomasi, sigorta, finansman, liman i&#351;letmecili&#287;i ve k&#252;resel tedarik zincirlerinin birlikte i&#351;ledi&#287;i karma&#351;&#305;k bir sistemdir. Bu nedenle T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde geli&#351;tirilecek g&#252;venlik yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;, asker&#238; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra diplomatik ve ekonomik ara&#231;lar&#305; da kapsamal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rk bayrakl&#305; veya T&#252;rk ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; ticaret gemilerine y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda olaylar&#305;n teknik olarak ara&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n sorumlular&#305;n&#305;n kan&#305;ta dayal&#305; bi&#231;imde belirlenmesi ve gerekli diplomatik giri&#351;imlerin yap&#305;lmas&#305;, deniz g&#252;venli&#287;inin hukuki boyutunu g&#252;&#231;lendirecektir. Bunun yan&#305;nda sava&#351; riski sigortalar&#305;, denizcilik finansman&#305;, m&#252;rettebat g&#252;venli&#287;i, liman bekleme s&#252;releri ve seferlerin ekonomik s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;i konusunda armat&#246;rler, sigorta kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve kamu kurumlar&#305; aras&#305;nda s&#252;rekli koordinasyon sa&#287;lanmal&#305;d&#305;r. &#214;zellikle sava&#351; riski primlerinin a&#351;&#305;r&#305; y&#252;kseldi&#287;i veya belirli limanlara seferlerin ekonomik olarak s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez h&#226;le geldi&#287;i d&#246;nemlerde, deniz ticaretinin tamamen durmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;nleyecek risk payla&#351;&#305;m&#305; ve finansal destek mekanizmalar&#305; de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. Bu kapsamda k&#305;y&#305;da&#351;lar&#305;n Deniz Ticaret Odalar&#305; ve Ula&#351;t&#305;rma Bakanl&#305;klar&#305; aras&#305;nda bilgi ak&#305;&#351;&#305; ve i&#351; birli&#287;i olanaklar&#305; geli&#351;tirilmedir. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Karadeniz&#8217;deki deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; bir sorun de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda ulusal ekonomik g&#252;venli&#287;in ve uluslararas&#305; ticaretin s&#252;reklili&#287;inin ayr&#305;lmaz bir unsuru olarak ele almas&#305; gerekmektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye, NATO &#252;yesi olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men Rusya ve Ukrayna ile ili&#351;kilerini s&#252;rd&#252;rebilen, Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi&#8217;ni uygulayan ve Karadeniz&#8217;de b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik i&#351; birli&#287;i giri&#351;imlerine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k edebilen bir devlettir. Bu &#246;zellik, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye sava&#351;an taraflar aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan asker&#238; dengeyi de&#287;i&#351;tirmeden sivil deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n korunmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik giri&#351;imler geli&#351;tirme imk&#226;n&#305; vermektedir. Karadeniz Tah&#305;l Giri&#351;imi ve Karadeniz May&#305;n Kar&#351;&#305; Tedbirleri G&#246;rev Grubu, bu tecr&#252;be birikiminin somut &#246;rnekleridir. Her ne kadar T&#252;rkiye Ukrayna G&#246;n&#252;ll&#252;leri Koalisyonuna kat&#305;lmakla ve Ukrayna&#8217;ya S&#304;HA Satmakla b&#252;y&#252;k bir hata yapm&#305;&#351; olsa da yeni d&#246;nemde T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin diplomatik &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;, sava&#351;an devletlerden herhangi birinin deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;na asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;lamas&#305;na yard&#305;m etmek veya Karadeniz&#8217;i k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; olmayan g&#252;&#231;lerin rekabetine daha fazla a&#231;mak &#351;eklinde de&#287;erlendirilmemelidir. Esas ama&#231;, uluslararas&#305; hukuka uygun sivil deniz trafi&#287;inin g&#252;venli&#287;ini art&#305;rmak, b&#246;lgesel istikrar&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmek ve Karadeniz&#8217;in k&#252;resel ticaret a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan g&#252;venilir bir ula&#351;t&#305;rma alan&#305; olarak kalmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamakt&#305;r. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Montr&#246; rejimini koruma kararl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla da uyumludur. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n stratejik de&#287;eri yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; gemilerinin ge&#231;i&#351;ini d&#252;zenlemesinden de&#287;il, Karadeniz&#8217;deki asker&#238; dengenin ve b&#246;lgesel istikrar&#305;n korunmas&#305;na katk&#305; sa&#287;lamas&#305;ndan kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sonu&#231;: Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n Korudu&#287;u Bo&#287;azlardan G&#252;venli Bir Karadeniz&#8217;e</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; ile g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; aras&#305;nda 83 y&#305;l ge&#231;mesine ra&#287;men Karadeniz&#8217;deki deniz ticaret sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n temel stratejik mant&#305;&#287;&#305; de&#287;i&#351;memi&#351;tir. Silahlar ve teknolojiler de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;, ancak rakibin ekonomik ve asker&#238; dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; hedef alarak zay&#305;flatma amac&#305; ayn&#305; kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Her iki sava&#351; da T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye ayn&#305; tarihsel dersi vermi&#351;tir: Sava&#351;&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda kalmak, sava&#351;&#305;n denizdeki sonu&#231;lar&#305;ndan korunmak anlam&#305;na gelmemektedir. D&#252;n tarafs&#305;z T&#252;rk gemilerinin bat&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; ve denizcilerin hayatlar&#305;n&#305; kaybetmesiyle ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tehditler, bug&#252;n insans&#305;z sistemler, f&#252;zeler ve s&#252;r&#252;klenen may&#305;nlarla T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin deniz yetki alanlar&#305;na ve k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;na kadar ula&#351;maktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin egemenli&#287;inin ve Karadeniz&#8217;deki asker&#238; dengenin vazge&#231;ilmez g&#252;vencesidir. Ancak Bo&#287;azlardan sava&#351; gemilerinin ge&#231;i&#351;ini denetlemek, Karadeniz&#8217;de ticaret gemilerinin, limanlar&#305;n ve denizcilerin g&#252;venli&#287;ini kendili&#287;inden sa&#287;lamamaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin stratejik sorumlulu&#287;u, Montr&#246;&#8217;n&#252;n sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; hukuki ve jeopolitik kazan&#305;mlar&#305; denizde fiil&#238; g&#252;venlikle tamamlamakt&#305;r. Bu sorumluluk, yaln&#305;zca donanma g&#252;c&#252;nden de&#287;il, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafi konumundan, Bo&#287;azlar &#252;zerindeki egemenli&#287;inden ve Karadeniz&#8217;in istikrar&#305;ndaki hayati &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;ndan kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gelinen a&#351;amada Karadeniz&#8217;de deniz ticaret g&#252;venli&#287;i, T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ekonomik ve diplomatik bir mesele olman&#305;n &#246;tesinde do&#287;rudan ulusal g&#252;venlik ve egemenlik sorununa d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nceli&#287;i, Rusya ve Ukrayna aras&#305;nda sivil gemilere, limanlara ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma altyap&#305;s&#305;na y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; durdurulmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layacak diplomatik bir giri&#351;im olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Bu &#231;aba, deniz g&#246;zetleme, erken ihbar, may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri, arama kurtarma ve gerekti&#287;inde uluslararas&#305; hukuka uygun koruyucu &#246;nlemlerle desteklenmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Karadeniz&#8217;de kurulacak g&#252;venlik d&#252;zeni, d&#305;&#351; g&#252;&#231;lerin asker&#238; &#246;nceliklerine veya yeni blokla&#351;malara de&#287;il, k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletlerin asli sorumlulu&#287;una ve b&#246;lgesel i&#351; birli&#287;ine dayanmal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;, Karadeniz&#8217;in daha fazla asker&#238;le&#351;tirilmesine de&#287;il, sava&#351;&#305;n yay&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nlenmesine, denizcilerin can g&#252;venli&#287;ine ve deniz ticaretinin korunmas&#305;na hizmet etmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonu&#231; olarak T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;n&#252;ndeki stratejik g&#246;rev Montr&#246;&#8217;y&#252; tavizsiz korumak, sava&#351;&#305;n deniz ticaretine y&#246;nelik etkilerini s&#305;n&#305;rlamak ve Karadeniz&#8217;de g&#252;venli seyr&#252;seferin yeniden tesisine &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k etmektir. T&#252;rkiye, yaln&#305;zca Bo&#287;azlar&#305;n bek&#231;isi ve asker&#238; dengenin koruyucusu olarak kalmamal&#305;, Karadeniz&#8217;in b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;nde bar&#305;&#351;&#305;n, deniz ticaretinin ve insan hayat&#305;n&#305;n korunmas&#305;nda belirleyici bir b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231; olmal&#305;d&#305;r. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; Bo&#287;azlar&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i ile Karadeniz&#8217;in g&#252;venli&#287;i birbirinden ayr&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lemez.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Çekirdek Donanmadan, MİLGEM Donanmasına]]></title><description><![CDATA[M&#304;LGEM'in G&#246;r&#252;nmeyen Temelleri: APGE'den YAZGEM'e, GENESIS'ten ARMERKOM'a Uzanan Mill&#238; Yaz&#305;l&#305;m Devrimi]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/cekirdek-donanmadan-milgem-donanmasna-7be</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/cekirdek-donanmadan-milgem-donanmasna-7be</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 09:24:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21btsc%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fae78e42b-4690-41e5-882f-ae9a42fad1ab_680x453.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21btsc%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fae78e42b-4690-41e5-882f-ae9a42fad1ab_680x453.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rk milleti donanmas&#305;n&#305; &#231;ok sever. Daha da ileri giderek s&#246;ylemek gerekirse devlet adam&#305; ve siyaset&#231;ilerden bile daha &#231;ok sever. Bunu tarihte iki olguyla ispat etmi&#351;tir. &#304;lki 1909 y&#305;l&#305;nda tamamen halk&#305;n deste&#287;i ile kurulan, ikincisi 1965 y&#305;l&#305;nda yine tamamen halk&#305;n deste&#287;i ile kurulan Donanma Cemiyetleri/Vak&#305;flar&#305; ile ispat edilmi&#351;tir. &#304;lkini 1919&#8217;da Damat Ferid, &#304;kincisini 1987&#8217;de Evren/&#214;zal kapad&#305;. Milletin sevgisinin ikinci olgusu kamuya a&#231;&#305;k donanma ge&#231;itlerinde ve liman ziyaretlerinde halk&#305;n sava&#351; gemilerine g&#246;sterdi&#287;i ilginin inan&#305;lmaz boyutlarda olmas&#305;d&#305;r. Yak&#305;n zamanda ilki merhum Oramiral G&#252;ven Erkaya&#8217;n&#305;n Kuvvet Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;neminde 1997 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#304;stanbul Bo&#287;az&#305;nda ba&#351;lat&#305;lan Donanma ge&#231;itlerine halk&#305;n ilgisinin zaman i&#231;ine &#231;ok artm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305; dikkat &#231;ekicidir. Son olarak Cumhuriyetin 100.y&#305;l&#305;nda Bo&#287;azda 100 gemi ile yap&#305;lan donanma ge&#231;idine milyonlarca &#304;stanbullu tan&#305;kl&#305;k etmi&#351;tir. &#304;stanbul halk&#305; donanmas&#305;na milyonlarla sahip &#231;&#305;karak adeta </span><strong><span>Vahdettin K&#246;&#351;k&#252;ne</span></strong><span> do&#287;ru yap&#305;lan protokol selamlamas&#305;na, farkl&#305; cevap vermi&#351;tir. Benzer &#351;ekilde </span><strong><span>TCG Anadolu</span></strong><span> amfibi h&#252;cum gemisi Sarayburnu- &#304;stanbul&#8217;da halk&#305;n ziyaretine a&#231;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda gemiyi milyonlar ziyaret etmi&#351; ve iktidar bu durumu se&#231;im propagandas&#305;na &#231;evirmi&#351;tir. Halbuki ayn&#305; gemi pek &#231;ok y&#246;n&#252; ile harekata haz&#305;r halde oldu&#287;u halde 6 &#350;ubat 2023 B&#252;y&#252;k Anadolu Depreminde kullan&#305;lmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Onun yerine &#304;spanyol Donanmas&#305;nda karde&#351; gemisi </span><strong><span>Juan Carlos</span></strong><span> gelmi&#351;tir. Bu olgular g&#246;stermektedir ki milletimiz denize ve denizde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; olmaya de&#287;er vermektedir. Gerek iktidar gerekse muhalefet partileri bu ger&#231;e&#287;i g&#246;rmelidir. Mevcut iktidar&#305;n bu ger&#231;e&#287;i g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; ve oy art&#305;m&#305;na y&#246;nelik kulland&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;ok belirgindir. Muhalefet de dilerim ayn&#305; rotaya girer. Di&#287;er yandan Deniz Savunma Sanayimiz de 1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llardan bu yana donanman&#305;n g&#252;&#231;lenmesine ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; katk&#305; sa&#287;lamaya devam etmektedir. M&#252;hendisi, y&#246;neticisi ve i&#351;&#231;isi ile bu alanda k&#305;tasal &#231;apta b&#252;y&#252;k bir ivme yakalanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu yaz&#305; dizinde sivil ve askeri tersane tezgahlar&#305;n&#305;n yeni sava&#351; gemisi in&#351;aatlar&#305;yla dolu oldu&#287;u, ba&#351;ta HAVELSAN, ASELSAN ve ROKETSAN olmak &#252;zere b&#252;y&#252;k vak&#305;f savunma sanayi firmalar&#305;n&#305;n yeni deniz silah/sens&#246;r sistemlerini kullan&#305;ma soktu&#287;u bir konjonkt&#252;rde tarihte bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m dalgas&#305;n&#305;n ne zaman ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, tohumlar&#305;n&#305;n nas&#305;l ekildi&#287;ini, yolda ya&#351;anan f&#305;rt&#305;nalar&#305;n neler oldu&#287;unu ve 1920&#8217;lerin &#231;ekirdek donanmas&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z&#252;n M&#304;LGEM donanmas&#305;na nas&#305;l d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; anlataca&#287;&#305;m. Ba&#351;tan son s&#246;yleyece&#287;imi aktaray&#305;m. Bu b&#252;y&#252;k de&#287;i&#351;im dalgas&#305; Atat&#252;rk liderli&#287;inde, 102 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n bahriyeli mensuplar&#305; ile ba&#351;ar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;ok badireler atlat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;, &#231;ok ac&#305;lar &#231;ekilmi&#351; ve bug&#252;nlere gelinmi&#351;tir. Tohumlar&#305; atanlar ile meyveleri toplayanlar farkl&#305; olsalar da Donanman&#305;n ruhu her zaman Atat&#252;rk ile kalmaya devam edecektir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ba&#351;layal&#305;m.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Osmanl&#305; ve Donanma Cemiyeti</span></strong><span>. II.Abd&#252;lhamit d&#246;neminin (1876-1909) y&#305;k&#305;m ve s&#246;k&#252;m donanmas&#305;ndan sonra Osmanl&#305;n&#305;n yeni bir donanmaya ihtiyac&#305; vard&#305;. II. Abd&#252;lhamit&#8217;in 33 y&#305;ll&#305;k iktidar&#305;nda Donanma, Hali&#231;&#8217;te at&#305;l bir &#351;ekilde tutulmu&#351;, 1897 Osmanl&#305;-Yunan sava&#351;&#305;nda varl&#305;k g&#246;stermek bir tarafa, Hali&#231;&#8217;ten &#199;anakkale Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;na dahi zaman&#305;nda intikal edememi&#351;ti. 27 Nisan 1909 tarihinde iktidara gelen </span><strong><span>35.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Sultan, V. Mehmet Re&#351;ad</span></strong><span> donanmay&#305; g&#246;rmek ve halkla bulu&#351;turmak istedi. 4 Temmuz 1909 &#246;&#287;le saatlerinde donanma Hali&#231; &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;nda Sarayburnu a&#231;&#305;klar&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. </span><strong><span>Deniz Tarih&#231;isi Amiral Fahri &#199;oker</span></strong><span> o g&#252;n ya&#351;ananlar&#305; &#351;&#246;yle anlat&#305;yor: </span><em><strong><span>&#8216;Sultan Re&#351;at&#8217;&#305;n emri ile donanma ilk defa 4 Temmuz 1909 g&#252;n&#252; halk&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;, Sarayburnu &#246;n&#252;nde b&#252;y&#252;k bir ge&#231;it t&#246;reni yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Halk y&#305;llard&#305;r &#246;zlemini &#231;ekti&#287;i donanmas&#305;na kavu&#351;tu&#287;undan dolay&#305; sevin&#231; i&#231;indeydi. Ancak k&#305;zg&#305;n bir yaz g&#252;ne&#351;ine ra&#287;men ge&#231;idi sonuna kadar izleyen halk bir s&#252;r&#252; eski gemiyi g&#246;rd&#252;kten sonra bu mu bizim donanmam&#305;z diye elem duyarak g&#246;zya&#351;lar&#305; i&#231;inde t&#246;ren yerinden ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;. O g&#252;nlerde b&#252;t&#252;n &#304;stanbullular&#305;n kayg&#305;s&#305; sadece buydu.&#8217;&#8217; </span></strong></em><span>&#304;&#351;te donanman&#305;n &#252;z&#252;nt&#252; verici zay&#305;f durumu ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;, bu da baz&#305; g&#246;n&#252;ll&#252; vatanseverleri Donanman&#305;n ihyas&#305; i&#231;in </span><strong><span>&#8220;her vatanda&#351;tan bir kuru&#351;&#8221;</span></strong><span> kampanyas&#305; ba&#351;latmalar&#305;na sebep olmu&#351;tu. </span><strong><span>Tanin Gazetesinin</span></strong><span> &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, kampanya k&#305;sa s&#252;rede ba&#351;ar&#305;ya ula&#351;&#305;nca 19 Temmuz 1909 tarihinde &#8220;</span><strong><span>Donanma-i Osman-i Muavenet-i Milliye Cemiyeti&#8221;</span></strong><span> do&#287;mu&#351;tur. Cemiyet k&#305;sa s&#252;rede o kadar &#231;ok para toplayabilmi&#351;ti ki, </span><strong><span>Turgutreis </span></strong><span>ve</span><strong><span> Barbaros</span></strong><span> muharebe kruvaz&#246;rleri ile d&#246;rt adet muhrip ve y&#252;k gemisi bu paralar ile al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Do&#287;al olarak denizci Anglosakson imparatorluk bu cemiyete tahamm&#252;l edemezdi ve Mondros sonras&#305; 1919 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#304;ngiliz &#304;&#351;gal G&#252;&#231;leri Komutan&#305;n&#305;n emri ile Sadrazam Damat Ferid cemiyeti kapatt&#305;rd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;taki Yokluk</span></strong><span>. Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n direktifleri ile 1 Mart 1921&#8217;de kurulan ve Kuvay&#305; Milliyenin Karadeniz&#8217;deki sava&#351; lojisti&#287;ini temin etmekle sorumlu </span><strong><span>Umur-u Bahriye Dairesi</span></strong><span>, Cumhuriyetle birlikte kurulacak donanman&#305;n geli&#351;tirilme sorumlulu&#287;unu &#252;stlendi. &#304;lk Umur-u Bahriye Reis&#8217;i </span><strong><span>Albay Abd&#252;rrahim Fevzi,</span></strong><span> donanmaya yay&#305;nlad&#305;&#287;&#305; ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; prensip mesaj&#305;nda &#351;unlar&#305; s&#246;ylemi&#351;ti: </span><em><span>&#8220;</span><strong><span>Hi&#231;bir milletin Deniz Kuvvetleri bizim bug&#252;n i&#231;inde bulundu&#287;umuz zorluklarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;mam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Deniz Kuvvetlerimizin materyali bug&#252;n Abd&#252;lhamit istibdad&#305;n&#305;n b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; mirastan daha s&#246;n&#252;k ve daha azd&#305;r. Buna ra&#287;men personelin subay k&#305;sm&#305; en yeni bir donanmay&#305; en &#252;st&#252;n bilgilerle sevki idare edecek kifayet ve kabiliyettedir. Halen Deniz Kuvvetlerimizin kadrosunu te&#351;kil eden subaylar Deniz Kuvvetlerini ve Donanmay&#305; &#246;l&#252;ms&#252;zl&#252;k s&#305;rr&#305;na eri&#351;tirmekle m&#252;kelleftirler.&#8221; </span></strong></em><span>2 y&#305;l aradan sonra</span><em><strong><span> </span></strong></em><span>1923&#8217;te cumhuriyet ilan edildi&#287;inde durum ayn&#305;yd&#305;</span><em><strong><span>. </span></strong></em><span>Yeni cumhuriyetin</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>eski rejimden donanman&#305;n gerek malzeme gerekse harbe haz&#305;rl&#305;k etkinli&#287;i olarak devrald&#305;&#287;&#305; bir &#351;ey yoktu. Gayrimenkuller ve mevcut bahriyeli personel d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda pervanesi d&#246;nen bir gemi dahi yoktu. Yavuz yaral&#305;yd&#305; ve y&#305;llard&#305;r &#304;zmit&#8217;te harap halde bekliyordu. Yeni kurulan h&#252;k&#252;metin donanma modernizasyonuna ay&#305;racak b&#252;t&#231;esi de yoktu. Harbe haz&#305;r duruma en yak&#305;n gemi </span><strong><span>Hamidiye Kruvaz&#246;r&#252;</span></strong><span>&#8217;n&#252;n seyre haz&#305;r olabilmesi i&#231;in en az 5 aya ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;. Donanma personelinin ferdi e&#287;itimi ve gemilerin harek&#226;ta haz&#305;rl&#305;k e&#287;itimleri y&#305;llard&#305;r yap&#305;lm&#305;yordu. Deniz Okullar&#305;nda y&#305;llard&#305;r deniz takti&#287;i dersi dahi okutulmuyordu. Donanman&#305;n bir doktrini de yoktu. Donanmada Amiral r&#252;tbesinde subay olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi, subay mevcudu &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;. Yunan ordular&#305; i&#351;gal sonras&#305; Bat&#305; Anadolu&#8217;da ta&#351; &#252;st&#252;nde ta&#351; b&#305;rakmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. De&#287;il yeni gemi almak askere postal al&#305;nam&#305;yordu. 1924 y&#305;l&#305; b&#252;t&#231;esinde bahriyeye 6,5 milyon lira ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305; ancak onar&#305;mlar i&#231;in ayr&#305;lan miktar sadece 850 bin lirayd&#305;. B&#252;t&#231;e g&#246;r&#252;&#351;meleri s&#305;ras&#305;nda s&#246;z alan denizcilik k&#246;kenli Ordu vekil </span><strong><span>Recai Bey</span></strong><span> &#351;&#246;yle demi&#351;ti: &#8216;</span><em><strong><span>&#8217;Ticaret gemilerimiz donanma g&#246;lgesinde hareket etmedik&#231;e emniyette olamazlar. Maalesef, tarihi askeri co&#287;rafi ve iktisadi b&#252;t&#252;n kuvvetlerin cebri ile T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizci h&#252;k&#252;mete sahip olmas&#305; gerekirken, hi&#231;bir zaman gerekli olan mevki ve yetki verilmemi&#351;tir.&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong></em><span> Ayn&#305; g&#246;r&#252;&#351;melerde Kastamonu Vekili Ali R&#305;za Bey de donanman&#305;n zay&#305;fl&#305;&#287;&#305;na ve Balkan Sava&#351;&#305;nda donanmas&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n sebep oldu&#287;u kay&#305;plara vurgu yaparak benzer bir durum tespiti yapar.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Millet ve Ordunun G&#252;c&#252;</span></strong><span>. Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk, cumhuriyetin en kapsaml&#305; ve en b&#252;y&#252;k ilk harp oyununu cumhuriyetin ilan&#305;ndan 3 ay sonra &#304;zmir&#8217;de icra ettirdi. 22 &#350;ubat 1924 tarihinde harp oyununun kapan&#305;&#351; konu&#351;mas&#305;nda &#351;unlar&#305; s&#246;ylemi&#351;ti. </span><strong><span>&#8216;</span></strong><em><strong><span>&#8217;Arkada&#351;lar T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti yaln&#305;z iki &#351;eye g&#252;venir. Bir millet karar&#305;, di&#287;eri en zor ve en m&#252;&#351;k&#252;l &#351;artlar alt&#305;nda d&#252;nyan&#305;n takdirine kazanan ordumuzun kahramanl&#305;&#287;&#305;. T&#252;rkiye bu iki &#351;eye g&#252;venir&#8230; Arkada&#351;lar T&#252;rkiye en zay&#305;f san&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; bir zamanda en kuvvetli oldu&#287;unu ispat etmi&#351;tir. Ordusu sayesinde. Ordumuz vatan i&#231;inde zafer kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu hadise T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; hayatiyetine, y&#252;ce azmine ve &#246;l&#252;ms&#252;z varl&#305;&#287;&#305;na en belirgin olan de&#287;ildir. &#8220;D&#252;&#351;man&#305;n vatan i&#231;ine girmi&#351; olmas&#305; ona bir&#231;ok avantaj sa&#287;lar. B&#252;t&#252;n bunlar&#305; g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne alarak d&#252;&#351;man&#305; vatan i&#231;inde yenmek ve yok etmek ba&#351;l&#305; ba&#351;&#305;na bir mevcudiyet ve b&#252;y&#252;k bir kuvvetin eseridir. Arkada&#351;lar en b&#252;y&#252;k tehlikeler kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda u&#231;urumun kenar&#305;na gelmi&#351;ken bu kadar b&#252;y&#252;k hayatiyet ve kabiliyet ile azim ve ruh g&#246;steren milletimizin masum ve mesut ya&#351;amaya hakk&#305; vard&#305;r. Bunu b&#252;t&#252;n mevcudiyetimizle temine &#231;al&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;z. Bizi bu maksada ula&#351;maktan meneden kaynaklar vard&#305;r. Arkada&#351;lar bunlarla m&#252;cadelemizde bulunuyoruz. Fakat her &#351;eye ra&#287;men memleket ve milleti mutlu etmekten ibaret olan maksad&#305;m&#305;z has&#305;l olacakt&#305;r. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; bu maksat hakk&#305;n da maksad&#305;d&#305;r.&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#214;nce &#199;ekirdek Donanma </span></strong><span>Bu konu&#351;madan 7 ay sonra </span><strong><span>Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk</span></strong><span> 13-20 Eyl&#252;l 1924 tarihleri aras&#305;nda Hamidiye Kruvaz&#246;r&#252; ile Karadeniz gezisi yapar. Gemide subaylara yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki konu&#351;ma onun Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n kurulu&#351;una y&#246;nelik ana fikrini yans&#305;t&#305;yor: </span><em><strong><span>&#8220;D&#305;&#351; pazarlardan sat&#305;n al&#305;nan gemilerle donanma yap&#305;lamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; siz de biliyorsunuz. Donanma sadece k&#305;y&#305;y&#305; koruyacak bir kuvvet de&#287;il, bundan daha &#246;nemli olarak deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;layacak bir kuvvettir. Anadolu&#8217;da ya&#351;ad&#305;k&#231;a bu bak&#305;mdan ihtiyac&#305;m&#305;z daha b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. Evvela &#231;ekirdek bir donanma tedarik etmekle yetinip, deniz sanayi ve ticaretimizi geli&#351;tirmeliyiz. Bundan sonra memleket sanayinden f&#305;&#351;k&#305;racak donanmay&#305; yapmak da kolay olacakt&#305;r. &#304;lk be&#351; senede kendimizi toplay&#305;p devrimleri yapar, ikinci be&#351; senede d&#252;nyaya kendimizi tan&#305;t&#305;r&#305;z. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; be&#351; senede &#304;ngiliz kral&#305;na yurdumuzu ziyaret ettiririz.&#8221; </span></strong></em><span>Gemiden ayr&#305;lmadan k&#305;sa s&#252;re &#246;nce de gemi &#351;eref defterine &#351;unlar&#305; yazar: </span><em><strong><span>&#8220;Hudutlar&#305;n&#305;n m&#252;him ve b&#252;y&#252;k aksam&#305; deniz olan T&#252;rk Devleti&#8217;nin Donanmas&#305; da m&#252;him ve b&#252;y&#252;k olmak gerektir. O zaman T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti daha m&#252;sterih ve emin olacakt&#305;r. M&#252;kemmel ve kaadir bir T&#252;rk Donanmas&#305;na malik olmak gayedir. Bunun ilk azimet noktas&#305;, sava&#351; gemisi tedarikinden evvel onlar&#305; muvaffak&#305;yetle sevk ve idareye muktedir kumandanlara, zabitlere, m&#252;tehass&#305;slara malikiyettir&#8221;. </span></strong></em><span>Karadeniz Gezisinde </span><strong><span>Mustafa Kemal</span></strong><span> heyetinde bulunan &#304;stanbul milletvekili </span><strong><span>Hamdullah Suphi Tanr&#305;&#246;ver,</span></strong><span> Hamidiye&#8217;nin &#351;eref defterine &#351;unu yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;: &#8216;</span><em><strong><span>&#8217;Denize arz&#305;n hayat unsuru, mavi kan&#305;, denizcili&#287;i milletlerinin en b&#252;y&#252;k okulu, sahilleri en feyizli medeniyetlerin be&#351;i&#287;i kabul eden bir adam&#305;n kalbiyle bahriye subaylar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n aras&#305;nda &#231;ok hat&#305;ra veren saatler ge&#231;irdim&#8230; En payidar T&#252;rk devletinin ancak denizlere vard&#305;ktan sonra geli&#351;ti&#287;ini bilenler T&#252;rk gelece&#287;inin denizle ve denizcilikle b&#252;y&#252;k ilgisini takdir edebilirler.&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong></em><span> Devlet bu beyanlardan anla&#351;&#305;laca&#287;&#305; &#252;zer donanman&#305;n bir yar&#305;mada devleti durumunda olan T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti i&#231;in ne derece &#246;nemli &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unun fark&#305;ndayd&#305;. Sorun bu gereksinimin nas&#305;l kar&#351;&#305;lanaca&#287;&#305; idi. </span><strong><span>Mustafa Kemal</span></strong><span> ger&#231;ek&#231;i bir lider ve devlet adam&#305;yd&#305;. Hayal d&#252;nyas&#305;na de&#287;il akl&#305;n d&#252;nyas&#305;na aitti. Gen&#231; cumhuriyete k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; ekonomisi ile d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan sat&#305;n al&#305;nacak gemilerle donanma kurman&#305;n zorlu&#287;unun bilincinde idi. O nedenle kendi olanaklar&#305;n&#305; zorlayarak bir donanma yaratmal&#305;yd&#305;. &#214;nce </span><strong><span>Bahriye Vekaletini</span></strong><span> kurdu. Bu sayede G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te bir tersane kurularak Yavuz muharebe gemisi havuzland&#305;. &#304;talya ve Hollanda&#8217;dan muhrip ve denizalt&#305;lar sat&#305;n al&#305;nd&#305;. S&#246;z konusu hamleler d&#246;nemin karac&#305; nomenklaturas&#305;n&#305; rahats&#305;z etti&#287;i i&#231;in </span><strong><span>Bahriye Vekaleti, Yavuz- Havuz </span></strong><span>davas&#305; sonucunda kapat&#305;ld&#305;. Ancak donanma her &#351;eye ra&#287;men g&#246;revine devam etti. 1936&#8217;da Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesinin T&#252;rkiye lehinde imzalanmas&#305;n&#305;n temel nedeni Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305;n&#305; savunabilecek bir donanmaya sahip oldu&#287;unu ispat etmesiydi. Di&#287;er yandan &#231;ekirdek donanma kurulmas&#305;na ra&#287;men tersanelerimizde hen&#252;z b&#252;y&#252;k gemi in&#351;as&#305; s&#246;z konusu de&#287;ildi. En b&#252;y&#252;k yard&#305;mc&#305; sava&#351; gemisi </span><strong><span>T&#252;rk Gemi &#304;n&#351;as&#305;n&#305;n babas&#305; merhum Ata Nutku</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan &#231;ok k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; olanaklar ile G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesinde 6 y&#305;lda in&#351;a edilen 1000 tonluk </span><strong><span>G&#246;lc&#252;k akaryak&#305;t tankeri </span></strong><span>idi. Bu gemi Cumhuriyetin ilk milli gemisidir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#199;ekirdek Donanma &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;nda Duraks&#305;yor. </span></strong><span>Atam&#305;z&#305;n 1938&#8217;de vefat&#305;ndan sonra Kemalizm&#8217;den h&#305;zla uzakla&#351;ma d&#246;nemi ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; kap&#305;m&#305;za dayanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Montr&#246; S&#246;zle&#351;mesi ve &#304;n&#246;n&#252; siyaseti ama en &#246;nemlisi T&#252;rklerin </span><strong><span>sava&#351;&#231;&#305; kimli&#287;inin</span></strong><span> ge&#231;mi&#351; sava&#351;larda &#246;ne &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351; olmas&#305;n&#305;n da etkisi ile T&#252;rkiye Alman i&#351;galine u&#287;ramad&#305;. M&#252;ttefiklerin 1939 &#220;&#231;l&#252; &#304;ttifak Anla&#351;mas&#305;na (T&#252;rkiye, &#304;ngiltere ve Fransa) dayanarak Ankara&#8217;y&#305; yanlar&#305;nda sava&#351;a ikna etme gayretleri de sonu&#231; vermedi. T&#252;rkiye bu sava&#351;&#305; kans&#305;z atlatt&#305;. Sava&#351; s&#305;ras&#305;nda Churchill ve &#304;n&#246;n&#252; aras&#305;nda var&#305;lan anla&#351;malar sonucu donanmaya yeni gemiler kazand&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;. Ancak bunlar son derece yetersizdi. &#304;ngiltere, b&#252;y&#252;k tonajl&#305; gemi stat&#252;s&#252;nde sava&#351; zaman&#305; 1941&#8217;de 2 may&#305;n d&#246;k&#252;c&#252;, 1942 de 2 denizalt&#305; ve 2 muhrip vermi&#351;ti. Hepsi buydu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Sava&#351; Sonras&#305; D&#246;nem ve Taze Kan</span></strong><span> Sava&#351; bittikten sonra &#304;ngiltere&#8217;den 1946&#8217;da 1 denizalt&#305; ve 2 muhrip daha gelmi&#351;ti. Ancak as&#305;l b&#252;y&#252;k destek ABD&#8217;den gelecekti. 12 Temmuz 47&#8217;de yani, </span><strong><span>Truman Doktrini</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Marshall Plan</span></strong><span>&#305; deklarasyonlar&#305;ndan sonra ABD ile askeri i&#351; birli&#287;i anla&#351;mas&#305; imzaland&#305;. Bu anla&#351;ma ve kendimizi d&#246;nemin hegemonyas&#305;na Kore Sava&#351;&#305;nda ispat ettikten sonra 1952 de </span><strong><span>NATO&#8217;</span></strong><span>ya girdik. ABD bu s&#252;re&#231; ba&#351;lad&#305;ktan sonra T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi Rockefeller&#8217;&#305;n deyimi ile </span><strong><span>oltadaki bal&#305;k</span></strong><span> olarak g&#246;rd&#252;. T&#252;rk donanmas&#305;n&#305;n kendi gemisini in&#351;a etme yetene&#287;ini art&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; asla arzulamad&#305;. Ancak Karadeniz&#8217;e Montr&#246; S&#246;zle&#351;mesi nedeni ile giremedi&#287;i i&#231;in T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye modern denizalt&#305;lar hibe etti. Bu &#231;er&#231;evede su &#252;st&#252; harbine ve donanman&#305;n g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r g&#252;c&#252;ne y&#246;nelik </span><strong><span>kruvaz&#246;r</span></strong><span> gibi b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemilerini hi&#231;bir zaman hibe etmedi. &#214;rne&#287;in T&#252;rkiye, ABD&#8217;den 1948 y&#305;l&#305;nda 4 denizalt&#305;, 1950&#8217;de ise 2 denizalt&#305;y&#305; hibe yolu ile al&#305;rken 1949 y&#305;l&#305;nda 4 muhrip alabildi. 1952 y&#305;l&#305;nda NATO&#8217;ya giren T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye ABD&#8217;den su&#252;st&#252; sava&#351; gemisi hibesi ancak </span><strong><span>15 y&#305;l sonra</span></strong><span> 1967&#8217;de </span><strong><span>2 muhrip</span></strong><span> ile ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. ABD, ayn&#305; zaman diliminde </span><strong><span>9 denizalt&#305;</span></strong><span> hibe etmi&#351;ti. K&#305;sacas&#305; ABD, T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetlerini kendi ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na g&#246;re &#351;ekillendiriyordu. Donanman&#305;n su&#252;st&#252; filosu o kadar eskimi&#351;ti ki, 1959 y&#305;l&#305;nda, bitmek bilmeyen T&#252;rk isteklerine </span><strong><span>hay&#305;r </span></strong><span>diyen ABD yerine, Ankara &#304;ngiltere&#8217;den d&#252;&#351;&#252;k faizli kredi bulunarak 4 adet muhrip sat&#305;n alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. ABD&#8217;nin T&#252;rk donanmas&#305;n&#305;n su&#252;st&#252; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n zay&#305;f kalmas&#305;n&#305; istemesinin temel nedeni Do&#287;u Akdeniz ve Ege&#8217;de T&#252;rk donanmas&#305;na ihtiya&#231; duymuyor olmas&#305;yd&#305;. Amerikan donanmas&#305; 1950 y&#305;l&#305;nda Akdeniz&#8217;de kurulan Alt&#305;nc&#305; Filoya zaten bu g&#246;revi vermi&#351;ti. T&#252;rk donanmas&#305;na Akdeniz&#8217;de ihtiya&#231; yoktu. Onlara ihtiya&#231; Montr&#246; S&#246;zle&#351;mesi nedeni ile Karadeniz&#8217;deydi. Orada da T&#252;rklere yeni denizalt&#305;lar zaten verilmi&#351;ti. Di&#287;er bir neden de ABD&#8217;nin Ege&#8217;de Yunanistan&#8217;&#305; kaybetmek istememesi idi. Zira 1955 sonras&#305; T&#252;rk Yunan ili&#351;kileri dostluktan rekabet ve hatta d&#252;&#351;manl&#305;&#287;&#305; evrilmi&#351;ti. Bu durum ABD&#8217;nin de i&#351;ine geliyordu. T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305; ile Ege Ge&#231;itlerinin farkl&#305; kutuplarda anacak kendi emrindeki NATO kontrol&#252;nde olmas&#305; i&#351;ine geliyordu. Di&#287;er yandan Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n su&#252;st&#252; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; bilerek ihmal eden ABD&#8217;nin denizalt&#305; filomuzun son derece h&#305;zl&#305; geli&#351;mesine neden olan bu yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin bir bak&#305;ma b&#252;y&#252;k yarar&#305;na olmu&#351;tu. Uzun y&#305;llar T&#252;rkiye, Akdeniz&#8217;de Fransa ve &#304;talya&#8217;dan sonra en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; denizalt&#305; filosunun sahibi oldu. Ayr&#305;ca b&#252;y&#252;k bir tecr&#252;be birikimi sa&#287;lad&#305;. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n gerek kuvvet yap&#305;s&#305; ve gerekse doktrininin NATO &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;ndan milli &#231;&#305;karlara en keskin d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;, K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;ta T&#252;rklere y&#246;nelik katliamlar&#305;n ba&#351;lamas&#305; ile tetiklendi. S&#246;z konusu tetikleme ortaya &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; do&#287;rudan ve dolayl&#305; sonu&#231;lar&#305; ile 20.y&#252;zy&#305;l sonunda ad&#305; koyulan Milli Gemi Projesinin yol haritas&#305;na da b&#252;y&#252;k katk&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. 1950 y&#305;l&#305;nda D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri Bakan&#305;m&#305;z taraf&#305;ndan &#8216;</span><strong><span>&#8217;T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin K&#305;br&#305;s sorunu yoktur</span></strong><span> &#8216;&#8217; diyebilecek kadar </span><strong><span>jeopolitik k&#246;rl&#252;k</span></strong><span> i&#231;indeydik. Bu s&#246;zlerden be&#351; y&#305;l sonra </span><strong><span>1955</span></strong><span>&#8217;te adada T&#252;rklere kar&#351;&#305; </span><strong><span>EOKA</span></strong><span>&#8217;n&#305;n sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; ba&#351;lad&#305;. 20 Aral&#305;k 1963 gecesinde 128 T&#252;rk uykular&#305;nda &#246;ld&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ya&#351;anan etnik temizli&#287;e ra&#287;men adaya m&#252;dahalesine izin verilmiyordu. K&#305;br&#305;s Cumhuriyetini kuran </span><strong><span>1959 Z&#252;rih Konferans&#305; </span></strong><span>ve </span><strong><span>1960 Londra Anla&#351;mas&#305;</span></strong><span> T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye garant&#246;rl&#252;k hakk&#305; verdi&#287;i halde kuvvet yap&#305;m&#305;z&#305; bu y&#246;nde geli&#351;tirmemi&#351;tik. 17 Nisan 1964 tarihli </span><strong><span>Ulus </span></strong><span>gazetesine verdi&#287;i m&#252;lakatta </span><strong><span>Ba&#351;bakan &#304;n&#246;n&#252;</span></strong><span> &#351;&#246;yle diyordu: &#8216;</span><strong><span>&#8217;</span></strong><em><strong><span>&#304;ttifak&#305;n i&#231;inde mesuliyeti olan Amerika&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;nderli&#287;ine g&#252;veniyordum. &#350;imdi onun cezas&#305;n&#305; &#231;ekiyorum.&#8217;</span></strong></em><span>&#8217; Bu m&#252;lakattan 2 g&#252;n &#246;nce de Amerikan </span><strong><span>Time Dergisine</span></strong><span> verdi&#287;i m&#252;lakatta da &#8216;</span><em><strong><span>&#8217;yeni bir d&#252;nya kurulur T&#252;rkiye orada yerini al&#305;r</span></strong></em><span> &#8216;&#8217;diyordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Johnson Mektubu</span></strong><span>. 2 Haziran 1964 tarihinde adaya m&#252;dahale edece&#287;ini a&#231;&#305;klayan &#304;n&#246;n&#252; H&#252;k&#252;metine Amerikan &#252;ltimatomu </span><strong><span>5 Haziran 1964</span></strong><span> g&#252;n&#252; geldi. Mektupta </span><strong><span>Johnson</span></strong><span> a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a </span><em><strong><span>&#8216;&#8217;Benim verdi&#287;im silahlar&#305; kullanamazs&#305;n&#8230;.E&#287;er Sovyetler sana sald&#305;r&#305;rsa NATO yard&#305;m&#305;na gelmez...&#8217;&#8217; </span></strong></em><span>diyordu. T&#252;rkiye, ABD ile 12 Temmuz 1947&#8217;de </span><strong><span>Truman Doktrininin</span></strong><span> askeri yard&#305;m anla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; imzalam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#304;kinci maddesi &#351;&#246;yleydi: &#8216;</span><em><strong><span>&#8217;T&#252;rkiye, yap&#305;lacak yard&#305;m&#305; tahsil etmi&#351; bulundu&#287;u ama&#231; do&#287;rultusunda kullanabilecektir.</span></strong></em><span>&#8217;&#8217; Johnson mektubundan kamuoyununun haberi ancak 1966 y&#305;l&#305;nda olacakt&#305;. T&#252;rkiye istese de Haziran 1964&#8217;te Rumlar ve Yunan taraf&#305;ndan g&#252;&#231;l&#252; &#351;ekilde savunulan adaya m&#252;dahale edecek askeri kapasiteye sahip de&#287;ildi. Amfibi g&#252;c&#252; yoktu. &#199;&#305;karma gemileri yoktu. U&#231;ar Birlik harekat&#305; i&#231;in yeterli helikopteri yoktu. &#350;ileplerle yap&#305;lacak bir g&#252;&#231; intikali &#231;ok a&#287;&#305;r kay&#305;plarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;abilir ve bu yenilgi yarataca&#287;&#305; psikolojik etki ile gelecekte yap&#305;lacak yeni giri&#351;imleri cayd&#305;rabilirdi. B&#246;ylesine deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; amfibi bir g&#252;c&#252; geli&#351;tirmek ancak </span><strong><span>Johnson mektubundan</span></strong><span> sonra g&#252;ndeme al&#305;nd&#305;. </span><strong><span>Deniza&#351;&#305;r&#305; G&#252;&#231; &#304;ntikal Yetene&#287;imiz </span></strong><span>mektuptan 10 y&#305;l sonra haz&#305;r hale getirildi. Bu da milletin feraseti sayesinde ba&#351;ar&#305;ld&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Donanma Vakf&#305;n&#305;n Kurulu&#351;u ve TCG Berk ve Peyk Denemesi </span></strong><span>Tarihimizde 1909 &#8211; 1919 aras&#305;nda ya&#351;anan birinci </span><strong><span>Donanma Cemiyeti</span></strong><span> giri&#351;imi sonras&#305; ikinci giri&#351;im K&#305;br&#305;s krizi sayesinde ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;a m&#252;dahale edememenin ac&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ya&#351;ayan kamuoyunun duygular&#305;na </span><strong><span>Cumhuriyet </span></strong><span>Gazetesinin </span><strong><span>2 May&#305;s 1965 </span></strong><span>man&#351;eti cevap verdi. &#8216;</span><strong><span>&#8217;Ba&#351;kas&#305;n&#305;n Vermedi&#287;ini Millet Yapar&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong><span>. B&#246;ylece millet nezdinde donanmaya destek i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir ba&#287;&#305;&#351; kampanyas&#305; ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ba&#287;&#305;&#351;lar yeni &#231;&#305;karma gemilerinin yap&#305;labilmesi i&#231;in &#231;&#305;&#287; gibi b&#252;y&#252;yordu. Halk&#305;n bu muhte&#351;em ilgi ve deste&#287;i kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda, ba&#351;ta d&#246;nemin Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; </span><strong><span>Oramiral Necdet Uran</span></strong><span> olmak &#252;zere 178 kurucu asil &#252;ye </span><strong><span>Kas&#305;mpa&#351;a</span></strong><span>&#8217;da </span><strong><span>Divanhane</span></strong><span>&#8216;de (bug&#252;n Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; olmas&#305; gereken ancak ne oldu&#287;u hen&#252;z belli olmayan bina) </span><strong><span>11 May&#305;s 1965</span></strong><span> g&#252;n&#252; bir araya gelerek </span><em><strong><span>&#8220;T&#252;rk Donanma Cemiyetini&#8221;</span></strong></em><span>kurdular. Cemiyet </span><em><strong><span>&#8220;Millet Yapar</span></strong></em><span>&#8221; kampanyas&#305;n&#305; devrald&#305;. </span><em><strong><span>&#8220;Kendi gemini kendin yap</span></strong></em><span>&#8221; program&#305; &#231;er&#231;evesinde Cemiyet, kurulu&#351;undan sonra be&#351; y&#305;l i&#231;inde, </span><strong><span>G&#246;lc&#252;k, Ta&#351;k&#305;zak, Hali&#231;</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Camialt&#305; Tersanelerinde</span></strong><span> 10 avc&#305; bot, 12 LCU (B&#246;l&#252;k &#199;&#305;karma gemisi), 20 LCM (Mekanize &#231;&#305;karma gemisi) in&#351;as&#305;na destek sa&#287;lad&#305;. Bu vak&#305;f sayesinde 10 y&#305;l sonra </span><strong><span>20 Temmuz 1974</span></strong><span> sabah&#305; K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;a yap&#305;lacak amfibi harekat&#305;n 32 par&#231;a &#231;&#305;karma gemisi donanmaya teslim edildi. Bu &#231;&#305;karma gemilerinin ana makineleri i&#231;in Amerikan yard&#305;m&#305; ile gelen ve hurdaya &#231;&#305;kan tanklar&#305;n dizel motorlar&#305; kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bu makinelerin deniz suyu ile so&#287;utulmas&#305;na olanak tan&#305;yan teknik m&#252;dahaleyi askeri tersanelerimiz yapm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. </span><strong><span>Oramiral Necdet Uran</span></strong><span>, 1965 y&#305;l&#305;ndan itibaren geni&#351;leyen </span><strong><span>Donanma Cemiyeti (1972 sonras&#305; Vak&#305;f)</span></strong><span> sayesinde hedefini b&#252;y&#252;tt&#252;. G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te ilk kez Amerikan </span><strong><span>Claude Jones</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; refakat muhribi &#246;rnek al&#305;narak </span><strong><span>Berk refakat muhribi</span></strong><span> 1967 y&#305;l&#305;nda k&#305;za&#287;a konuldu. Gemi 1972 y&#305;l&#305;nda donanmaya kat&#305;ld&#305;. G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te bundan evvel </span><strong><span>1963-1966</span></strong><span> y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda </span><strong><span>TCG Ko&#231;hisar</span></strong><span> Karakol Gemisi Amerikan dizayn&#305; ile in&#351;a edilmi&#351;ti. Bu gemi T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de in&#351;a edilen ilk muharip unsur idi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Amerikan Muhriplerinin Geli&#351;i.</span></strong><span> ABD, T&#252;rklerin </span><strong><span>Berk</span></strong><span> hamlesine ilk kez 1967 y&#305;l&#305;nda 3 adet </span><strong><span>Fletcher (&#304;)</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; muhribin (</span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul, &#304;zmir ve &#304;zmit</span></strong><span>) &#246;d&#252;n&#231; </span><strong><span>(loan)</span></strong><span> stat&#252;de transferi ile kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k vermi&#351;ti. 3 gemi 18 y&#305;l aradan sonra ABD&#8217;den al&#305;nan ilk muhriplerdi. Ancak yine de K&#305;br&#305;s ve Yunan tehdidi paralelinde eri&#351;ilen muhrip say&#305;s&#305; yetersizdi. 1968 &#8216;de </span><strong><span>TCG Peyk</span></strong><span> k&#305;za&#287;a kondu. Bu kez ABD, 1970 y&#305;l&#305;nda iki </span><strong><span>Fletcher s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span></strong><span>(&#304; s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;) muhribi (</span><strong><span>TCG &#304;skenderun, TCG &#304;&#231;el</span></strong><span>) &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k bir fiyat ile satarak kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k verdi. Bunun temel nedeni hem </span><strong><span>Peyk</span></strong><span>&#8217;in ba&#351;lamas&#305; hem de </span><strong><span>1967 Arap-&#304;srail Sava&#351;&#305;ndan</span></strong><span> iki y&#305;l sonra Akdeniz&#8217;de te&#351;kil edilen </span><strong><span>NATO Akdeniz Deniz &#199;a&#287;r&#305; Kuvveti (NAVOCFORMED)</span></strong><span>&#8217;e T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin de kat&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n Washington taraf&#305;ndan destekleniyor olmas&#305;yd&#305;. Bu kuvvete T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ancak muhripler ile destek vermesi m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;. O d&#246;nem elinde sadece </span><strong><span>4 Pa&#351;a</span></strong><span> (Marne) s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; &#304;ngiliz yap&#305;m&#305; muhrip ile 18 y&#305;l &#246;nce ABD&#8217;den al&#305;nan </span><strong><span>4 G</span></strong><span> (Gleaves) s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; ve 3 &#304; s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; (Fletcher) olmak &#252;zere 11 muhrip vard&#305;.</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>ABD k&#305;sa s&#252;rede &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k fiyatla iki &#304; s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; muhribin sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; onaylad&#305;.</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>1974 yaz&#305;ndaK&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harek&#226;t&#305;na Harp Filosu Komutan&#305; sancak gemisi olarak kat&#305;lan </span><strong><span>TCG</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Berk</span></strong><span>&#8217;in karde&#351;i </span><strong><span>TCG</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Peyk</span></strong><span> donanmaya harekattan bir y&#305;l sonra (1975) teslim edildi. Onun in&#351;aat&#305; 1968&#8217;de ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351; ve 7 y&#305;lda tamamlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Daha sonra Berk projesine devam edilmedi.</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>1967 ve 1970&#8217;te k&#305;sa aral&#305;klarla ABD&#8217;den temin edilen 25 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki 2+3 (5) adet &#304; </span><strong><span>(Fletcher</span></strong><span>) s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; muhribin donanma envanterine girmesi karar vericilerde o y&#305;llar&#305;n ekonomik ko&#351;ullar&#305; ve sanayi alt yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n yetersizli&#287;i ve Ege ve Akdeniz&#8217;de geli&#351;en Yunan tehdidi nedeni ile k&#305;sa d&#246;nem &#231;&#246;z&#252;m&#252; olarak de&#287;erlendirilip </span><strong><span>Berk </span></strong><span>projesinden uzakla&#351;may&#305; tetiklemi&#351; olabilir. 1978 y&#305;l&#305;nda G&#246;lc&#252;k tersanesinin gen&#231; m&#252;hendisleri Ankara&#8217;ya </span><strong><span>Berk </span></strong><span>projesine iyile&#351;tirilmeler yap&#305;larak devam edilmesi teklifini getirmi&#351; olsa da komuta kademesi tadil edilmi&#351; </span><strong><span>Berk</span></strong><span> projesini onaylamad&#305;. B&#246;ylece s&#246;z konusu karar 2011 Eyl&#252;l&#8217;&#252;ne yani ilk </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;in donanmaya kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; tarihe kadar ge&#231;en 41 y&#305;ll&#305;k gecikmenin de sebebi oldu. </span><strong><span>Berk </span></strong><span>projesinin terkedilmesinin temel nedenlerinden birisi de gemide kullan&#305;lan ana tahrik sisteminin harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na tam olarak cevap verememesiydi. O d&#246;nemin karar vericileri &#8216;&#8217;</span><strong><span>nas&#305;l olsa ABD veriyor&#8217;&#8217; </span></strong><span>rahatl&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;inde d&#252;&#351;&#252;nerek Yunanistan ile harbe haz&#305;r olmay&#305; b&#252;t&#231;eden ciddi finans aktar&#305;m&#305; gerektiren yeni gemi in&#351;a program&#305;na tercih etmi&#351; olabilirler. Ancak Amerikan sistemine ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k ve tek tarafl&#305; g&#252;ven de bu kararlarda etkili olabiliyordu. Bu konuda en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rneklerden birisini merhum Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek, </span><strong><span>&#8216;&#8217;M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in &#214;yk&#252;s&#252;&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong><span> isimli kitab&#305;nda (K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;kedi Yay&#305;nevi- 2016) &#351;&#246;yle anlat&#305;yor: </span><em><strong><span>&#8217;&#8217;Yetmi&#351;li y&#305;llar&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda Genelkurmay Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ABD ve NATO&#8217;da savunma planlamas&#305;nda etkinlikle uygulanan Planlama, Programlama ve B&#252;t&#231;eleme Sisteminin (PPBS) &#252;lkemize de uygulanmas&#305; konusunda sisteminin faydalar&#305;n&#305; anlatan bir brifing sunuyordum. Dinleyiciler aras&#305;ndan y&#252;ksek r&#252;tbeli bir general sunum sonunda bana &#351;unu s&#246;ylemi&#351;ti &#8216;&#8217;o&#287;lum niye para harcamak i&#231;in bu kadar s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305; &#231;ekiyoruz, biz ABD&#8217;ye s&#246;yl&#252;yoruz onlar g&#246;nderiyorlar&#8217;&#8217;. </span></strong></em><span>Di&#287;er yandan ABD&#8217;den tedarik edilen sava&#351; gemileri y&#305;lda bir kez T&#252;rkiye&#8217;deki </span><strong><span>Savunma &#304;&#351;birli&#287;i Ofisi</span></strong><span> ve ABD kurumlar&#305; gelip denetler ve nas&#305;l kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; de&#287;erlendirirlerdi. Bu durum da yeterince rahats&#305;zl&#305;k veren bir durum idi. 1970&#8217;ler sonras&#305; ABD, 2002 y&#305;l&#305;na kadar T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye 12 denizalt&#305;, 16 muhrip ve 14 f&#305;rkateyni kira/hibe/FMS sat&#305;&#351;&#305; ile transfer etti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>60&#8217;larda ABD&#8217;ye Ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;ktan Kurtulma Hamleleri </span></strong><span>7 y&#305;l (1961-1968) Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;revini y&#252;r&#252;ten </span><strong><span>Oramiral Necdet Uran</span></strong><span> ulusal &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;m&#305;za ve milli duru&#351;a son derece &#246;nem veren bir liderdi. Amfibi alay&#305; kuran, &#231;&#305;karma gemilerini in&#351;a ettiren, Donanma Cemiyet/Vakf&#305;na &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;k eden ilk b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemisi in&#351;a projesi </span><strong><span>Berk</span></strong><span> projesini ba&#351;latan oydu. Di&#287;er yandan ilki 1948&#8217;de intikal eden 11 adet Amerikan kaynakl&#305; denizalt&#305;lar&#305; her 3 / 4 y&#305;lda ABD&#8217;ye uzun s&#252;reli bak&#305;ma </span><strong><span>(overhol)</span></strong><span> g&#246;ndermeye son veren komutan da oydu. Bu durum yani gemleri bak&#305;ma ABD&#8217;ye g&#246;ndermek T&#252;rk Donanmas&#305; i&#231;in k&#252;&#231;&#252;k d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;c&#252; idi. Denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n 3/4 y&#305;lda bir bak&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; yapacak lojistik ve teknik alt yap&#305;m&#305;z hen&#252;z olu&#351;mam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bunun i&#231;in &#246;ncelikle Deniz Harp Okulu mezunu deniz subaylar&#305; ABD&#8217;ye </span><strong><span>NPGS,</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>MIT</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Michigan/Ann Harbor</span></strong><span> m&#252;hendislik/gemi in&#351;a b&#246;l&#252;mlerine e&#287;itime g&#246;nderdi. Bu subaylar stajlar&#305;n&#305; Amerikan deniz kuvvetleri tersanelerinde yaparak d&#246;n&#252;&#351;lerinde Amerikan Tersane modelini G&#246;lc&#252;k ve Ta&#351;k&#305;zak Tersanelerinde uygulayarak b&#252;y&#252;k de&#287;i&#351;im yaratt&#305;lar. Gemilerin yedek par&#231;a ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; da deniz ikmal subaylar&#305; k&#305;sa s&#252;rede bir sistemati&#287;e ve b&#252;rokrasiye oturtarak 1963 sonras&#305; donanmam&#305;z t&#252;m muhrip ve denizalt&#305;lar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n </span><strong><span>overhol&#252;n&#252; </span></strong><span>kendi tersanelerimizde yapacak bir konuma geldi. Bu geli&#351;melere ra&#287;men tersanelerimizin teknoloji transferine ve yetenek art&#305;&#351;&#305;na acil ihtiyac&#305; vard&#305;. &#214;rne&#287;in </span><strong><span>Y&#252;ksek M&#252;hendis</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Amiral Nadir K&#305;nay</span></strong><span>&#8217;&#305;n hat&#305;rat&#305;nda (</span><strong><span>Hereke&#8217;den Amiralli&#287;e Giden Yol-Nemesis Yay&#305;nlar&#305; 2020</span></strong><span>) belirtti&#287;i &#252;zere 1975&#8217;te T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de sa&#231; b&#252;kecek iki fabrika vard&#305;. Biri kara kuvvetlerinin Tuzla Jeep fabrikas&#305;, di&#287;eri de Ankara &#351;eker fabrikas&#305;yd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Almanya&#8217;ya Y&#246;neli&#351;</span></strong><span>. &#304;nebaht&#305; (1571) yenilgisi ile s&#252;rekli gerileme i&#231;ine giren Osmanl&#305; donanmas&#305; sanayi devrimini de &#305;skalad&#305;ktan sonra teknoloji devi bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkelerin gemi pazar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Osmanl&#305;dan donanma miras&#305; devralamayan Cumhuriyet d&#246;neminde de &#231;ekirdek donanma, Hollanda ve &#304;talya&#8217;dan al&#305;nan denizalt&#305;lar, muhripler ve h&#252;cumbotlar ile kurulmu&#351;tu. Daha sonra Almanya ve &#304;spanya&#8217;dan da gemi tedarik edilmi&#351;, &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;nda &#304;ngilizlerden gemi ve silah al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. 1945 sonras&#305; jeopolitik &#231;ekim alan&#305;na girdi&#287;imiz ABD, hibe, kira ve sat&#305;&#351; yolu ile donanman&#305;n tedarik sistemine girmi&#351;ti. Ancak y&#252;ce Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n dedi&#287;i gibi </span><strong><span>d&#305;&#351; pazarlardan temin edilen sava&#351; gemileri ile donanma</span></strong><span> yap&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n zorlu&#287;u her an hissediliyordu. Daha da k&#246;t&#252;s&#252; ABD T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na g&#246;re de&#287;il, kendi ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na g&#246;re T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye gemi tedari&#287;ine onay veriyordu. Bu kapsamda ABD&#8217;den denizalt&#305; tedari&#287;i yap&#305;l&#305;yordu ancak onlar&#305;n da elinde T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye verilecek konvansiyonel denizalt&#305; say&#305;s&#305; h&#305;zla azal&#305;yordu. S&#246;z konusu kaynak t&#252;kendi&#287;inde ne yap&#305;lacakt&#305;? Di&#287;er yandan T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;ta ya&#351;ananlara ek olarak 1973&#8217;ten itibaren Ege&#8217;de ba&#351;layan </span><strong><span>k&#305;ta sahanl&#305;&#287;&#305; krizi</span></strong><span> nedeni ile art&#305;k birinci ve &#246;ncelikli rakibi </span><strong><span>Yunanistan</span></strong><span> idi. Sovyetler Birli&#287;i tehdit s&#305;ralamas&#305;nda ikinci s&#305;radayd&#305;. &#214;rne&#287;in ge&#231;mi&#351;te oldu&#287;u gibi T&#252;rkiye Karadeniz&#8217;de </span><strong><span>NATO tatbikat&#305;</span></strong><span> yapm&#305;yor ve yapt&#305;rm&#305;yordu. Ege harek&#226;t ortam&#305; i&#231;in T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizalt&#305;lara ve h&#252;cumbotlara ihtiyac&#305; vard&#305;. Bu kapsamda Yunanistan da silahlan&#305;yordu. 1965&#8217;te Yunan taraf&#305; </span><strong><span>Almanya HDW/Kiel Tersanesine</span></strong><span> ilk (</span><strong><span>Glavkos)</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Type 209/1100</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; dizel elektrik denizalt&#305; sipari&#351;i verdi. 1970&#8217;te Fransa&#8217;da </span><strong><span>CMN</span></strong><span> Tersanesinden 4 adet </span><strong><span>La Combattante</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbot tedari&#287;ine y&#246;neldiler. &#304;&#351;te bu konjonkt&#252;rde T&#252;rkiye, geli&#351;en Alman gemi in&#351;a sekt&#246;r&#252; ile i&#351; birli&#287;i i&#231;ine girdi. ABD, Almanya&#8217;ya &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n biti&#351;inden 10 y&#305;l sonra denizalt&#305; ve su&#252;st&#252; gemisi in&#351;as&#305;na; </span><strong><span>1960 </span></strong><span>sonras&#305; ihracat&#305;na izin vermi&#351;ti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rkiye, </span><strong><span>1967 </span></strong><span>y&#305;l&#305;nda Almanya&#8217;dan hepsi yeni 9 adet </span><strong><span>Jaguar (Kartal)</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbot tedarik edildi. Bu gemileri denizcilerimiz &#231;ok sevdi. Ayn&#305; y&#305;l ya&#351;anan Arap &#304;srail sava&#351;&#305;nda M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a ait Sovyet yap&#305;m&#305; </span><strong><span>OSA</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlar&#305;n </span><strong><span>Styx </span></strong><span>g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermileri ile &#304;srail korveti </span><strong><span>INS</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Eliat</span></strong><span>&#8217;&#305; bat&#305;rmas&#305; t&#252;m d&#252;nya donanmalar&#305;nda sat&#305;htan satha at&#305;lan g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermilere ve onlar&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yan platformlara y&#246;neli&#351;i tetikledi. Deniz Kuvvetlerimiz de 1970 y&#305;l&#305;nda </span><strong><span>Norve&#231;</span></strong><span>&#8217;ten &#305;s&#305;ya y&#246;nelen </span><strong><span>Penguin </span></strong><span>f&#252;zelerini temin ile bunlar&#305; </span><strong><span>Kartal</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlara monte etti. Daha sonra 1972 y&#305;l&#305;nda donanmaya 7 adet kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351; </span><strong><span>Jaguar (F&#305;rt&#305;na)</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbot daha tedarik edildi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Almanya ile Vites B&#252;y&#252;ten T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetleri</span></strong><span>. Almanya ile d&#252;&#351;&#252;k faizli ve uzun vadeli kredi ve askeri yard&#305;m anla&#351;mas&#305; &#252;zerinden donanman&#305;n geli&#351;tirilmesi i&#231;in uzun soluklu bir s&#252;re&#231; ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Jaguar s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlardan memnun kalan T&#252;rkiye, 1971 y&#305;l&#305;nda </span><strong><span>Alman Kiel/HDW tersanesine</span></strong><span> 3 adet Ay s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span><strong><span>(Type 209/1200)</span></strong><span> denizalt&#305; ve ayn&#305; y&#305;llarda </span><strong><span>Vegesack/L&#252;rssen </span></strong><span>tersanesine 4 adet </span><strong><span>Type 148 Do&#287;an</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbot sipari&#351;ini verdi. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; </span><strong><span>Oramiral Celal Eyiceo&#287;lu</span></strong><span>emekli olaca&#287;&#305; 1972 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n A&#287;ustos ay&#305;ndan &#246;nce T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin en kapsaml&#305; gemi in&#351;a program&#305;n&#305; b&#246;ylece hayata ge&#231;irdi. Ayn&#305; zaman diliminde T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetleri Yunan Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n aksine as&#305;l su&#252;st&#252; silah&#305; olarak </span><strong><span>Frans&#305;z Exocet</span></strong><span>f&#252;zeleri yerine </span><strong><span>Amerikan</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Harpoon</span></strong><span> f&#252;zelerini tercih ediyordu. </span><strong><span>TCG Do&#287;an</span></strong><span> T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin ilk </span><strong><span>Harpoon</span></strong><span> f&#252;zesine sahip platformu olacakt&#305;. Yap&#305;lan s&#246;zle&#351;melere g&#246;re T&#252;rkiye i&#231;in ilk iki </span><strong><span>Ay</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span><strong><span>(Type 209/1200)</span></strong><span> denizalt&#305; ve ilk </span><strong><span>Do&#287;an</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; H&#252;cumbot </span><strong><span>(L&#252;rssen Type 148) </span></strong><span>Almanya&#8217;da; geri kalan t&#252;m gemiler yani </span><strong><span>1</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Ay</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; (</span><strong><span>sonradan +4 denizalt&#305; daha</span></strong><span>) </span><strong><span>G&#246;lc&#252;k</span></strong><span>&#8217;te ve 3 </span><strong><span>Do&#287;an</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; (</span><strong><span>sonradan +4 h&#252;cumbot daha)</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul Ta&#351;k&#305;zak</span></strong><span> &#8217;ta lisans alt&#305;nda in&#351;a edilecekti. Bu amaca y&#246;nelik olarak her iki tersaneden m&#252;hendisler ve i&#351;&#231;iler Almanya&#8217;ya e&#287;itime g&#246;nderildiler. G&#246;lc&#252;k ve Ta&#351;k&#305;zak Tersaneleri Alman firmalar&#305;na ait dizaynlar&#305;n en uygun &#351;ekilde montaj&#305;na y&#246;nelik alt yap&#305; ve &#252;st yap&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ikliklerine y&#246;neldi. &#304;&#351;te bug&#252;n&#252;n </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;na katk&#305; sa&#287;layan tecr&#252;be ve emek birikiminde Almanya&#8217;dan akan y&#305;llar i&#231;inde temin edilen denizalt&#305;lar, h&#252;cumbotlar ve firkateynlerin &#246;nemli rol&#252; oldu. Almanya&#8217;dan denizalt&#305; tedari&#287;i h&#252;cumbotlardan erken ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#304;lk Ay s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305; olan </span><strong><span>TCG At&#305;lay&#8217;</span></strong><span>&#305;n omurgas&#305; </span><strong><span>1972</span></strong><span>&#8217;de </span><strong><span>HDW/Kiel/Almanya</span></strong><span>&#8217;da k&#305;za&#287;a kondu. Gemi </span><strong><span>1976</span></strong><span>&#8217;da donanmaya teslim edildi. &#304;lk </span><strong><span>L&#252;rssen Type 148</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Do&#287;an</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermili h&#252;cumbot </span><strong><span>TCG Do&#287;an</span></strong><span>&#8217;&#305;n omurgas&#305; da </span><strong><span>L&#252;rssen/Vegesack/Almanya</span></strong><span>&#8217;da </span><strong><span>1974</span></strong><span>&#8217;te k&#305;za&#287;a koyuldu ve </span><strong><span>1977</span></strong><span> y&#305;l&#305;nda gemi h&#252;cumbot filosuna teslim edildi. Ne </span><strong><span>Ay s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;</span></strong><span> denizalt&#305;lar ne de </span><strong><span>Do&#287;an s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span></strong><span>h&#252;cumbotlar </span><strong><span>K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harek&#226;t&#305;nda</span></strong><span> kullan&#305;ld&#305;. Her iki proje Deniz Kuvvetlerinin &#246;nc&#252; iki tersanesinde d&#246;nemin en modern platformlar&#305;n&#305;n in&#351;a edilme s&#252;re&#231;lerinin montaj seviyesinde bile olsa kap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. 1976&#8217;da ilk Ay s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;n&#305;n ve 1977&#8217;de ilk do&#287;an s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermili h&#252;cumbotun Ege&#8217;de boy g&#246;stermesi K&#305;ta Sahanl&#305;&#287;&#305; krizinin dondurulmas&#305; ve 1976&#8217;da Bern Mutabakat&#305;n&#305;n imzalanmas&#305;nda &#246;nemli rol oynad&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesinde Devrim</span></strong><span>. G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesinde 1975 y&#305;l&#305;nda yani K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; harek&#226;t&#305;ndan bir y&#305;l sonra </span><strong><span>AR/GE</span></strong><span> projelerini takip ve uygulama i&#231;in d&#246;nemin Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305;n&#305;n deste&#287;i ile </span><strong><span>160 APGEM (Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Proje Geli&#351;tirme M&#252;d&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;) </span></strong><span>&#231;ok az say&#305;da m&#252;hendis ile kuruldu. 10 y&#305;l &#246;nce Amerikan kaynakl&#305; denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n ABD&#8217;ye gitmek yerine G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te overhole al&#305;nmalar&#305;n&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiren denizci m&#252;hendislerimiz, &#351;imdi de y&#305;llar sonra </span><strong><span>Uzun Ufuk, K5, M&#304;LKON ve Genesis</span></strong><span>projelerini hayata ge&#231;irecek bir yumurtay&#305; d&#246;llemi&#351;lerdi. Bu yumurta &#246;yle h&#305;zl&#305; b&#252;y&#252;yecekti ki bug&#252;n zaferinden her kesimin pay kapma yar&#305;&#351;&#305;na girdi&#287;i </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;in en &#246;nemli omurgalar&#305;ndan birisini APGE te&#351;kil edecekti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harekat&#305; Sonras&#305; Amerikan Ambargosu ve Etkileri. </span></strong><span>1971&#8217;de </span><strong><span>Ba&#351;bakan Nihat Erim</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan ABD &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; paralelinde &#252;lkemiz aleyhine koyulan &#8216;&#8217;</span><strong><span>ha&#351;ha&#351; yasa&#287;&#305;&#8217;&#8217;,</span></strong><span> 1 Temmuz 1974&#8217;te </span><strong><span>Ecevit H&#252;k&#252;meti</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan kald&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bu olaydan sonra 2 hafta i&#231;inde ger&#231;ekle&#351;en, </span><strong><span>15 Temmuz 1974 </span></strong><span>Cumartesi g&#252;n&#252; sabaha kar&#351;&#305; K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;ta ger&#231;ekle&#351;en </span><strong><span>EOKA B </span></strong><span>ter&#246;risti </span><strong><span>Nikos Sampson</span></strong><span> darbesi, 6 ay sonra T&#252;rk Amerikan ili&#351;kilerini 1978 y&#305;l&#305;na kadar ipotek alt&#305;na alacak s&#252;reci tetiklemi&#351;ti. T&#252;rkiye darbeden 120 saat sonra ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;i amfibi harek&#226;t ile </span><strong><span>Girne</span></strong><span>&#8217;de k&#305;y&#305;ba&#351;&#305;n&#305; tutmu&#351; ve Akdeniz jeopoliti&#287;ini T&#252;rkiye lehine bug&#252;ne kadar de&#287;i&#351;tirmi&#351;ti. Birinci harek&#226;t 21 Temmuz&#8217;da tamamlanm&#305;&#351;, ikinci harek&#226;t 14-16 A&#287;ustos 1974 tarihleri aras&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;ti. ABD bu geli&#351;meler o kadar tepki i&#231;indeydi ki baz&#305; Amerikal&#305; senat&#246;rler T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye n&#252;kleer silah atal&#305;m diyebiliyordu. Bu arada Amerikan Ba&#351;kan&#305; Nixon&#8217;&#305;n siyasi kariyerine son verecek Watergate skandal&#305; da T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetlerinin Bar&#305;&#351; Harekat&#305;n&#305;n ate&#351;kes safhas&#305;nda 8 A&#287;ustos 1974&#8217;te ya&#351;anm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. ABD&#8217;deki Yunan lobisinin yeni </span><strong><span>Ba&#351;kan Gerald Ford</span></strong><span> ve m&#252;teakip se&#231;im s&#252;recine etkisi ile T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye </span><strong><span>5 &#350;ubat 1975</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>26 Eyl&#252;l 1978</span></strong><span> aras&#305;nda silah ambargosu ve yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar uyguland&#305;. Amerikan ambargosu s&#305;ras&#305;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye sevk edilmesi gereken 200 milyon dolarl&#305;k malzeme vard&#305;. Bunlar&#305;n hepsinin transferi durduruldu. T&#252;rkiye Amerikan ambargosuna </span><strong><span>13 &#350;ubat 1975</span></strong><span>&#8217;te </span><strong><span>K&#305;br&#305;s T&#252;rk Federe Cumhuriyetini</span></strong><span>(KTFC) kurarak cevap verdi. Bu arada &#231;ok hayati sava&#351; lojisti&#287;ine y&#246;nelik malzemelerin milli &#252;retimine ge&#231;ildi. Ambargo sonras&#305; muhriplerin 5/38 top mermileri T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de &#252;retilmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;. TCG Gayret muhribinin ana tahrik sisteminin en &#246;nemli mekanik par&#231;as&#305; olan sadece ABD&#8217;de yap&#305;lan &#246;zel ala&#351;&#305;m pinyon di&#351;li yedek par&#231;as&#305; dahi T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de &#252;retilmi&#351; ve bu ba&#351;ar&#305;lar g&#252;ven vermi&#351;ti. Ancak gerek Kara Kuvvetlerinin gerekse Deniz Kuvvetlerinin muhabere sorunlar&#305; devam ediyordu. Bug&#252;n&#252;n d&#252;nya savunma sanayi devleri aras&#305;nda bulunan </span><strong><span>ASELSAN</span></strong><span> bir vak&#305;f firmas&#305; olarak 1975&#8217;te aslen K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harek&#226;t&#305;nda g&#246;zlenen ordunun taktik muhabere zafiyetini gidermek &#252;zere geli&#351;tirildi. </span><strong><span>PRC-965, VRC-966, VRC-967 telsizleri</span></strong><span> bu kapsamda &#252;retildi. Di&#287;er yandan 1978 y&#305;l&#305;nda G&#246;lc&#252;k tersanesinde </span><strong><span>APGE</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan batan Kocatepe ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere muhriplerde g&#246;zlenen hava savunma zafiyetlerini azaltmak &#252;zere </span><strong><span>SAPAN at&#305;&#351; kontrol sistem</span></strong><span> projesi ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. </span><strong><span>SAPAN </span></strong><span>sistemi arama radar&#305;, takip radar&#305;, at&#305;&#351; kontrol bilgisayar&#305; ve 35 mm toptan olu&#351;an yeni bir sistemdi. Di&#287;er yandan </span><strong><span>Kara Kuvvetleri G&#252;&#231;lendirme Vakf&#305;</span></strong><span> i&#231;in toplanan ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; ba&#287;&#305;&#351;larla kurulan</span><strong><span> ASELSAN&#8217;</span></strong><span>a 7 y&#305;l sonra 1982 y&#305;l&#305;nda bug&#252;n&#252;n en b&#252;y&#252;kleri aras&#305;nda olan </span><strong><span>HAVELSAN</span></strong><span>kat&#305;ld&#305;. Bu firman&#305;n hedefi de Hava Kuvvetleri i&#231;in sim&#252;lat&#246;r ve komuta kontrol sistemleri geli&#351;tirmekti. Ancak Amerikan Ambargosunun dolayl&#305; sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n devlet b&#252;rokrasisinde yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; en &#246;nemli sonu&#231;, </span><strong><span>13 Kas&#305;m 1985</span></strong><span>&#8217;te kurulan </span><strong><span>Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305;</span></strong><span> oldu. Bu geli&#351;meden 2 y&#305;l sonra Deniz, Kara ve Hava Kuvvetleri G&#252;&#231;lendirme Vak&#305;flar&#305; </span><strong><span>Cumhurba&#351;kan&#305; Evren</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Ba&#351;bakan &#214;zal</span></strong><span>&#8217;&#305;n direktifleri paralelinde kapat&#305;larak T&#252;rk Silahl&#305; Kuvvetleri G&#252;&#231;lendireme Vakf&#305; &#231;at&#305;s&#305; alt&#305;nda birle&#351;tirildi. Bu birle&#351;me finans y&#246;netimi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k fayda sa&#287;lasa da Deniz Kuvvetleri G&#252;&#231;lendirme Vakf&#305;n&#305;n t&#252;m illerde te&#351;kilatlanm&#305;&#351; halka denizcili&#287;i tan&#305;tma sevdirme ve yayg&#305;nla&#351;t&#305;rma faaliyetlerine b&#252;y&#252;k darbe vurdu. Bug&#252;n Anadolu&#8217;da son 38 y&#305;ld&#305;r denizcili&#287;i, Deniz Kuvvetlerini tan&#305;tan tek bir kurum mevcut de&#287;ildir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lisans Alt&#305;nda Gemi Yapmak</strong>. Her ne kadar 1970&#8217;ler sonras&#305; Almanya&#8217;dan montaj sanayine y&#246;nelik teknoloji ve bilgi transferi yap&#305;l&#305;yor olsa da gerek gemi in&#351;a projesinin finansman&#305;n y&#246;netimi gerekse harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;lanmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik ciddi sorunlar ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu. &#214;ncelikle gerek <strong>HDW</strong> gerekse <strong>L&#252;rssen</strong>, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;den gemilerin in&#351;a s&#252;recinde milli sanayiden katma de&#287;er transferi yapm&#305;yordu. Gemilerin en basit donan&#305;m malzemeleri bile Almanya&#8217;dan geliyordu. Milli katk&#305; pay&#305; ya da T&#252;rk Gemi &#304;n&#351;a Sanayiinin gerek denizalt&#305; gerekse h&#252;cumbot projelerine m&#252;dahil olmas&#305; s&#246;z konusu bile de&#287;ildi. Ancak Deniz Kuvvetlerinin her iki Tersanesi teknolojiye uyum ile modern sava&#351; gemisi in&#351;a s&#252;re&#231;lerini kurumsal bazda &#246;&#287;renmek ve tecr&#252;be/bilgi birikimi sa&#287;lamak a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan b&#252;y&#252;k kazan&#231;lar elde ediyordu. Di&#287;er yandan gemilerin tedarik finansman&#305; da kurumlar&#305;n i&#351;ine geliyordu. S&#246;z konusu y&#305;llarda <span>ABD&#8217;nin hibe kaynak tahsisinin azalmas&#305; ile gemi tedarik finansman&#305;nda ortaya b&#252;y&#252;k bo&#351;luk &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Milli b&#252;t&#231;e zaten &#231;ok k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; idi. Almanya&#8217;n&#305;n, T.C. Hazine M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305; garantili ve </span><strong><span>Hermes</span></strong><span> &#246;zel sigorta modeli ile desteklenen bir kredi sistemi bu a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305; doldurdu. Deniz Kuvvetleri&#8217;nin gemi tedarik tarihinde bu uygulama &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir k&#305;r&#305;lma noktas&#305; oldu. </span>1982 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde Almanya ilk kez Goeben <strong>(Yavuz)</strong> ve <strong>Savarona</strong>&#8217;y&#305; in&#351;a eden <strong>Hamburg/Blohm Und Woss Tersanesi</strong> ile <strong>Kiel/HDW</strong> Tersanesinin ortak projesi olan <strong>MEKO 200 T</strong> <strong>&#231;ok maksatl&#305; f&#305;rkateyn projesi</strong> ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu. Bu projenin en b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;zelli&#287;i yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda lisans alt&#305;nda ilk kez bir firkateyn in&#351;a projesinin ba&#351;lat&#305;lmas&#305;yd&#305;. Deniz Kuvvetleri 1945&#8217;lerin muhrip teknolojisinden 1970&#8217;lerin deniz savunma teknolojilerine ge&#231;i&#351;i ya&#351;ayacakt&#305;. Donanmada lambadan transist&#246;re ge&#231;i&#351; devam ederken, transist&#246;rden chip&#8217;e, analog bilgisayardan dijitale ve yaz&#305;l&#305;ma ge&#231;i&#351; s&#252;reci ba&#351;l&#305;yordu. Bu b&#252;y&#252;k bir devrimdi. Ayn&#305; y&#305;l yap&#305;lan s&#246;zle&#351;me ile 2 gemi Almanya&#8217;da, 2 gemi T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de in&#351;a edilecekti. Yap&#305;lan s&#246;zle&#351;me ilk kez ABD ve Almanya&#8217;n&#305;n T&#252;rk Deniz Kuvvetleri ile ortak &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; gerekli k&#305;l&#305;yordu. Zira gemide Amerikan <strong>top, sonar, g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermi ve torpido sistemleri</strong> kullan&#305;lacakt&#305;. Bu da Amerikan <strong>FMS (Yabanc&#305; Askeri Sat&#305;&#351;lar)</strong> kredi s&#252;recini ilgilendiriyordu. 7 Kas&#305;m 1985&#8217;te ilk MEKO 200T firkateyni TCG Yavuz&#8217;un in&#351;as&#305; Blohm Und Woss/Hamburg&#8217;da; 2 May&#305;s 1985&#8217;te ikinci Firkateyn TCG Turgutreis&#8217;in in&#351;as&#305; Kiel/HDW&#8217;de ba&#351;lad&#305;. G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesinde yap&#305;lan ilk firkateyn TCG Fatih&#8217;in omurgas&#305; 2 Ocak 1986&#8217;da; son firkateyn TCG Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m&#8217;&#305;n omurgas&#305; da yine G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te 24 Nisan 1986&#8217;da k&#305;za&#287;a konuluyordu. Bu projeler devam ederken Alman Deniz Savunma Sanayi T&#252;rkiye ile olan ili&#351;kilerden son derece memnun &#351;ekilde gelecek projelerin temelini de g&#252;&#231;lendiriyordu. Bu projelerin arkas&#305; sonraki y&#305;llarda R&#252;zgar (4 adet), Y&#305;ld&#305;z (2 adet) , K&#305;l&#305;&#231; (9 adet) s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlar; MEKO TRACK IIA ve B firkateynler; Preveze, G&#252;r ve Reis s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;lar ile gelecekti. MEKO Projesi ile ilk kez ayn&#305; anda 4 geminin ve G&#246;lc&#252;k tersanesinin toplamda 400 ki&#351;iyi bulacak subay ve teknik s&#305;n&#305;f astsubaylar&#305; ABD ve Avrupa&#8217;da en uzunu 1,5 y&#305;l s&#252;recek teknik ihtisas kurslar&#305;na devam etti. Bu durum Deniz Kuvvetlerinde alt ihtisas astsubay s&#305;n&#305;flar&#305;n&#305;n do&#287;u&#351;unu tetikledi. Art&#305;k bir elektronik astsubay&#305; meslek hayat&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda silah elektronik, harek&#226;t elektronik, muhabere elektronik, makine elektronik gibi alt ihtisas alanlar&#305;nda uzmanla&#351;maya y&#246;neltiliyordu. Subaylar&#305;n bran&#351; subayl&#305;k g&#246;revleri ile b&#246;l&#252;m amirlik g&#246;revleri de bilinen geleneksel s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;rmalar&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu. Art&#305;k astsubaylar&#305;m&#305;z ilk kez alt saha uzmanl&#305;k alanlar&#305;na y&#246;nelen tam anlam&#305;yla spesiyalist teknik elemen oluyorlard&#305;. Bug&#252;n&#252;n modern donanmas&#305;na gidi&#351;te bu s&#252;re&#231; sadece gemilerdeki uygulamalarda de&#287;il ayn&#305; zamanda deniz e&#287;itim ve &#246;&#287;retim sisteminde de son derece &#246;nemli etki yaratt&#305;. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>So&#287;uk sava&#351;&#305;n 1989&#8217;da bitmesiyle T&#252;rkiye yeni jeopolitik ger&#231;eklikle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya kald&#305;. NATO bask&#305;s&#305; ile eski Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; co&#287;rafyas&#305;ndan 40 y&#305;l ayr&#305; tutulduktan sonra </span><strong><span>Adriyatik&#8217;ten &#199;in Seddine</span></strong><span> kadar uzanan geni&#351; Avrasya&#8217;da eski akrabalar&#305;n&#305; ve a&#351;inalar&#305;n&#305; buldu. Art&#305;k Donanman&#305;n So&#287;uk Sava&#351;ta NATO taraf&#305;ndan kendisine bi&#231;ilen g&#246;revleri d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda 1963 sonras&#305; geli&#351;en siyasi askeri konjonkt&#252;r paralelinde oda&#287;a yerle&#351;en Ege, K&#305;br&#305;s ve Akdeniz merkezli stratejik y&#246;neli&#351;ine yeni yakla&#351;&#305;mlar eklenecekti. So&#287;uk sava&#351;ta enerji toplayan </span><strong><span>Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;</span></strong><span> art&#305;k a&#231;&#305;k denizlere &#231;&#305;kma a&#351;amas&#305;na gelmi&#351;ti. Ancak bu &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; Ege ve Akdeniz co&#287;rafyas&#305;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin jeopolitik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; korumas&#305;na engel olmamal&#305;yd&#305;. Yunanistan her an i&#231;in Ege Denizinde 12 mil karasuyu ilan edebilirdi. GKRY, T&#252;rkiye ve KKTC&#8217;nin jeopolitik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;na ayk&#305;r&#305; &#351;ekilde silahlanabilir ve Yunanistan ile ortak hareket edebilirdi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>100 y&#305;l sonra Japonya Seyri ile Ba&#351;layan S&#252;re&#231;. </span></strong><span>Ertu&#287;rul firkateyninin </span><strong><span>1890</span></strong><span> y&#305;l&#305;ndaki trajik seferinden 100 y&#305;l sonra 1990&#8217;da ilk kez 3 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki </span><strong><span>TCG Turgutreis</span></strong><span> firkateyninin Japonya&#8217;ya gitmesi ve uzak do&#287;uda liman ziyaretleri yapmas&#305; donanman&#305;n </span><strong><span>a&#231;&#305;k denizlere ba&#351;ar&#305; ile y&#246;neli&#351;inin</span></strong><span> ilk i&#351;areti oldu. Di&#287;er yandan Ankara, 1991 y&#305;l&#305;nda ba&#351;layan Yugoslavya&#8217;n&#305;n par&#231;alanmas&#305; ve Bo&#351;nak akraba ve dostlar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n i&#231; sava&#351;ta katledilmesine seyirci kalm&#305;&#351; olman&#305;n a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305; ile farkl&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeye mecburdu. Ancak </span>donanma gerek silah gerekse sens&#246;r sistemlerinde pek &#231;ok alanda d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;yd&#305;. &#214;ncelikle d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;ktan kurtulmak gerekiyordu. Sava&#351; gemilerinin dizayn, tekne, silah, sens&#246;r, sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemleri, ana/yard&#305;mc&#305; makine sistemleri gibi alt alanlar&#305;nda millile&#351;me ve sonunda kendi sava&#351; gemimizi en y&#252;ksek milli katk&#305; pay&#305; ile yapmam&#305;z gerekiyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Knox S&#305;n&#305;f&#305; F&#305;rkateynler</strong> T&#252;rkiye so&#287;uk sava&#351;&#305;n sonunda kenar ku&#351;ak jeopoliti&#287;inde kendisine ABD taraf&#305;ndan bi&#231;ilen rol&#252;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kma temay&#252;l&#252; g&#246;steriyordu. Bu kapsamda ABD ve &#304;srail jeopoliti&#287;i i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir hedef olan, Irak topraklar&#305;nda K&#252;rt devleti kurulmas&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; Ankara&#8217;n&#305;n durumu sertle&#351;iyordu. 2 Ekim 1992&#8217;de <strong>TCG Muavenet</strong> muhribimizin Amerikan u&#231;ak gemisi <strong>USS Saratoga</strong> taraf&#305;ndan NATO tatbikat&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda vurulmas&#305; ABD taraf&#305;ndan verilen dolayl&#305; bir mesajd&#305;. Ancak ABD ve g&#252;d&#252;m&#252;ndeki NATO&#8217;nun g&#252;ney kanattaki en &#246;nemli devleti T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi kaybetme l&#252;ks&#252; yoktu. Kaza olmas&#305; imkans&#305;za yak&#305;n bu olay &#252;zerine ABD, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye jest yapmak ve ili&#351;ikleri s&#305;cak tutmak &#252;zere sekiz adet <strong>1200 psi</strong>&#8217;l&#305;k kazan sistemine sahip, <strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>Knox&#8221;</strong></em>s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; f&#305;rkateynleri, <strong>1993-1995</strong> aras&#305;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye verdi. <strong>1987-89</strong> model 4 yeni Alman dizayn&#305; MEKO s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynden sonra T&#252;rk denizcisi 1970 model Amerikan firkateynlerini k&#305;sa s&#252;rede teslim alarak T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye getirdi. &#214;yle ki 1995 Ocak ay&#305; itibar&#305;yla, sekiz f&#305;rkateyn de harbe haz&#305;r stat&#252;de idi. Bu kendi &#231;ap&#305;nda bir rekordu. O kadar h&#305;zl&#305; bir ge&#231;i&#351; ya&#351;and&#305; ki &#246;rne&#287;in <strong>TCG Zafer</strong>f&#305;rkateyni ABD&#8217;de T&#252;rk Sanca&#287;&#305;n&#305; toka etmesinden 9 ay sonra, 1994 Eyl&#252;l ay&#305;nda &#252;zerinde <strong>AB 212 helikopteri</strong> ile <strong>NATO&#8217;</strong>nun Adriyatik&#8217;te <strong>STANAVFORMED</strong> g&#246;revine g&#246;nderilebilmi&#351;ti. Knox s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; gemilerle birlikte Harpoon f&#252;ze g&#252;c&#252; ile Denizalt&#305; Savunma Harbi g&#252;c&#252;m&#252;zde ciddi art&#305;&#351; oldu. Dolay&#305;s&#305; ile Ege&#8217;de Yunan Donanmas&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; nicel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;land&#305;. <span>Bu arada 16 Kas&#305;m 1994 tarihinde BM Deniz Hukuku S&#246;zle&#351;mesi (UNCLOS III), y&#252;r&#252;rl&#252;&#287;e girecekti ve Yunanistan&#8217;&#305;n o tarihten itibaren Ege Denizinde karasular&#305;n&#305; </span><strong><span>12 mile</span></strong><span> &#231;&#305;karma niyeti teoriden prati&#287;e her an ge&#231;ebilirdi. </span><strong><span>Knox </span></strong><span>s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; 8 f&#305;rkateynin en az&#305;ndan </span><strong><span>45 </span></strong><span>ya&#351;&#305;ndaki </span><strong><span>13 muhribin</span></strong><span> 8&#8217;ini de&#287;i&#351;tirmesi ile Ankara rahat bir nefes ald&#305;</span>. 16 Kas&#305;m 1994 tarihinden sonra, Ege&#8217;de <em><strong>&#8220;12 mil</strong>&#8221;</em>endi&#351;esinin atlat&#305;lmas&#305;, Kuvvet Komutan&#305; <strong>Oramiral Vural Bayaz&#305;t&#8217;</strong>a al&#305;&#351;&#305;lm&#305;&#351;&#305;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda 3 y&#305;l s&#252;ren g&#246;rev s&#252;resinin son y&#305;l&#305;nda yapabileceklerine odaklanma f&#305;rsat&#305; sunmu&#351;tu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>FFG7 S&#305;n&#305;f&#305; Firkateynler</strong>. 1994 y&#305;l&#305; sonunda, ABD, bu kez T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye hizmet d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; biri so&#287;uk gemi stat&#252;s&#252;nde, &#252;&#231; adet 1980 model Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; &#8220;<em><strong>FFG 7 (O.H.Perry)&#8221;</strong></em> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; f&#305;rkateyni teklif etti. Bu gemilerin ilki (TCG Gaziantep) i&#231;in 1995 Temmuz&#8217;unda ABD&#8217;ye personel g&#246;nderildi. Ancak 1995 Aral&#305;k ay&#305;nda ba&#351;layan Kardak krizi nedeni ile &#252;&#231; geminin T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye transferi Rum as&#305;ll&#305; <strong>Senat&#246;r Sarbanes</strong> taraf&#305;ndan durduruldu. Uzun bir bekleme s&#252;recinden sonra ancak 3 y&#305;l sonra 1998 Mart ay&#305; ba&#351;&#305;nda 3 gemi de T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye geldi. Bu gemiler ile ilk kez <strong>SM 1 Standart Hava Savunma F&#252;zesi</strong> ve tamamen <strong>gaz t&#252;rbini</strong> ile tahrik edilen firkateynler donanma emrine girdi. Bu gemilerin say&#305;s&#305; 2002 A&#287;ustos ay&#305;nda toplam 8 olacakt&#305;. Her y&#246;n&#252; ile &#231;ok etkili sava&#351; gemisi olan <strong>Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynlerin</strong> donanmaya etkin &#351;ekilde kat&#305;lmalar&#305; donanman&#305;n harek&#226;t temposu ve harek&#226;t &#231;ap&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;racakt&#305;. Di&#287;er yandan Deniz Kuvvetleri gemileri ABD&#8217;den ald&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;ekilde kullanm&#305;yordu. Gemilere modernizasyon projeleri uygulamay&#305; ve sava&#351; etkinliklerini art&#305;rmay&#305; da ba&#351;ar&#305;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#304;LGEM (Milli Gemi)&#8217;nin Tohumlar&#305; At&#305;l&#305;yor. </strong>15. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; Oramiral Vural Bayaz&#305;t <strong>Oramiral Necdet Uran</strong>&#8217;dan sonra kuvvet komutan&#305; olarak 2 y&#305;ll&#305;k s&#252;renin d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kan ve 3 y&#305;l g&#246;rev yapan tek komutan olmu&#351;tu. Ege&#8217;de Yunanistan ile olas&#305; 12 mil krizine kar&#351;&#305; tedbirlerini ald&#305;ktan sonra Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k hedefi olan <strong>kendi gemisini kendi yapma</strong> hedefine y&#246;neldi. Onun bu hedefini ger&#231;ekli&#287;e d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmede &#246;nemli rol oynayan karargah&#305;nda <strong>Plan Prensipler Ba&#351;kan&#305;</strong> olarak g&#246;rev yapan <strong>Amiral Mustafa &#214;zbey</strong> bu hedefe y&#246;nelmenin yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305; &#351;&#246;yle izah ediyor: <span>&#8216;</span><em><strong><span>&#8217;M&#304;LGEM projesi, bir gemi tasar&#305;m ve yap&#305;m&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;rse, san&#305;r&#305;m eksik bir de&#287;erlendirme yapm&#305;&#351; oluruz.</span> <span>M&#304;LGEM projesi asl&#305;nda, &#252;zerinde &#231;ok titiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;lm&#305;&#351; bir strateji belgesinin &#252;r&#252;n&#252;d&#252;r.</span> <span>Stratejinin birinci aya&#287;&#305;, d&#305;&#351; kredi ile projeyi finansal y&#246;nden tutsak eden yakla&#351;&#305;mdan, ulusal kayna&#287;&#305; tedarik ama&#231;l&#305; kullanma modeline ge&#231;ilmi&#351; olmas&#305;d&#305;r.</span> <span>B&#246;ylece, gemi tipini d&#305;&#351; krediye mahk&#251;m olma sarmal&#305;ndan kurtarm&#305;&#351; olduk. Stratejinin ikinci aya&#287;&#305; olarak, M&#304;LGEM yaln&#305;z bir gemi in&#351;a projesi olarak de&#287;il, gemide var olan t&#252;m alt sistemlerin milli olarak yap&#305;m&#305; &#351;eklinde tasarland&#305;</span></strong></em><span>.&#8217;&#8217; Di&#287;er yandan 1993 konjonkt&#252;r&#252;nde hayal edilen hedefte </span><strong><span>Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305;</span></strong><span>, Deniz Kuvvetleri, askeri ve sivil tersaneler, &#252;niversiteler, </span><strong><span>T&#220;B&#304;TAK, TSK G&#252;&#231;lendirme Vakf&#305;na</span></strong><span> ba&#287;l&#305; </span><strong><span>ASELSAN, HAVELSAN</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>ROKETSAN </span></strong><span>gibi savunma sanayi &#351;irketleri, T&#252;rk sanayi alt yap&#305;s&#305; b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik i&#351; birli&#287;i &#351;eklinde &#231;al&#305;&#351;mal&#305;yd&#305;. </span>Tuzla b&#246;lgesi ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere sivil tersanelerin muharip ve yard&#305;mc&#305; sava&#351; gemisi in&#351;a projelerine yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; so&#287;uk sava&#351; sonras&#305; d&#246;nemde yava&#351; da olsa bir hareketlenme g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu kapsamda <strong>STFA Holding</strong>&#8217;in <strong>Sedef </strong>tersanesinde <strong>TCG Yarbay Kudret G&#252;ng&#246;r</strong> isimli a&#231;&#305;k deniz destek gemisi 1992 sonunda in&#351;a edilmi&#351;ti. B&#246;ylece T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de askeri standartlarda ilk b&#252;y&#252;k tonajl&#305; geminin in&#351;as&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ancak di&#287;er sivil tersaneler 90&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llar&#305;n ortalar&#305;nda sava&#351; gemisi gibi son derece karma&#351;&#305;k; in&#351;a ve teslim sorumluluklar&#305; y&#252;ksek NATO standartlar&#305;nda olan &#231;ok pahal&#305; muharip sava&#351; gemilerini yapmaya hen&#252;z haz&#305;r de&#287;ildi. Tecr&#252;be, bilgi ve standardizasyon birikimine ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;. Bunun i&#231;in de prototip geminin Deniz Kuvvetleri tersanesinde yap&#305;lmas&#305; &#351;artt&#305;. <strong>Ay</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;lar, <strong>Do&#287;an</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlar ve <strong>MEKO</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynlerin Alman lisans&#305; ile G&#246;lc&#252;k/Ta&#351;k&#305;zak askeri tersanelerinde yap&#305;l&#305;yor olmas&#305; Deniz Kuvvetlerine beyaz ve mavi yakal&#305; insan g&#252;c&#252;nde &#246;nemli bilgi ve tecr&#252;be birikimi sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bu arada 1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llar&#305;n ortalar&#305;na do&#287;ru ABD&#8217;de gemi in&#351;a ve yaz&#305;l&#305;m/elektronik dallar&#305;nda y&#252;ksek lisans &#246;&#287;renimini tamamlayan Deniz Harp Okulu mezunu muharip deniz subaylar&#305;n&#305;n say&#305;s&#305; 300&#8217;e eri&#351;mi&#351;ti. Ayr&#305;ca Yavuz ve Do&#287;an s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateyn ve h&#252;cumbotlarda g&#246;rev yapan deniz subaylar&#305; kullan&#305;c&#305; personel olarak Alman ve Avrupa sistemlerini ele&#351;tirecek duruma gelmi&#351;ti. A&#231;&#305;k&#231;as&#305; biriken enerji a&#231;&#305;&#287;a &#231;&#305;kmay&#305; bekliyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ba&#351;bakan &#199;iller&#8217;e Yaz&#305;lan Mektup. Oramiral Vural Bayaz&#305;t</strong>&#8217;&#305;n g&#246;rev s&#252;resinin sonuna do&#287;ru karargah&#305;n&#305;n detayl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; sonucu ortaya &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; bir analiz <strong>HDW/Blohm Und Woss </strong>ve <strong>L&#252;rssen </strong>lisanslar&#305; ile in&#351;a edilen gemilerde Alman malzemesi yerine kullan&#305;labilecek milli malzemeler tespit edilerek maliyetlerin azalt&#305;labilece&#287;ini ortaya koydu. Bu &#351;ekilde firkateynlerde %20, denizalt&#305;larda %25 ve h&#252;cumbotlarda %30 malzeme ve hizmet tasarrufu sa&#287;lanabilece&#287;i tespit edildi. Bu ger&#231;ek paralelinde 1993 y&#305;l&#305;ndan itibaren yap&#305;lan kurum i&#231;i ve kurum d&#305;&#351;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar ve toplant&#305;lar sonucu 1994 y&#305;l&#305;nda milli imkanlarla askeri tersanede korvet boyutlar&#305;nda milli bir ke&#351;if karakol gemisi yap&#305;lmas&#305; <strong>Stratejik Hedef Plan&#305;na (SHP)</strong> al&#305;nd&#305; ve ayn&#305; y&#305;l <strong>Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305;</strong> 28 Eyl&#252;l 1994&#8217;te <strong>Ba&#351;bakan Tansu &#199;iller</strong>&#8217;e mektup yazarak bu projenin b&#252;y&#252;k bir devlet projesi olmas&#305; ve desteklenmesini istedi. &#199;iller 7 Ekim 1994&#8217;te kararg&#226;ha gelerek bilgilendirildi ve onay al&#305;nd&#305;ktan sonra proje <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> ad&#305; ile ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. <strong>M&#304;LGEM </strong>terimini ilk kez kullanan ki&#351;i <strong>T&#252;mamiral Mustafa &#214;zbey </strong>idi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#304;LGEM: &#199;ok Boyutlu ve &#199;ok Y&#246;nl&#252; bir Proje. </strong>M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in ana hedefi dizayn&#305;, teknesi, silah, sens&#246;r, sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemi, makine vb. sistemlerinin en b&#252;y&#252;k oranlarda milli katk&#305; pay&#305; ile yap&#305;lmas&#305;yd&#305;. Aksi takdirde Alman lisansl&#305; in&#351;a edilen gemi projelerinden fark&#305; olamazd&#305;. O nedenle &#246;nce platform odakl&#305; planlamadan, yetenek odakl&#305; planlamaya ge&#231;ilmeli; harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231;lar&#305; belirlenmeli, daha sonra m&#252;hendisler dizayn &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; yaparak bu gemide kullan&#305;lacak sistemleri tan&#305;mlamal&#305; ve konsept dizayn ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;ktan sonra geminin i&#231;inin doldurulaca&#287;&#305; sistemler azami milli olanaklarla &#252;retilmeli ve gemiye yerle&#351;tirilmeliydi. Bu &#231;ok ama &#231;ok zahmetli ve uzun bir s&#252;re&#231;ti. Deniz Kuvvetleri &#246;ncelikle kendi i&#231;inde <strong>dizayn</strong> ve <strong>ARGE yetene&#287;ini</strong> geli&#351;tirmeli, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin milli gemiye katk&#305; &#252;retim ve lojistik kapasitesi ortaya &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmal&#305;yd&#305;. Zira bunu Deniz Kuvvetlerinden ba&#351;ka yapacak tek bir kurum yoktu. Bu zor s&#252;rece ra&#287;men <strong>Oramiral Bayaz&#305;t</strong> milli gemi (M&#304;LGEM) konusunda &#305;srarc&#305; idi. Ancak Kararg&#226;h, geminin milli tasar&#305;m ve katk&#305; oran&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; konular&#305;nda ger&#231;ek&#231;i yakla&#351;&#305;m i&#231;ine girince, hedeflenenlerin elde edilmesinin pek de kolay olmayaca&#287;&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu. S&#246;z konusu d&#246;nemde kararg&#226;hta <strong>T&#252;mamiral </strong>r&#252;tbesi ile <strong>Lojistik Ba&#351;kan&#305; </strong>olan <strong>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</strong> 1994 ko&#351;ullar&#305; paralelinde bu konuda &#351;unlar&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yordu: (<strong><span>Cem G&#252;rdeniz, Hedefteki Donanma, K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;kedi Yay&#305;nevi, 2013) </span></strong><em><strong>&#8220;Asl&#305;nda M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in, &#246;ncelikle dizayn&#305;n&#305;n bize ait olmas&#305; gerekirdi. Yani, Deniz Kuvvetleri m&#252;hendislerinin geli&#351;tirece&#287;i bir dizayna sahip olmal&#305;yd&#305;. Bunun d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda radar, sonar, muhabere ve kripto sistemleri, elektronik harp, at&#305;&#351; kontrol, sava&#351; y&#246;netim ve komuta kontrol sistemlerinde maksimalist bir yakla&#351;&#305;mla millile&#351;tirmeyi ba&#351;armal&#305;yd&#305;k. Ancak bunlar&#305; 1995 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n T&#252;rkiye savunma sanayi alt yap&#305;s&#305; ve yetenekleri &#231;er&#231;evesinde ba&#351;armak imk&#226;ns&#305;z gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yordu. Hen&#252;z Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Merkezi Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ismi bile telaffuz edilmiyordu. Bu nedenle kararg&#226;h, M&#304;LGEM ad&#305; alt&#305;nda asl&#305;nda mevcut Alman temelli proje modellerine benzer modeller &#252;retiyordu. Aradaki tek fark, gemilerin donat&#305;m&#305;nda kullan&#305;lan sac, kablo, baz&#305; elektrik sistemleri ve ya&#351;am yerleri donat&#305;m malzemeleri ile se&#231;ilmi&#351; gemicilik donan&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n yurt i&#231;i piyasadan temin edilmesiydi. Bu haliyle M&#304;LGEM hayal etti&#287;imiz gemi de&#287;ildi.&#8221; </strong></em>Bu tespit &#231;ok do&#287;ruydu. <strong>2003</strong> sonras&#305;nda <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong>&#8217;i ger&#231;ek anlamda hayata ge&#231;irecek ve hakl&#305; olarak <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong>&#8217;in babas&#305; &#252;nvan&#305;n&#305; kazanacak <strong>20.Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek,</strong> M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in ilk a&#351;amas&#305;n&#305;n modern sens&#246;r ve silah &#252;retimi ile sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistem yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;na sahip olmaktan ge&#231;ti&#287;ini g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Benzeteme yaparsak, <strong>M&#304;LGEM </strong>bir orkestran&#305;n uzun soluklu senfonisi idi. Ortada senfoninin hen&#252;z bestesi olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi orkestran&#305;n bir&#231;ok enstr&#252;man&#305; da yoktu. Beste yap&#305;lmadan &#246;nce orkestra tamamlanmal&#305;, beste daha sonra yaz&#305;lmal&#305; ard&#305;ndan her enstr&#252;man i&#231;in partisyonlar haz&#305;rlanarak eser ortaya &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmal&#305;yd&#305;. 1994 y&#305;l&#305;nda bu durumu g&#246;ren ve yap&#305;labilece&#287;ine inanan &#231;ok az ki&#351;i vard&#305;. M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in en &#246;nemli baca&#287;&#305; &#351;&#252;phesiz Deniz Kuvvetleri Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Merkezi Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; (ARMERKOM) idi. Onun nas&#305;l kuruldu&#287;una bakal&#305;m.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>YAZGEM (Yaz&#305;l&#305;m Geli&#351;tirme Merkezi) Kuruluyor. </strong>1993 y&#305;l&#305;nda k&#246;kleri <strong>Ege G&#246;zetleme Projesi</strong> ad&#305; alt&#305;nda on y&#305;l &#246;ncesine kadar giden <strong>Uzun Ufuk Projesi</strong> yeni bir &#231;er&#231;eveye oturtulmu&#351;tu. Proje <strong>&#304;T&#220; SAV</strong> (&#304;T&#220; Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Vakf&#305;) ve Deniz Kuvvetleri ortakl&#305;&#287;&#305;nda y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len ilk b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; <strong>ARGE</strong> projesi olarak ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. &#304;lk kez Deniz Kuvvetleri geleneksel sava&#351; gemisi bak&#305;m onar&#305;m faaliyetleri d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;karak sivil bir &#252;niversite ile &#231;ok kapsaml&#305; i&#351; birli&#287;ine girerek teknoloji &#252;retecekti. Bundan &#246;nce Deniz Kuvvetleri ilk kez 1970&#8217;lerin sonunda SAPAN projesinde T&#220;B&#304;TAK MAM ile i&#351; birli&#287;i yapm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Projenin amac&#305; Ege&#8217;de azami oranda deniz taktik resim kaplamas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamakt&#305;. Ancak proje hedefleri istenen seviyede ilerlemiyordu. Di&#287;er yandan So&#287;uk sava&#351; biterken modern donanmalar yaz&#305;l&#305;mlarda daha pahal&#305; <strong>SMR (Safety Managed Runtime</strong>) sistemlerinden ticari olarak &#231;ok daha ekonomik ve eri&#351;ilebilir <strong>COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) VME (Versa Module Europa</strong>) yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305;na ge&#231;iyordu. Deniz Kuvvetlerimiz bu geli&#351;melere kay&#305;ts&#305;z kalmayacakt&#305;. 1992 y&#305;l&#305;nda <strong>G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesi 160 APGE M&#252;d&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;nde</strong> g&#246;rev yapan <strong>Yk. M&#252;hendis Binba&#351;&#305; Kubilay Tok</strong>&#8217;un d&#246;nemin Kuvvet Komutan&#305; <strong>Oramiral Vural Bayaz&#305;t</strong> direktifi ile bu alanda &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma yapmak &#252;zere ABD&#8217;ye g&#246;nderilmesi ve d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;nde <strong>VME teknolojisindeki</strong> geli&#351;meleri <strong>APGE&#8217;</strong>de temel projelerde hayata ge&#231;irmeleri sonu&#231;lar&#305; bug&#252;ne yans&#305;yacak &#231;a&#287;layan etkisini yaratt&#305;. O s&#305;rada <strong>Donanma Kurmay Ba&#351;kan&#305;</strong> olan M&#304;LGEM projesinin gelecekteki mimar&#305; <strong>T&#252;mamiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</strong> de bu geli&#351;meler &#252;zerine <strong>APGE</strong>&#8217;ye t&#252;m g&#252;c&#252; ile destek vererek projelere katk&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. Kader a&#287;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;r&#252;yordu. 1993 y&#305;l&#305;nda az say&#305;da m&#252;hendisle faaliyet g&#246;steren APGE yeni sorumluluklarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;. <strong>Knox (Yeni Tepe)</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynlere <strong>Link 11</strong>, yeni tip sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemi konsolu ve Elektronik Harp k&#252;t&#252;phanesi ihtiyac&#305;; <strong>Alman/ L&#252;rssen</strong> lisans&#305; ile Ta&#351;k&#305;zak &#8217;ta in&#351;a edilen 7./8. <strong>Y&#305;ld&#305;z s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlar&#305;n</strong> <strong>TACTICOS</strong> sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemlerinin test ve bak&#305;m sorumluluklar&#305;n&#305;n devral&#305;nmas&#305; ile Almanya ve T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de in&#351;a edilen <strong>MEKO TRACK II A (Barbaros s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;)</strong> firkateynlerin sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemlerinin idamesinin sa&#287;lanmas&#305; ba&#351;l&#305;ca projelerdi. T&#252;m projeler i&#231;in m&#252;hendislere, b&#252;t&#231;eye ve yeni organizasyona ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;. Alman lisans&#305; ile yap&#305;lan her gemi i&#231;in s&#246;zle&#351;melerde sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemlerinin yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305; talep ediliyordu. Bu yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;n kaynak kodlar&#305; verilmiyordu. Firmalar bu yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305; &#231;ok say&#305;da klas&#246;rlerde yaz&#305;l&#305; olarak veriyordu. Halbuki bu istek bilgisayar yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305; ortam&#305;nda kar&#351;&#305;lanabilmeli ve kaynak kodlar&#305;na eri&#351;im sa&#287;lanabilmeli ve gemilerin g&#246;rev zaman&#305;nda kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya kal&#305;nacak yaz&#305;l&#305;m sorunlar&#305;na m&#252;dahale edilebilmeliydi. Bu amaca y&#246;nelik olarak 1993 y&#305;l&#305;nda Hollanda <strong>Thomson CSF/HSA firmas&#305;na</strong> <strong>Y&#305;ld&#305;z S&#305;n&#305;f&#305;</strong> H&#252;cumbot personeli ile <strong>TACTICOS </strong>kursuna birlikte g&#246;nderilen <strong>APGE m&#252;hendisleri</strong> verilen e&#287;itimi yetersiz bularak daha ileri yaz&#305;l&#305;m destek kursu talep ettiler ve bu e&#287;itim al&#305;nd&#305;. 1994 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesine ba&#287;l&#305; faaliyet g&#246;steren 160 APGE M&#252;d&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n tersane d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;karak ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir yap&#305;da <strong>YAZGEM Yaz&#305;l&#305;m Geli&#351;tirme Merkezi</strong> olarak kurulmas&#305;na karar verildi. Ancak bunun somutla&#351;mas&#305; i&#231;in insan g&#252;c&#252; ve tecr&#252;be birikimine ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;. Bu geli&#351;me &#252;zerine <strong>HSA/Thomson- CSF (Sonradan THALES</strong>) firmas&#305; ile yeni bir s&#246;zle&#351;me yap&#305;larak 6 Ekim 1994 tarihinde Deniz Kuvvetlerinin 11 y&#252;ksek m&#252;hendisi Hollanda&#8217;ya 14 ayl&#305;k <strong>yaz&#305;l&#305;m geli&#351;tirme e&#287;itimine</strong> g&#246;nderildi. Bu gruptan baz&#305; m&#252;hendisler Almanya&#8217;da in&#351;as&#305; tamamlanan <strong>MEKO TRACK IIA</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n&#305;n ilk firkateyni <strong>TCG Barbaros</strong>&#8217;un sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemlerinin testlerine kat&#305;larak &#231;ok de&#287;erli tecr&#252;be kazan&#305;mlar&#305; ile firmalara kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;&#305;lan sorunlarla ilgili de&#287;erli geri besleme sa&#287;lad&#305;lar. M&#252;hendislerimiz o kadar h&#305;zl&#305; tecr&#252;be ve bilgi birikimine sahip olmu&#351;lard&#305; ki firman&#305;n yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305;ndaki hatalar&#305; bulacak kadar &#252;st seviyede m&#252;dahale edebilmi&#351;lerdi. Gerek kurs gerekse teslim testleri sonras&#305; kendine g&#252;veni tamamlanan <strong>G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesi 160 APGE M&#252;d&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;, </strong>1996&#8217;da 10 se&#231;kin m&#252;hendisle <strong>YAZGEM</strong>&#8217;e d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu grup daha sonra Yeni tepe s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; <strong>(Knox)</strong> firkateynler i&#231;in <strong>Kalyon 5 (K5)</strong> komuta kontrol konsollar&#305;n&#305;n yaz&#305;l&#305;m ve donan&#305;m s&#252;recini ba&#351;latt&#305;lar. Prototipi &#252;retip, daha sonra sanayinin i&#351; birli&#287;i ile seri &#252;retim modeli se&#231;ildi. Bu s&#252;re&#231;te <strong>ASELSAN</strong>ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta ortak olarak se&#231;ilse de firma daha sonra karar de&#287;i&#351;tirerek &#231;ekildi. K5 konsollar&#305; daha sonra <strong>Thomson CSF-HSA</strong> ve <strong>HAVELSAN </strong>ile ortak &#252;retildi. 1998 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde <strong>Knox</strong> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynlere <strong>K5</strong> konsolu montaj&#305; tamamland&#305;. <strong>YAZGEM</strong>&#8217;de 1997 y&#305;l&#305;nda ayr&#305;ca <strong>SHM (Sava&#351; Harek&#226;t Merkezi</strong>) sim&#252;lat&#246;r&#252; donan&#305;m ve yaz&#305;l&#305;m s&#252;reci ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. Di&#287;er yandan 1993&#8217;ten bu yana devam <strong>&#304;T&#220;-SAV</strong> ile devam eden <strong>Uzun Ufuk</strong> projesi t&#305;kan&#305;p, somut bir sonu&#231; vermeyince proje sorumlulu&#287;u, 1997 Haziran ay&#305;nda <strong>16.Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; Oramiral G&#252;ven Erkaya</strong> taraf&#305;ndan komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n son aylar&#305;nda tamamen Deniz Kuvvetlerine ve <strong>YAZGEM</strong>&#8217;e devredildi. <strong>YAZGEM, </strong>1998&#8217;de <strong>Uzun Ufuk</strong> projesinin &#246;nemli bir par&#231;as&#305; olan helikopterler ile taktik bilgi aktar&#305;m&#305; i&#231;in Link 11 projesine ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ayn&#305; y&#305;l donanmaya taze kan getirecek Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; (FFG7) firkateynler kat&#305;lmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. Sahip olduklar&#305; 1970&#8217;lerin <strong>UYK 7</strong> Sava&#351; Y&#246;netim Sistemi g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;lam&#305;yordu. YAZGEM&#8217;e yeni projeler &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>ARMERKOM (Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Merkezi Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305;) </strong>Yeni in&#351;a edilecek bir sava&#351; gemisinin maliyet d&#246;k&#252;m&#252;nde sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemi yaz&#305;l&#305;m ve donan&#305;m&#305; &#246;nemli yer al&#305;r. 1998&#8217;e gelindi&#287;inde bir sava&#351; gemisinin en &#246;nemli unsurlar&#305;ndan birisi olacak Sava&#351; Y&#246;netim Sistemi yaz&#305;l&#305;m ve donan&#305;mlar&#305; ile milli imkanlarla yap&#305;lacak sens&#246;r ve destek sistemlerinin geli&#351;tirilmesi i&#231;in yaz&#305;l&#305;m, elektronik harp ve akustik alanlarda farkl&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar yapan m&#252;hendis ve ara&#351;t&#305;rma gruplar&#305; G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te <strong>30 A&#287;ustos 1998</strong>&#8217;de kurulan <strong>ARMERKOM</strong>&#8217;da tek &#231;at&#305; alt&#305;na birle&#351;tirildi. <strong>ARMERKOM </strong>h&#305;zla geli&#351;en dijital teknolojiye d&#252;nya ile uyum sa&#287;layacak s&#252;ratte k&#305;sa s&#252;rede adapte olabildi ve &#231;oklu bilgisayar sistemlerine sahip VME formatta ethernet tabanl&#305; a&#287;lara uyumlu yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar geli&#351;tirecek duruma geldi. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta <strong>Thomson /CSF-HSA</strong> firmas&#305;n&#305;n yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305; kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305; ancak <strong>ARMERKOM</strong> art&#305;k kendi yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; yazacak duruma gelmi&#351;ti. <span>Komuta Kontrol, Link ve at&#305;&#351; kontrol yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305; yaz&#305;labiliyordu. 1998&#8217;de T&#220;B&#304;TAK ile ortak Denizalt&#305; Taktik Sim&#252;lat&#246;r projesi ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. Ayn&#305; y&#305;l daha sonra ilki Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynlerde kullan&#305;lacak </span><strong><span>GENES&#304;S (Gemi Entegre Sava&#351; Y&#246;netim Sistemi)</span></strong><span>&#8217;nin temeli olan </span><strong><span>M&#304;LKON (Milli Konsol)</span></strong><span> projesi ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. &#304;lk ara katman yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305; bu projede ba&#351;ar&#305;ld&#305;. 1999&#8217;dan itibaren de </span><strong><span>Knox (Yeni Tepe)</span></strong><span> s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; f&#305;rkateynler, hem </span><strong><span>Link 11</span></strong><span> hem de </span><strong><span>K5 </span></strong><span>konsollar&#305; &#252;zerinden yeni komuta Kontrol sistemlerine kavu&#351;mu&#351;lard&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>GENES&#304;S Do&#287;uyor. </span></strong><span>M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in e&#287;er bir ruhu varsa, o sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemiydi. Onun temeli </span><strong><span>GENES&#304;S </span></strong><span>(Gemi Entegre Sava&#351; Y&#246;netim Sistemi) idi. </span>Bu proje ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta <strong>SHM sim&#252;lat&#246;r projesi</strong> olarak ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. Projenin savunma sanayi i&#231;in en &#246;nemli ba&#351;ar&#305;lar&#305;ndan biri <strong>SHM </strong>konsollar&#305;n&#305;n, bir <em>&#8220;<strong>mock up-donan&#305;m benzetimi</strong></em><strong>&#8221;nin</strong> &#246;zel sekt&#246;r taraf&#305;ndan &#252;retilmesiydi. T&#220;B&#304;TAK deste&#287;i ile daha sonra bu &#8220;<em>mock up&#8221;</em> &#252;zerinden alternatifler &#252;retildi. Ara katman yaz&#305;l&#305;m deste&#287;i devam etti. B&#252;t&#252;n bunlar&#305; yaparken ayn&#305; zamanda t&#252;m modern platformlar&#305;n <em>&#8220;<strong>sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemi</strong></em>&#8221; yaz&#305;l&#305;m bak&#305;m deste&#287;ini de s&#252;rd&#252;rd&#252;. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar gelece&#287;in en &#246;nemli projesi olan &#8220;<em><strong>GENES&#304;S&#8221;</strong></em> alt yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turdu. <span>Gerek </span><strong><span>Uzun Ufuk</span></strong><span> proje yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n 1997&#8217;den sonra </span><strong><span>YAZGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;e verilmesi gerekse </span><strong>K5 </strong>projesinin yabanc&#305; ortakla ba&#351;ar&#305;yla bitirilmesi art&#305;k tamamen milli olanaklarla yeni bir sava&#351; y&#246;netim sitem yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n projelendirilmesine yol a&#231;&#305;yordu. <strong>GENES&#304;S, MiLGEM&#8217;</strong>in en &#246;nemli kilometre ta&#351;&#305; olarak yola &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bu arada Deniz Kuvvetlerinde 1997 y&#305;l&#305;nda kurulan APGE Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;na ba&#287;lanan <strong>ARMERKOM</strong> belki de Deniz Kuvvetleri tarihinin en &#246;nemli d&#246;n&#252;m noktalar&#305;ndan birini olu&#351;turuyordu. Teknolojide kendi kendine yeterlilik ve yarat&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k temelli, yeni teknolojilerin Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;na transferi s&#252;reci 20&#8217;nci y&#252;zy&#305;l bitmeden donanman&#305;n do&#287;du&#287;u yerde ba&#351;lat&#305;l&#305;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llarda Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305; 20.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonuna b&#252;y&#252;k bir enerji ile yakla&#351;&#305;yordu. Sadece teknolojik alanda kabuk de&#287;i&#351;tirmiyor ayn&#305; zamanda 1990&#8217;lar sonras&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apta yeniledi&#287;i filolar, Harp Filosu (MEKO, Yeni Tepe, Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; firkateynler); H&#252;cumbot Filosu (Y&#305;ld&#305;z, K&#305;l&#305;&#231; s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; h&#252;cumbotlar), Denizalt&#305; Filosu (Preveze s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;lar) ve Lojistik Destek Gemileri Filotillas&#305; (</span><strong><span>TCG Akar</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>TCG Yarbay Kudret G&#252;ng&#246;r</span></strong><span>) ile harek&#226;t temposunu ve harek&#226;t &#231;ap&#305;n&#305; ge&#231;mi&#351; y&#305;llarla k&#305;yaslanamayacak &#351;ekilde art&#305;r&#305;yordu. Art&#305;k muhrip ve firkateynlerimizin yeni destek gemileri ile a&#231;&#305;k denizde &#231;ok uzun s&#252;reler g&#246;rev yapmalar&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n hale gelmi&#351;ti. 1990 sonras&#305; </span><strong><span>firkateynlerimiz</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>a&#231;&#305;k deniz destek gemilerimiz </span></strong><span>NATO Akdeniz Daim&#238; Deniz Kuvvetinde </span><strong><span>(STANAVFORMED)</span></strong><span> s&#252;rekli g&#246;rev almaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Yugoslavya Krizinde donanma gemilerimiz bar&#305;&#351;&#305; tesis ve koruma harek&#226;t&#305; kapsam&#305;nda </span><strong><span>IFOR</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>SFOR</span></strong><span>&#8217;a deniz deste&#287;i sa&#287;l&#305;yorlard&#305;. En &#246;nemlisi </span><strong><span>1996</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Kardak</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Avrasya Feribotunun</span></strong><span> ka&#231;&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; krizleri ile </span><strong><span>1997&#8217;</span></strong><span>de </span><strong><span>Arnavutluk</span></strong><span>&#8217;ta ya&#351;anan i&#231; kar&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;kta vatanda&#351;lar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n tahliye operasyonunda ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir performans sergilenmi&#351; ve bu durum topyek&#251;n denizci insan g&#252;c&#252;m&#252;zde kendine g&#252;ven ve tecr&#252;be birikimini geli&#351;tirmi&#351;ti. Donanma, </span><strong><span>Oramiral G&#252;ven Erkaya</span></strong><span> d&#246;neminde zirve yapan &#231;ok say&#305;da ger&#231;ek krizlerin t&#252;m&#252;nden ba&#351;ar&#305;yla &#231;&#305;karak, gerekirse bir sava&#351;a da haz&#305;r oldu&#287;unu ispat etmi&#351;ti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM Projesi Devam Ediyor. </span></strong><span>Oramiral </span><strong><span>G&#252;ven Erkaya</span></strong><span> 1995-1997 aras&#305;ndaki vardiyas&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda &#231;ok say&#305;da ger&#231;ek krizle u&#287;ra&#351;t&#305;. Bu ko&#351;ullar alt&#305;nda Ege&#8217;de ke&#351;if g&#246;zetlemeye destek verecek </span><strong><span>Uzun Ufuk</span></strong><span> projesine odakland&#305;. Ancak proje </span><strong><span>&#304;T&#220; SAV</span></strong><span> ile istedi&#287;i gibi ilerlemeyince proje 1997&#8217;de </span><strong><span>YAZGEM </span></strong><span>taraf&#305;ndan devral&#305;nd&#305;. (2002 y&#305;l&#305;nda </span><strong><span>Uzun Ufuk</span></strong><span> kendi m&#252;hendislerimizin marifeti ile ba&#351;ar&#305;yla tamamlanacakt&#305;.) </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM </span></strong><span>i&#231;in </span><strong><span>Denizalt&#305; Savunma Harbi-Ke&#351;if Karakol gemisi</span></strong><span> stat&#252;s&#252;nde Mart 1996&#8217;da yani Oramiral Erkaya d&#246;neminde harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231; dok&#252;man&#305; haz&#305;rland&#305;. </span><strong><span>20 May&#305;s 1998</span></strong><span> tarihinde yani </span><strong><span>Oramiral Salim Dervi&#351;o&#287;lu</span></strong><span> d&#246;neminde Deniz Kuvvetleri M&#304;LGEM tedari&#287;inin finans modelini belirledi. Buna g&#246;re 8+4 (opsiyon) gemilik projenin yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305; kaynak ihtiyac&#305; </span><strong><span>devlet firma</span></strong><span> kredisi ile; yurti&#231;i kaynak ihtiyac&#305; ise </span><strong><span>Savunma Sanayi Destekleme Fonundan (SSDF)</span></strong><span> kar&#351;&#305;lanacakt&#305;. 1998 A&#287;ustos ay&#305;nda harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231; dokuman&#305; &#252;zerinden yap&#305;lan teknik &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar tamamlanarak </span><strong><span>Teknik Tan&#305;mlama Dok&#252;man&#305;</span></strong><span> onayland&#305;. Konsept dizayn &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; i&#231;in </span><strong><span>Ta&#351;k&#305;zak Tersanesi</span></strong><span> ile </span><strong><span>&#304;T&#220; Savunma Vakf&#305;</span></strong><span> ile bir proje grubu olu&#351;turuldu. </span><strong><span>14 Eyl&#252;l 1998</span></strong><span>&#8217;de M&#304;LGEM projesi yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305; kaynak ihtiyac&#305; i&#231;in hazine m&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan &#246;n ithalat izni al&#305;nd&#305;. Ancak tedarik modeli s&#252;rekli de&#287;i&#351;tiriliyordu. Zira o d&#246;nemde Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305; </span><strong><span>(SSM</span></strong><span>) proje i&#231;in ana y&#252;klenici bulmak istiyordu. Milli ana y&#252;klenici bulmak 90&#8217;lar&#305;n sonunda kolay de&#287;ildi. M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;k t&#252;m proje sorumlulu&#287;unu yerli veya yabanc&#305; bir ana y&#252;kleniciye vermek istiyordu. Ancak bu durumun eski haz&#305;r al&#305;m modellerinden fark&#305; yoktu. Bir di&#287;er husus da T&#252;rk sanayisinin kendine g&#252;veni yoktu. </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;in babas&#305; merhum Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek&#8217;in </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in &#214;yk&#252;s&#252;(K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;kedi Yay&#305;nlar&#305; -2016)</span></strong><span> adl&#305; kitab&#305;nda yazd&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;zere o d&#246;nemde temel sorun hen&#252;z kimsenin milli gemi yapaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;za inanm&#305;yor olmas&#305;yd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Donanma &#304;yon Denizi G&#252;neyinde.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> i&#231;in proje modeli aran&#305;rken hayat devam ediyordu. &#304;smi d&#246;nemin Deniz Kuvvet Plan &#350;ube M&#252;d&#252;r&#252; Deniz Kurmay Yarbay (Sonradan Koramiral) </span><strong><span>Kadir Sa&#287;d&#305;&#231;</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan koyulan &#8216;</span><strong><span>&#8217;A&#231;&#305;k Denizlere Do&#287;ru&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong><span>doktrininin hayata ge&#231;irildi&#287;i </span><strong><span>Oramiral</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>G&#252;ven Erkaya</span></strong><span> d&#246;neminin sonunda T&#252;rk deniz g&#252;c&#252;, doktrin birli&#287;ini sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;, malzemeden usullere, kadrodan kurulu&#351;a kadar her alanda standardizasyonda b&#252;y&#252;k s&#305;&#231;rama kaydetmi&#351;, eksik unsurlar&#305;n&#305;n tamamlanmas&#305;yla &#231;ok boyutlu harek&#226;t yetene&#287;ine sahip bir a&#231;&#305;k deniz donanmas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;. &#214;yle ki 1997 Haziran ay&#305;nda icra edilen </span><strong><span>Deniz Kurdu</span></strong><span> Tatbikat&#305;nda a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi ilk kez Ege&#8217;den Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;e ta&#351;&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. </span><strong><span>Oramiral Erkaya</span></strong><span> d&#246;nemi sonras&#305; </span><strong><span>1997-1999</span></strong><span> d&#246;neminde Akdeniz sath&#305;nda varl&#305;k g&#246;sterme ile d&#305;&#351;a a&#231;&#305;lma ve donanma diplomasisi uygulamalar&#305; da son derece ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; sonu&#231;lar verdi. Tarihte ilk kez </span><strong><span>1998 Deniz Kurdu Tatbikat&#305;nda</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Girit -Malta</span></strong><span> aras&#305; ve </span><strong><span>&#304;yon Denizi G&#252;neyinde</span></strong><span> geni&#351; bir b&#246;lgede donanma kuvvet &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u ile tatbikat icra etmi&#351;, havada yak&#305;t ikmali yapan F16 u&#231;aklar&#305;m&#305;z orta Akdeniz&#8217;de donanma deste&#287;inde bulunmu&#351;tu. S&#246;z konusu tatbikat tarihimizde bir ilk olmu&#351; ve Amerikan B&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;isi ertesi sabah D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri Bakan&#305;ndan randevu isteyerek T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ne yapmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; sorgulam&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>1999 Depremi Donanman&#305;n Enerjisini Durduramad&#305;</span></strong><span>. 1997-1999 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda Deniz Kuvvetleri Kurmay Ba&#351;kan&#305;n&#305;n </span><strong><span>Koramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</span></strong><span> olmas&#305; onun te&#351;vik ve kolayla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; sayesinde teknolojik ilerlemede kuvvet &#231;arpan etkisi yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Neticede G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te </span><strong><span>ARMERKOM</span></strong><span>; Ankara&#8217;da </span><strong><span>APGE Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;</span></strong><span> bu d&#246;nemde kurulmu&#351; ve denizci m&#252;hendislerimiz her ge&#231;en g&#252;n y&#252;ksek bir moral ve motivasyon g&#252;c&#252; ile yeniliklere yelken a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. 1998&#8217;de </span><strong><span>ARMERKOM</span></strong><span> b&#252;nyesinde </span><strong><span>YAZGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;e ilaveten </span><strong><span>Akustik Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Grup Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>Elektronik Harp Grup Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;</span></strong><span> da faaliyete ge&#231;mi&#351;ti. S&#246;z konusu d&#246;nemde donanman&#305;n gerek her ge&#231;en g&#252;n geli&#351;en nitelik ve niceli&#287;inden G&#246;lc&#252;k ve Aksaz gibi deniz &#252;slerimizde herkesin &#246;zendi&#287;i ve &#246;rnek ald&#305;&#287;&#305; nitelikli ve ya&#351;ama enerjisi son derece y&#252;ksek hayat standard&#305;na kadar cumhuriyet donanmas&#305; gelece&#287;e co&#351;ku ile ilerliyordu. Bu geli&#351;me </span><strong><span>17 A&#287;ustos 1999</span></strong><span> depremi ile g&#246;lgelendiyse de depremin etkileri k&#305;sa s&#252;rede atlat&#305;ld&#305; ve &#246;l&#252;ms&#252;zl&#252;k s&#305;rr&#305;na &#231;oktan kavu&#351;mu&#351; olan Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305; </span><strong><span>nerede kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;k?</span></strong><span> dedi. </span><strong><span>1999-2001</span></strong><span> aras&#305;ndaki d&#246;nem deprem yaralar&#305;n&#305;n sar&#305;lmas&#305; gayretlerine odakland&#305;. 2001 y&#305;l&#305;nda t&#252;m yaralar sar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;, donanmaya MEKO s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span><strong><span>TCG Salihreis</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>TCG Kemalreis</span></strong><span> firkateynleri ile Gabya s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; TCG </span><strong><span>G&#246;k&#231;eada</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>TCG Gediz</span></strong><span> firkateynleri; K&#305;l&#305;&#231; s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; </span><strong><span>TCG Kalkan</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>TCG M&#305;zrak</span></strong><span>h&#252;cumbotlar&#305; kat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;; G&#252;r s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;, </span><strong><span>TCG G&#252;r</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>TCG &#199;anakkale</span></strong><span> denizalt&#305;lar&#305; k&#305;za&#287;a konulmu&#351;tu. Karadeniz&#8217;de 6 sahildar&#305; bir araya getiren </span><strong><span>Karadeniz Deniz &#304;&#351;birli&#287;i G&#246;rev Grubu (BLACKSEAFOR)</span></strong><span> T&#252;rkiye liderli&#287;inde hayata ge&#231;irilmi&#351;ti. Bu geli&#351;me ABD&#8217;yi son derece rahats&#305;z etmi&#351;ti. Deprem sonras&#305; iki y&#305;ll&#305;k d&#246;nemde Hali&#231;&#8217;te bulunan </span><strong><span>Ta&#351;k&#305;zak Tersanesi</span></strong><span> kapat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;, </span><strong><span>T&#252;rkiye Gemi Sanayiine</span></strong><span> ait Pendik&#8217;te bulunan Tersane, </span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul Tersanesi</span></strong><span> ad&#305;yla 2001 y&#305;l&#305;nda Deniz Kuvvetleri envanterinde hizmete girmi&#351;ti. Art&#305;k su &#252;st&#252; sava&#351; gemilerinin in&#351;as&#305; burada; denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n in&#351;as&#305; G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te devam edecekti. </span><strong><span>ARMERKOM</span></strong><span> da deprem sonras&#305; Pendik&#8217;te </span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul Tersanesi</span></strong><span> b&#246;lgesine ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;. G&#246;lc&#252;k&#8217;te deprem &#246;ncesi onun i&#231;in yap&#305;lan binaya da Donanma Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM i&#231;in ilk SS&#304;K Karar&#305; &#199;&#305;k&#305;yor</span></strong><span>. </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM </span></strong><span>dizayn ve tedarik modeli i&#231;in depremden 6 ay sonra </span><strong><span>15 &#350;ubat 2000</span></strong><span>tarihinde </span><strong><span>Savunma Sanayi &#304;cra Komitesinden (SS&#304;K)</span></strong><span> ilk kez karar &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;. Denizalt&#305; Savunma Harbi (DSH) ve Ke&#351;if Karakol Gemisi Projesi olarak ba&#351;lat&#305;lan M&#304;LGEM (Mili Gemi) Projesi kapsam&#305;nda azami yurt i&#231;i katk&#305; pay&#305; ile toplam 8+4 (12 adete) kadar geminin tasar&#305;m ve in&#351;as&#305; &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu karar paralelinde </span><strong><span>18 May&#305;s 2000 </span></strong><span>tarihinde de teklife &#231;a&#287;r&#305; dosyas&#305; </span><strong><span>(RFP)</span></strong><span>yay&#305;nlad&#305;. Bu &#231;a&#287;r&#305;ya sekiz firma cevap verdi. Yar&#305;s&#305; T&#252;rk firmas&#305;yd&#305;. Dosyalardaki eksiklikler ve elemeler sonucu </span><strong><span>2 Ocak 2001</span></strong><span>tarihinde yenilenen &#231;a&#287;r&#305;ya, Almanya, T&#252;rkiye ve &#304;ngiltere&#8217;den &#252;&#231; firma cevap verdi. Bu s&#252;re&#231;ten de istenen sonu&#231; &#231;&#305;kmay&#305;nca </span><strong><span>16 Haziran 2002</span></strong><span>&#8217;de </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> ihale s&#252;reci iptal edildi. Bu noktaya gelinmesi pek &#231;ok a&#231;&#305;dan iyi olmu&#351;tu. </span><strong><span>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek,M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in &#214;yk&#252;s&#252;</span></strong><span> isimli eserinde &#351;unlar&#305; yaz&#305;yor: </span><strong><span>&#8216;&#8217;M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in ilk do&#287;u&#351;u maalesef Bahriyeye veya &#246;zel sekt&#246;re teknolojik bir yetenek kazand&#305;rmak hedefinden uzakt&#305;. Bu nedenle seneler ge&#231;tik&#231;e kendine taraftar bulamad&#305;. &#304;stedi&#287;imiz harp silah ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yan ve maliyetinin en az %60 &#252;zerindeki k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; yurt i&#231;inde &#252;retebilece&#287;imiz, bir gemi in&#351;a modeli, bizim i&#231;in esas olmal&#305;yd&#305;. Tabii b&#246;yle bir konu, yurt i&#231;inde ARGE gerektiriyordu. &#214;zel sekt&#246;r&#252;m&#252;z ise, talebi &#231;ok k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; olan b&#246;yle bir konuya kaynak ay&#305;rmak istemiyordu. T&#220;B&#304;TAK ve &#252;niversitelerin vak&#305;flar&#305; bu konularda en uygun olanaklara sahiptiler. Ayr&#305;ca kendi ARGE&#8217;mizi de geli&#351;tirmek zorundayd&#305;k. Halbuki 1994 y&#305;l&#305;nda M&#304;LGEM proje fikri ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bir saha komutan&#305;n&#305;n, komutanlar toplant&#305;s&#305; g&#252;ndem maddesi olarak &#246;nerdi&#287;i &#8220;Bahriyede ARGE faaliyetleri i&#231;in bir birim kurulmas&#305;&#8221; &#246;nerisi kabul edilmemi&#351;ti. D&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n ki bug&#252;n (2016&#8217;dan bahsediyor yn.) sonar &#252;retebiliyoruz ama o g&#252;nlerde bir sonar ve DSH sistemi i&#231;in &#351;artname yazmas&#305;n&#305; bile bilmiyorduk. Ayn&#305;s&#305; gemideki hemen hemen t&#252;m silah, cihaz ve sistemlerin tedariki i&#231;in de ge&#231;erliydi. Maalesef bu konular&#305; da size kimse &#246;&#287;retmiyordu. Kendiniz terleyerek ve maliyetini &#246;deyerek &#246;&#287;renmek zorundayd&#305;n&#305;z.&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek&#8217;in Ak&#305;nt&#305;n&#305;n Y&#246;n&#252;n&#252; De&#287;i&#351;tirmesi. </span></strong><span>2001 A&#287;ustos Askeri &#350;uras&#305;nda </span><strong><span>Koramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</span></strong><span>Oramiralli&#287;e terfi etti ve Donanma Komutan&#305; oldu. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; </span><strong><span>Oramiral B&#252;lent Alpkaya</span></strong><span> olmu&#351;tu. </span><strong><span>22 Haziran 2002</span></strong><span>&#8217;de mevcut projenin g&#246;rev ihtiya&#231; dokuman&#305; ile teknik tan&#305;mlama dok&#252;man&#305; yeniden yaz&#305;ld&#305;. </span><strong><span>16 May&#305;s 2003</span></strong><span> tarihinde tedarik modeli de&#287;i&#351;tirilerek ilerlendi. Bu tarihten 2 ay sonra </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM Teknik &#350;artnamesi</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>22 Temmuz 2003</span></strong><span>&#8217;te de&#287;i&#351;tirildi. Bu modelde yerli katk&#305; pay&#305;n&#305;n </span><strong><span>%50 seviyesine</span></strong><span> &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; hedefleniyordu. Bunun i&#231;in </span><strong><span>AR/GE</span></strong><span>&#8217;ye ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;. 30 A&#287;ustos 2003 tarihinde Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; olarak g&#246;reve ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#214;n&#252;nde 24 ay vard&#305;. Bu kritik zaman dilimi i&#231;inde </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> mutlaka k&#305;za&#287;a konmal&#305;yd&#305;. Ama nas&#305;l? Amiral &#214;rnek&#8217;in komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ilk alt&#305; ay&#305;nda pek bir ilerleme sa&#287;lanamad&#305;. En &#246;nemli kazan&#305;m &#246;ncelikle geminin kullanaca&#287;&#305; &#231;eli&#287;in &#252;retimi i&#231;in </span><strong><span>ERDEM&#304;R</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> bir araya getirilerek &#231;elik &#252;retiminin ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesi sa&#287;land&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM Projesi Fiilen Ba&#351;l&#305;yor </span></strong><span>. 2004 Mart ay&#305;nda </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> projesinin ilerlemesinde b&#252;y&#252;k rol&#252; olan </span><strong><span>Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;ar&#305; Murat Bayar</span></strong><span> yeni g&#246;revine ba&#351;lad&#305;. Deniz Kuvvetleri ile SSM aras&#305;ndaki i&#351; birli&#287;i ve e&#351;g&#252;d&#252;m yeni bir sayfa a&#231;t&#305;. 11 Aral&#305;k 2003&#8217;te yap&#305;lan </span><strong><span>Amiraller Kurulu</span></strong><span> toplant&#305;s&#305;nda M&#304;LGEM i&#231;in performans sorumlulu&#287;u, dizayn, dizayn kontrol&#252; geminin in&#351;as&#305;, sistem temini ve sistem entegrasyonunun Deniz Kuvvetleri ve </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> ortakl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda yap&#305;lmas&#305;na karar verildi. Bu karara g&#246;re 5 Mart 2004 tarihinde M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in in&#351;a direktifi Amiral &#214;rnek taraf&#305;ndan imzaland&#305;. </span><strong><span>12 Mart 2004</span></strong><span>&#8217;te proje fiilen ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#304;stanbul Tersanesinde </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM Proje Ofisi</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>(MPO</span></strong><span>) tesis edildi. Her ne kadar hala &#246;nemli bir kesim milli geminin ger&#231;ekle&#351;ece&#287;ine inanmasa da i&#351;ler h&#305;zlan&#305;yordu. </span><strong><span>14 May&#305;s 2004</span></strong><span>&#8217;te &#246;nceden </span><strong><span>15 &#350;ubat 2000</span></strong><span> tarihinde al&#305;nan ilk </span><strong><span>SS&#304;K </span></strong><span>karar&#305; revize edildi. Yeni karara g&#246;re 8+4 DSH/ ke&#351;if karakol gemisinden birinci gemi (prototip) Deniz Kuvvetleri sorumlulu&#287;unda olmak &#252;zere </span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul Tersanesi</span></strong><span> di&#287;er gemilerin ayn&#305; tersane ve/veya yurti&#231;i &#246;zel sekt&#246;r tersanesinde in&#351;a edilmesi karar&#305; &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Bu karara g&#246;re alt sistem ve malzemeleri </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> temin edecekti. Deniz Kuvvetleri performans sorumlulu&#287;unu y&#252;klendi&#287;inden tasar&#305;mdan, yap&#305;mdan ve tedarik hari&#231; her t&#252;rl&#252; in&#351;a planlamas&#305;ndan sorumluydu. </span><strong><span>SSM </span></strong><span>ise tedarik sorumlulu&#287;unu y&#252;klenmi&#351;ti. </span><strong><span>SS&#304;K </span></strong><span>kararlar&#305; </span><strong><span>SSM </span></strong><span>ve Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; hukuken ba&#287;lay&#305;c&#305;yd&#305;. Ancak bu geli&#351;meye ra&#287;men projenin ilerleyi&#351;inde M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305;n endi&#351;eleri vard&#305;. En b&#252;y&#252;k endi&#351;e Deniz Kuvvetlerinin tasar&#305;m&#305; kendisine ait bir sava&#351; gemisini &#246;nceden in&#351;a etmemi&#351; olmas&#305;yd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#304;LGEM &#8217;de &#214;nemli Bir D&#246;n&#252;m Noktas&#305;</strong>. Savunma Sanayi &#304;cra Komitesinin <strong>15 May&#305;s 2004</strong> tarihli toplant&#305;s&#305; T&#252;rk savunma sanayiinin millile&#351;mesi yolunda &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305; oldu. Zira bu kararda &#246;nemli ve b&#252;y&#252;k projelerin &#231;o&#287;unun ihale s&#252;re&#231;leri iptal edildi. Yabanc&#305; ana y&#252;klenicilerle T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de lisans alt&#305;nda &#252;retimi &#246;ng&#246;ren proje modelleri iptal edilerek bunlar&#305;n yerine <strong>yerli &#351;irketlerin</strong> ana y&#252;klenici olaca&#287;&#305; modele ge&#231;ildi. Bu karar <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> modeli ile tam uyu&#351;uyordu. Bu karar sonras&#305; Deniz Kuvvetlerinin &#252;niversiteler, <strong>T&#220;B&#304;TAK </strong>ve savunma sanayi kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ile i&#351; birli&#287;i ve <strong>AR/GE</strong> s&#252;re&#231;leri h&#305;zlanacakt&#305;. <span>Deniz Kuvvetlerinin </span><strong><span>T&#220;B&#304;TAK </span></strong><span>ile kurumsal ili&#351;kiyi erken kuran ve </span><strong><span>ARGE</span></strong><span> projesi geli&#351;tirme k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; olan g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir ge&#231;mi&#351;i vard&#305;. Bu birikimin de b&#252;y&#252;k katk&#305;s&#305; g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. </span><strong>T&#220;B&#304;TAK</strong> ile <strong>Haziran 2004</strong>&#8217;te kapsaml&#305; i&#351; birli&#287;i protokol&#252; imzaland&#305;. <strong>T&#220;B&#304;TAK </strong>ile<strong>ARMERKOM </strong>aras&#305;nda be&#351; paket haz&#305;rland&#305;. M&#304;LGEM i&#231;in <strong>Sonar ve Sualt&#305; Telefonu, K&#305;z&#305;l &#214;tesi &#304;z Tahmin ve &#214;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;, Elektromanyetik Uyumluluk, Degaussing Sistemi, Radar Kesit Alan&#305; (RKA) &#214;l&#231;&#252;mleri ARMERKOM </strong>ile i&#351; birli&#287;i i&#231;inde beraber y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;ld&#252;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>SSM ile Temel Sorun Alan&#305;. 27 A&#287;ustos 2004</span></strong><span>&#8217;te </span><strong><span>SSM, M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span>&#8217;in azami milli katk&#305; pay&#305; ile yap&#305;lmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik olarak 24 konuda </span><strong><span>Bilgi &#304;stek Dok&#252;man&#305;</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>(RFI)</span></strong><span> yay&#305;nlad&#305;. K&#305;sa s&#252;re sonra </span><strong><span>1 Eyl&#252;l 2004</span></strong><span>&#8217;te &#304;stanbul Tersanesi&#8217;nde </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM Proje Ofisinde</span></strong><span> &#246;nemli bir toplant&#305; yap&#305;ld&#305;. Buna Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;ar&#305; </span><strong><span>Murat Bayar</span></strong><span> da kat&#305;ld&#305;. Mevcut model m&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305;n al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; modelden farkl&#305;yd&#305;. Zira </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> haz&#305;r gemi al&#305;m&#305;ndan &#231;ok daha de&#287;i&#351;ik bir model i&#231;eriyordu. Bu projede d&#305;&#351;ardan pazarlanan haz&#305;r dizayn ve donan&#305;ml&#305; gemi yerine harek&#226;t ihtiyac&#305;na g&#246;re tespit edilen ara&#231;, gerek ve malzemeler azami AR/GE ve milli katk&#305; ile tedarik edilerek milli tasar&#305;ma g&#246;re bir gemi in&#351;a ediliyordu.</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>Amiral &#214;rnek, </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in &#214;yk&#252;s&#252;</span></strong><span> adl&#305; eserinde temel sorunu Savunma Sanayi M&#252;ste&#351;arl&#305;&#287;&#305; (SSM) bak&#305;&#351;&#305; ile &#246;zetle &#351;&#246;yle izah ediyor: </span><strong><span>&#8216;&#8217;Ger&#231;ekte SSM&#8217;in bug&#252;ne kadar y&#252;r&#252;tt&#252;&#287;&#252; projelerde &#252;&#231; tane akt&#246;r vard&#305;r. Biri kullan&#305;c&#305; yani Deniz Kuvvetleri. &#304;kincisi tedarik makam&#305; yani SSM ve &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252; m&#252;teahhit yani ana y&#252;klenici&#8230; Bu modelde SSM&#8217;e g&#246;re m&#252;teahhit yoktu. Bu rol kullan&#305;c&#305; (Deniz Kuvvetleri) ile tedarik makam&#305; (SSM) aras&#305;nda payla&#351;&#305;l&#305;yordu&#8230; Bu durum b&#252;rokratik olarak s&#252;reci y&#246;netmede zorluk &#231;&#305;karabilirdi. Bu modelde ana y&#252;klenici yani m&#252;teahhit, M&#304;LGEM Proje Ofisi, &#304;stanbul Tersanesi ve SSM aras&#305;nda b&#246;l&#252;&#351;&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Dosyalar Deniz Kuvvetleri ile Tersane aras&#305;na gidip geliyordu. SSM bunun d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda kal&#305;yordu. Rahats&#305;zl&#305;k buradan &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu&#8230;SSM ba&#351; edemeyece&#287;i bir i&#351;i yapmak istiyor ama g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yetmeyece&#287;ini de biliyordu. SSM klaslamay&#305; bilmeden, nas&#305;l bir tasar&#305;m oldu&#287;unu bilmeden tedarike giri&#351;ecek durumda de&#287;iliz diyordu</span></strong><span>. </span><strong><span>SSM neticede bir proje y&#246;neticisi &#351;irkettir. Bu y&#246;netimi de uluslararas&#305; standartta bir kalite belgesine g&#246;re yap&#305;yor. &#214;z&#252;nde bir ana y&#252;klenici projeyi y&#246;netiyor ve ona bu i&#351;i vermeden &#246;nce alt y&#252;klenicilerinin programa g&#246;re kilometre ta&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;, hak edi&#351; &#246;demelerinin b&#252;t&#231;esini istiyor. S&#252;re&#231;te kalite kontrol a&#351;amalar&#305; var. &#304;&#351;te o g&#252;nlerde SSM bunlar&#305; yapamayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu&#8230;Deniz Kuvvetleri &#246;nceden s&#305;f&#305;rdan gemi in&#351;a etmedi. Bu yetene&#287;i var m&#305;d&#305;r? Paran&#305;n sahibi savunma sanayidir ama paray&#305; ba&#351;kalar&#305; kullanacakt&#305;r.&#8217;&#8217; </span></strong><span>En b&#252;y&#252;k sorun ise projenin orkestra &#351;efi konumundaki itici g&#252;c&#252; </span><strong><span>20. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; Oramiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek,</span></strong><span>2005 A&#287;ustos&#8217;unda emekliye ayr&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda proje ne olacakt&#305;? Her &#351;eye ra&#287;men proje ilerlemeye devam etti. </span><strong><span>2004 Aral&#305;k</span></strong><span> ay&#305;nda </span><strong><span>Deniz Kuvvetleri</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>T&#252;rkiye U&#231;ak Sanayi A&#350; </span></strong><span>(</span><strong><span>TUSA&#350;) </span></strong><span>ve </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> aras&#305;nda &#252;&#231;l&#252; protokol imzaland&#305;. Yeni karara g&#246;re </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350;</span></strong><span>tedarik &#351;irketi olacakt&#305;. B&#246;ylece </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> malzemelerinin tedarik s&#252;reci ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;. </span><strong><span>MPO</span></strong><span>&#8217;nun ihtiya&#231; duyaca&#287;&#305; hizmet al&#305;mlar&#305; ile SSM&#8217;nin tedarik edece&#287;i ana malzeme al&#305;mlar&#305; d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki t&#252;m al&#305;mlar&#305; </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350; </span></strong><span>yapacakt&#305;. </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> Projesinin ilerlemesinde &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k katk&#305;s&#305; olan G&#246;lc&#252;k Tersanesi eski komutanlar&#305;ndan </span><strong><span>Emekli Y&#252;ksek M&#252;hendis</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Amiral Sava&#351; Onur</span></strong><span>, projeye malzeme tedarik edecek olan </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350;</span></strong><span>&#8217;ta g&#246;reve ba&#351;lad&#305;. </span><strong><span>(2020 y&#305;l&#305;nda sonsuzlu&#287;a u&#287;urlad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z k&#305;ymetli Amiralimizin M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesine katt&#305;&#287;&#305; katma de&#287;erler &#246;n&#252;nde sayg&#305; ile e&#287;iliyorum.)</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Maraton Sona Yakla&#351;&#305;yor. 2004</span></strong><span> biterken &#304;stanbul Tersanesinde </span><strong><span>MPO</span></strong><span>&#8217;da i&#351;ler devam ediyordu. Geminin teknik tan&#305;mlama dokuman&#305; 2003 y&#305;l&#305;nda yeniden de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;, helikopter hangar&#305; ile ana tahrik sisteminde dizellerin yan&#305;na gaz t&#252;rbini tasar&#305;ma eklenmi&#351;ti. Gemi 1500 tondan 2200 tona kadar &#231;&#305;kabilecekti. Di&#287;er yandan </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> ger&#231;ek anlamda bir savunma sanayi te&#351;vik program&#305;yd&#305;. Milli olarak yap&#305;labilecek unsurlar her g&#252;n art&#305;yordu. Milli sanayiden f&#305;&#351;k&#305;ran cevherler Tersane ile temasa ge&#231;mede yar&#305;&#351;&#305;yordu. &#214;rne&#287;in Aral&#305;k 2004 ay&#305;nda Kayseri&#8217;deki bir firma CNC tezg&#226;h&#305; onarabilece&#287;ini, fiber optik kablo &#252;retti&#287;ini, lazer cayro yapabileceklerini bildirmi&#351;ti. </span><strong><span>28 Aral&#305;k 2004</span></strong><span> tarihinde SSM ile yeni bir toplant&#305; daha yap&#305;ld&#305;. </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> bilinen sorunlar&#305; dile getiriyordu. Tekrar eden temel sorun ana y&#252;klenici olmamas&#305;yd&#305;. Bir yerde Deniz Kuvvetleri hem kullan&#305;c&#305; hem de tersanesi ve MPO nedeni ile y&#252;klenici konumundayd&#305; ve bu duruma SSM al&#305;&#351;amam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Gelecekte aksakl&#305;klar ya&#351;an&#305;r ve kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; su&#231;lamalar olursa diye endi&#351;e duyuluyordu. Neticede her &#351;ey konu&#351;uldu ve d&#246;nemin </span><strong><span>M&#252;ste&#351;ar&#305; Murat Baya</span></strong><span>r&#8217;&#305;n i&#351; birli&#287;ine y&#246;nelik olarak </span><strong><span>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</span></strong><span> ile yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; yap&#305;c&#305; atmosferde </span><strong><span>14 Ocak 2005</span></strong><span> g&#252;n&#252; yeni bir protokol yap&#305;ld&#305;. Buna g&#246;re </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> a&#287;&#305;r malzemeleri tedarik edecek; Tersane tasar&#305;m ve in&#351;aya ba&#351;layacak, Tedarikleri de </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350; </span></strong><span>yapacakt&#305;. Geminin dizayn ve in&#351;aat sorumlulu&#287;u Deniz Kuvvetlerinde olacak ve </span><strong><span>SSM</span></strong><span> protokol program&#305;na g&#246;re malzemeleri tersanede bulunduracakt&#305;. Bu kapsamda </span><strong><span>16 May&#305;s 2005</span></strong><span>&#8217;te geminin </span><strong><span>klaslama</span></strong><span> hizmetlerini </span><strong><span>T&#252;rk Lloyd</span></strong><span>&#8217;u ald&#305;. </span><strong><span>22 Haziran 2005</span></strong><span> tarihinde toplanan </span><strong><span>SS&#304;K </span></strong><span>&#231;ok &#246;nemli bir kararla </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350;</span></strong><span>&#8217;&#305;n g&#246;revini </span><strong><span>STM (Savunma Teknolojileri M&#252;hendislik ve Ticaret A.&#350;.)&#8217;</span></strong><span>ye verdi. B&#246;ylece yard&#305;mc&#305; makineler ile di&#287;er malzeme ve hizmetlerin tedarik sorumlulu&#287;unu </span><strong><span>STM </span></strong><span>&#252;stlendi. Bu kararla birlikte </span><strong><span>Amiral Sava&#351; Onur</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>TUSA&#350;</span></strong><span>&#8217;tan </span><strong><span>STM</span></strong><span>&#8217;ye ge&#231;erek g&#246;revine ba&#351;lad&#305;. STM, Amiral Sava&#351; Onur liderli&#287;inde o derece ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; oldu ki 2006&#8217;da tedarik yan&#305;nda dizayn sorumlulu&#287;u da </span><strong><span>STM&#8217;</span></strong><span>ye verildi. Bug&#252;n sava&#351; gemisi dizayn ve in&#351;a alan&#305;nda d&#252;nya markas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;en STM&#8217;nin tarihindeki en &#246;nemli ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;lardan birisi M&#304;LGEM projesi olmu&#351;tur.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sava&#351; Sistemleri ve Silahlar.</strong> 2005 y&#305;l&#305; yaz&#305;na do&#287;ru girerken <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong>&#8217;in sava&#351; sistemlerinin geli&#351;tirilme ve montaj sorumlulu&#287;unu alacak <strong>HAVELSAN</strong> ve <strong>ASELSAN</strong>&#8217;&#305;n hala anla&#351;amad&#305;&#287;&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yordu. Her iki firma da <strong>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</strong>sonras&#305; d&#246;nemde projenin devam edece&#287;inden emin olmak i&#231;in acele etmiyordu. <strong>ASELSAN</strong> iki firmadan birinin ana y&#252;klenici, di&#287;erinin alt y&#252;klenici olmas&#305;n&#305; istiyordu. <strong>HAVELSAN</strong> ise hem konsorsiyum hem ana y&#252;klenici modellerini uygun g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Sonunda iki firma i&#351; ortakl&#305;&#287;&#305; modeli ile ilerlemeye karar verdiler. Temmuz 2005&#8217;te s&#252;re&#231; ba&#351;lad&#305;. Bu arada <strong>ASELSAN</strong>&#8217;a o d&#246;nemde deniz sistemlerinde <strong>kuantum s&#305;&#231;ramas&#305;</strong> yapt&#305;ran projenin <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> oldu&#287;unu belirtelim. <strong>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnekM&#304;LGEM&#8217;in &#214;yk&#252;s&#252;</strong> isimli kitab&#305;nda d&#246;nemin Genel M&#252;d&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n kendisine daha sonra &#8216;<strong>&#8217;sayenizde vizyonumuz de&#287;i&#351;ti, sizlere te&#351;ekk&#252;r ederiz. Bizi yapmakta oldu&#287;umuz hatadan geri &#231;evirdiniz&#8217;&#8217;</strong> dedi&#287;ini yaz&#305;yor. Zaman i&#231;inde <strong><span>ARMERKOM</span></strong><span>&#8216;un geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i yaz&#305;l&#305;m ve donan&#305;m prototipleri </span><strong><span>HAVELSAN, ASELSAN</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>ROKETSAN </span></strong><span>ve di&#287;er savunma sanayii &#246;zel &#351;irketleri &#252;zerinden t&#252;m saha performans testleri yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; &#351;ekilde kabul edildi ve seri &#252;retim s&#252;reci ba&#351;lad&#305;. </span><strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> sayesinde Di&#287;er bir <strong>TSKGV</strong> &#351;irketi olan <strong>ROKETSAN</strong> ile de ili&#351;kiler geli&#351;tirilmi&#351;ti. Bug&#252;n milletimizin gurur duydu&#287;u isimleri <strong>Amiral &#214;rnek</strong>taraf&#305;ndan verilen <strong>Atmaca</strong> ve <strong>Gezgin f&#252;zeleri </strong>ile <strong>Akya denizalt&#305; torpidosu</strong>nun tohumlar&#305; o zaman at&#305;ld&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>TCG Heybeliada&#8217;n&#305;n Omurgas&#305; K&#305;za&#287;a Konuyor</span></strong><span>. </span><strong><span>26 Temmuz 2005</span></strong><span> g&#252;n&#252; M&#304;LGEM Korvetlerinin ilki olan TCG Heybeliada&#8217;n&#305;n ilk kayna&#287;&#305; &#304;stanbul Tersanesinde yap&#305;lan t&#246;rende </span><strong><span>Cumhurba&#351;kan&#305; Ahmet Necdet Sezer</span></strong><span> taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;ld&#305;. </span><strong><span>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</span></strong><span>, hayat&#305;ndaki en g&#252;zel an&#305;s&#305; olan bu tarihi olaydan bir ay sonra emekli oldu. Tek kelime ile &#351;eytan&#305;n baca&#287;&#305;n&#305; k&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#8216;&#8217;</span><strong><span>Yapamazlar, Yap&#305;lamaz&#8217;&#8217;</span></strong><span> denilen milli sava&#351; gemisini k&#305;za&#287;a koydurmu&#351;tu. Bundan sonras&#305; vardiyay&#305; devralan amirallere ve ba&#351;ta </span><strong><span>MPO, STM</span></strong><span> ve </span><strong><span>&#304;stanbul Tersanesinin</span></strong><span> m&#252;hendislerine kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. 5 Eyl&#252;l 2005 tarihinde </span><strong><span>MPO M&#252;d&#252;r&#252;</span></strong><span> olarak g&#246;reve ba&#351;layan </span><strong><span>Y&#252;ksek M&#252;hendis</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Albay Ahmet &#199;ak&#305;r</span></strong><span> art&#305;k bu geminin omurgas&#305; &#252;zerinde her ge&#231;en g&#252;n a&#287;&#305;r a&#287;&#305;r y&#252;kseli&#351;ini sa&#287;layacak ki&#351;ilerin ba&#351;&#305;ndayd&#305;. </span><strong><span>2005-2007</span></strong><span> aras&#305;nda g&#246;rev yapan Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan&#305; </span><strong><span>Amiral Yener Karahano&#287;lu</span></strong><span> da </span><strong><span>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek&#8217;in</span></strong><span> &#246;z evlad&#305; gibi ba&#287;land&#305;&#287;&#305; </span><strong><span>M&#304;LGEM</span></strong><span> projesine ayn&#305; irade ve isten&#231; ile devam etti. Bu arada </span><strong><span>MPO&#8217;</span></strong><span>da &#231;al&#305;&#351;an m&#252;hendislerin b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u gemilerden yeti&#351;mi&#351; y&#252;ksek m&#252;hendisler ile gemilerde makine subayl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan yeti&#351;mi&#351; son derece se&#231;kin subaylar olmas&#305;yd&#305;. Harek&#226;t ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; biliyorlard&#305;. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; de&#287;i&#351;ik gemilerin k&#246;pr&#252;&#252;st&#252;, SHM ve makine dairelerinde vardiya tutmu&#351;lar, acil durum ya&#351;am&#305;&#351;lard&#305;. Bu durum geminin konsept dizayndan ger&#231;ek in&#351;aya ge&#231;me a&#351;amas&#305;nda b&#252;y&#252;k yarar sa&#287;layacakt&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Fiili &#304;n&#351;aat Ba&#351;l&#305;yor</span></strong><span>. Detay dizayn&#305;n %80 seviyesine tamamlanmas&#305;ndan sonra fiili in&#351;aat </span><strong><span>7 Ocak 2007</span></strong><span>&#8217;de ba&#351;lad&#305;. Denize ini&#351; zaman&#305; olarak da </span><strong><span>27 Eyl&#252;l 2008</span></strong><span> belirlenmi&#351;ti. &#304;&#351;leri o kadar zordu ki, milli olarak tasarlanan malzemelerle, geli&#351;tirilen veya haz&#305;r al&#305;nan de&#287;i&#351;ik silah, sens&#246;r, sava&#351; y&#246;netim sistemleri, ana makine ve yard&#305;mc&#305; sistemler detay dizayn parametreleri i&#231;inde lego yapar gibi gemiye monte ediliyordu. Yap&#305;lan her hata program&#305; g&#252;nlerce ya da haftalarca geriye atabiliyordu. Zorlu ve &#231;ok yo&#287;un bir s&#252;re&#231; sonunda </span><strong><span>Preveze Deniz Zaferi ve Deniz Kuvvetleri G&#252;n&#252;nde, 27 Eyl&#252;l 2008</span></strong><span>&#8217;de gemi Pendik&#8217;te deniz indi. T&#246;rende t&#252;mamiral olarak ben de vard&#305;m. Tekne suyla bulu&#351;urken h&#252;ng&#252;r h&#252;ng&#252;r a&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305; hat&#305;rl&#305;yorum. Aya&#287;a kalkarak avaz&#305;m &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305; kadar </span><strong><span>helal olsun</span></strong><span> diye ba&#287;&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305; hat&#305;rl&#305;yorum. Maalesef bu duygu y&#252;kl&#252; t&#246;rene </span><strong><span>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</span></strong><span> davetli de&#287;ildi. </span><strong><span>29 Mart 2007</span></strong><span> tarihinde operasyon unsuru </span><strong><span>Nokta Dergisi,</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>FET&#214; kumpas&#305;n&#305;n</span></strong><span> bir arac&#305; olarak Amiral &#214;rnek&#8217;e ait oldu&#287;unu iddia eti&#287;i Darbe G&#252;nl&#252;kleri haberini yay&#305;nlam&#305;&#351; ve o tarihten itibaren Amiral &#214;rnek&#8217;ten en yak&#305;nlar&#305;nda sand&#305;&#287;&#305; silah arkada&#351;lar&#305; dahi uzakla&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. ABD, &#304;ngiltere, &#304;srail ve Alman gizli servislerinin emrindeki FET&#214;, 2007&#8217;den itibaren Deniz Kuvvetleri ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere Silahl&#305; Kuvvetlerin Atat&#252;rk&#231;&#252;, milli damar&#305;n&#305; yok etmek i&#231;in d&#252;&#287;meye basm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#214;zden &#214;rnek&#8217;in ba&#351; hedef olarak se&#231;ilmesinin temel nedeni </span><strong><span>Milli Gemiyi</span></strong><span> yapmas&#305;yd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>TCG Heybeliada&#8217;n&#305;n &#304;lk Seyri ve Donanmaya Teslimi</span></strong><span>. </span><strong><span>2 Kas&#305;m 2010</span></strong><span>&#8217;da da gemi ilk seyrine &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. 2300 tonluk gemi 30 mil s&#252;ratin &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Gemide titre&#351;im yoktu. Seyir ve sava&#351; sistem tecr&#252;belerinde k&#305;sa s&#252;rede giderilen k&#252;&#231;&#252;k aksakl&#305;klar d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda hi&#231;bir sorun ya&#351;anmad&#305;. </span><strong><span>27 Eyl&#252;l 2011</span></strong><span> tarihinde </span><strong><span>TCG Heybeliada</span></strong><span> donanmaya teslim edildi. </span><strong><span>27 Eyl&#252;l 2011</span></strong><span> g&#252;n&#252; ba&#351;ta Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek olmak &#252;zere, M&#304;LGEM s&#252;recinde g&#246;rev alan 33&#8217;&#252; amiral 134 denizci, </span><strong><span>Balyoz, Kafes, Amirallere Suikast, Askeri Casusluk</span></strong><span> isimli FET&#214; kurgulu, h&#252;k&#252;met onayl&#305; ve muhalefetin suskunlu&#287;unda geli&#351;en kumpas davalar nedeni ile </span><strong><span>11 &#350;ubat 2011</span></strong><span>&#8217;den itibaren </span><strong><span>Silivri, Hasdal, Maltepe ve Sincan</span></strong><span> cezaevinde 3,5 y&#305;l s&#252;recek esaret d&#246;nemindeydiler. Sadece cumhuriyet tarihimiz de&#287;il T&#252;rklerin binlerce y&#305;ll&#305;k tarihinde b&#246;yle bir ihanet ve kepazelik ya&#351;anmad&#305;. </span><strong><span>Kendimi ve di&#287;er arkada&#351;lar&#305;m&#305; ve b&#252;y&#252;klerimi ge&#231;iyorum, hala d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;k&#231;e y&#252;re&#287;im yanar, merhum Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek o ak&#351;am haberlerde Silivri&#8217;deki ko&#287;u&#351;unda donanmaya teslim edilen ad&#305;n&#305; bile kendisinin verdi&#287;i TCG Heybeliada&#8217;n&#305;n t&#246;renini izlerken ne hissetmi&#351;tir? diye.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#304;LGEM Ne Kazand&#305;rd&#305;? </strong>M&#304;LGEM bize kendimize olan g&#252;veni kazand&#305;rd&#305;. &#304;&#231;imizdeki gemi yapamay&#305;z, yapsak bile donatamay&#305;z korosunun sesini sonsuza kadar kestirdi. Milli sanayi ve sivil tersanelerimiz bu ba&#351;ar&#305;dan sonra b&#252;y&#252;k bir uyan&#305;&#351; ve fark&#305;ndal&#305;k i&#231;ine girdi. <strong>STM,</strong> TCG Heybeliada in&#351;a edilirken <strong>300 T&#252;rk firmas&#305;</strong> ile muhatap olmu&#351;, gemideki <strong>19 sava&#351; alt sistemi, 14 tekne alt sistemi, 21 makine alt sistemi ve 22 elektrik alt sisteminde</strong> toplamda <strong>%71</strong> T&#252;rkiye taraf&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirilmi&#351; ve &#252;retilmi&#351; milli sistem kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#304;n&#351;a ve donat&#305;m s&#252;recinde <strong>50</strong>&#8217;ye yak&#305;n ana ve alt y&#252;klenici ile <strong>200</strong> K&#252;&#231;&#252;k ve Orta B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kte &#304;&#351;letme <strong>(KOB&#304;)</strong> s&#252;rece dahil oldu. <strong>M&#304;LGEM </strong>sayesinde T&#252;rk Gemi &#304;n&#351;a ve Savunma Sanayi ileri m&#252;hendisli&#287;e ge&#231;erken her alanda standardizasyonu benimsedi. Bu konuda talimatlar y&#246;nergeler ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> sayesinde sadece donanmaya teslim edildi&#287;i 2011 y&#305;l&#305;nda 2 milyar dolarl&#305;k sipari&#351; al&#305;nd&#305;. Tuzla b&#246;lgesinde 10.000 i&#351;&#231;iye istihdam sa&#287;land&#305;. 1990&#8217;lar&#305;n sonunda <strong>MEKO</strong> firkateynlere y&#252;zde 2,5 olan milli katk&#305; <strong>TCG Heybeliada</strong>&#8217;da <strong>%71</strong>&#8217;e; ayn&#305; tersanede 2023 y&#305;l&#305;nda tamamlanarak donanmaya teslim edilen <strong>5.M&#304;LGEM &#304;stif s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; TCG &#304;stanbul</strong> firkateyninde <strong>%81</strong>&#8217;e &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong> gibi itibarl&#305; bir proje sayesinde <strong>T&#252;rk Savunma Sanayi</strong> lig atlad&#305;. <strong>TCG Heybeliada</strong> 2 ya&#351;&#305;n&#305; bitirdi&#287;inde 102 g&#252;n s&#252;recek 17 bin millik <strong>Afrika</strong> seyrine &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Gemi sistemlerinin t&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n son derece y&#252;ksek performans sergiledi&#287;i ve onlarca liman ziyaretinin yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; bu seyir ile T&#252;rkiye <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong>&#8217;i d&#252;nyaya da tan&#305;tm&#305;&#351; oldu. <span>M&#304;LGEM teriminin 1994 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki isim babas&#305; ve projenin ilk tohumlar&#305;n&#305;n at&#305;lmas&#305;nda Plan Prensipler Ba&#351;kan&#305; olarak g&#246;rev yapan </span><strong><span>Amiral Mustafa &#214;zbey</span></strong><span> &#351;&#246;yle diyor: &#8216;</span><strong><span>&#8217;M&#304;LGEM projesinin prototip gemilerinin (TCG Heybeliada ve TCG &#304;stanbul) Deniz Kuvvetleri sorumlulu&#287;unda tamamlan&#305;p istenen performansa ula&#351;mas&#305;ndan sonra, sivil tersanelerimizin askeri gemi &#252;retme ve d&#305;&#351; sat&#305;&#351; yetkinli&#287;ine ula&#351;mas&#305; sa&#287;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu durum ger&#231;ekte ideal bir durumdur. Sivil tersanelerimizin, d&#252;nya kriterlerine uygun sava&#351; gemisi yap&#305;m yetkinlik d&#252;zeyine ula&#351;mas&#305; i&#231;in b&#252;nyelerinde nas&#305;l iyile&#351;tirme yapmalar&#305; gerekti&#287;i, Deniz Kuvvetleri tersanelerimizin rehberli&#287;inde belirlenmi&#351; ve yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Tersanelerimiz d&#305;&#351; sat&#305;&#351; projelerini y&#246;netirken, Deniz Kuvvetlerimizin ge&#231;mi&#351;te, kendi yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#305;&#351; al&#305;m deneyimlerinden de b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yararlanm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. Emekli olan, bu konularda Deniz Kuvvetleri tersanelerinde b&#252;y&#252;k birikim kazanan m&#252;hendislerimiz, &#246;zel tersanelerin kurucu teknik &#231;ekirdek kadrolar&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turmu&#351;tur. &#199;ok rekabet&#231;i ihracat ortam&#305;nda tersanelerimizin bug&#252;n ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305; d&#252;zeyinde, M&#304;LGEM&#8217;in b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik kurucu stratejisi, en ba&#351;at katma de&#287;eri yaratan unsur olmu&#351;tur.&#8217;&#8217; </span></strong>Bu y&#252;ksek moral ile havac&#305;l&#305;k ve kara kuvvetlerine y&#246;nelik harp silah sens&#246;r ve ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n geli&#351;tirilmesi ve d&#305;&#351; piyasalara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;nda oyun de&#287;i&#351;tirici etki yaratt&#305;. Bahriye, b&#246;ylece Osmanl&#305; d&#246;neminden itibaren Anadolu&#8217;ya teknoloji ve moderniteyi getiren &#246;nc&#252; kurum olma &#246;zelli&#287;ini 21.y&#252;zy&#305;lda da devam ettirdi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek&#8217;e Sonsuz &#350;&#252;kranlar&#305;m&#305;zla. </strong>2002 y&#305;l&#305;nda tamamen durma a&#351;amas&#305;na gelen <strong>M&#304;LGEM</strong>&#8217;i ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmeyi ve Deniz Kuvvetlerinde <strong>AR/GE</strong> ile <strong>Gemi &#304;n&#351;a/Donatma</strong> yeteneklerini bulu&#351;turmay&#305; kendisine hayat gayesi yapan 2019 y&#305;l&#305;nda sonsuzlu&#287;a u&#287;urlad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z <strong>Amiral &#214;zden &#214;rnek</strong> kendisine yap&#305;lan haks&#305;zl&#305;klara, u&#287;rad&#305;&#287;&#305; iftiralara, ailesine &#231;ektirilen ac&#305;lara inat eminim ki bug&#252;n sonsuzluk okyanusunda do&#287;umuna ve mavi vatan ile bulu&#351;mas&#305;na sebep oldu&#287;u <strong>M&#304;LGEM gemileri, Atmaca, Gezgin ve Akya silah sistemleri, GENES&#304;S, ADVENT yaz&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;</strong> ve daha nice gemi ve sistemlerin varl&#305;&#287;&#305; ile huzur buluyordur. &#304;nsanlar ne oldu&#287;u ile hat&#305;rlanmazlar ne yapt&#305;klar&#305; ile hat&#305;rlan&#305;rlar. Amiral <strong>&#214;zden &#214;rnek</strong>, T&#252;rk vatan&#305; ve ayr&#305;lmaz par&#231;as&#305; T&#252;rk milleti var oldu&#287;u s&#252;rece denizdeki teknolojik s&#305;&#231;ramay&#305; ba&#351;aran <strong>B&#252;y&#252;k T&#252;rk Amirali</strong> olarak sonsuza dek hat&#305;rlanacakt&#305;r. Aziz hat&#305;ras&#305; &#246;n&#252;nde sayg&#305; ile e&#287;iliyorum. O denizdeki b&#252;y&#252;k bir sava&#351;tan &#231;ok ama &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir sava&#351;&#305; kazand&#305;. <strong>T&#252;rk gemi in&#351;a ve deniz savunma sanayiinin kap&#305;lar&#305;ndaki pasl&#305; zinciri k&#305;rd&#305;.</strong> Bug&#252;n&#252;n nesilleri <strong>Amiral &#214;rnek</strong>&#8217;i &#246;rnek alarak yeni zaferler kazanmal&#305; ve tarihteki onurlu yerlerini hak etmelidir. B&#246;ylece T&#252;rk milleti B&#252;y&#252;k Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n &#252;lk&#252;s&#252;ne sad&#305;k kalarak denizcile&#351;me s&#252;recini tamamlayacak ve Mavi Vatan&#305;na sahip &#231;&#305;kacakt&#305;r. Bu makale dizisini onun vasiyeti ile bitirelim. &#8216;<strong>&#8217;En sonunda s&#252;rem doldu ve emekli oldum. Emekli olurken arkada&#351;lar&#305;ma bir vasiyet gibi &#351;unlar&#305; s&#246;yledim:&#8216;Bir su &#252;st&#252; gemisi yapabilece&#287;imizi hepimiz g&#246;rd&#252;k ve proje ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyor. Bundan sonras&#305; i&#231;in bizim esas silah&#305;m&#305;z olan denizalt&#305; yap&#305;m&#305;na y&#246;nelmemiz ve denizalt&#305;lar&#305;m&#305;z&#305; yerli olarak yapmam&#305;z gerekir. Bir denizalt&#305;y&#305; donatacak b&#252;t&#252;n cihazlar bir &#351;ekilde prototip veya seri &#252;retim olarak &#252;retilmi&#351; durumda. Su&#252;st&#252; projesinden farkl&#305; olarak denizalt&#305;n&#305;n esas silah&#305; olan torpido &#252;zerinde de &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yoruz. Hatta buna 2015 y&#305;l&#305;ndan sonra denizalt&#305;dan at&#305;labilecek g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; mermiyi de ekleyebilirsiniz. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla denizalt&#305; projesi belki de tahrik sistemi hari&#231; haz&#305;r gibi. &#304;&#351; helva yapmaya kalm&#305;&#351; durumda. Tabi ki i&#351; s&#246;ylendi&#287;i kadar basit de&#287;il ama her &#351;eyden &#246;nce istemek laz&#305;m. &#304;sterseniz ba&#351;araca&#287;&#305;n&#305;zdan eminim...&#8221;</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Israel’s New Front: The Sea]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despite its high degree of dependence on the sea, Israel is a state that has failed to develop its maritime power to a commensurate level.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/israels-new-front-the-sea</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/israels-new-front-the-sea</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 10:41:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21ZWAG%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F542fa205-bd21-4f5a-9c81-3583551de5ca_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21ZWAG%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F542fa205-bd21-4f5a-9c81-3583551de5ca_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZWAG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F542fa205-bd21-4f5a-9c81-3583551de5ca_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZWAG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F542fa205-bd21-4f5a-9c81-3583551de5ca_1536x1024.png 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu&#8217;s statements on 4 October 2026 concerning the development of naval power signal a new strategic orientation in Israel&#8217;s security and defense posture. Since its establishment, Israel has built its military strength predominantly upon air superiority, land warfare, intelligence capabilities and technological superiority. It is now beginning to regard the sea not merely as a geographical domain in which its coastlines must be defended, but as one of the fundamental pillars of its national security, economic continuity and regional power projection. Although Israel possesses considerable military capabilities in the air and on land within its immediate strategic environment, it is not a state capable of generating comparable naval power at extended ranges and sustaining prolonged operations in distant maritime theatres. It is precisely this strategic imbalance that makes Netanyahu&#8217;s statements significant. During his visit to Ashdod Naval Base alongside Defense Minister Katz, Netanyahu referred to developments in the Strait of Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb, emphasizing that the seas have become one of the principal arenas of international confrontation. Highlighting the threats facing Israel&#8217;s maritime zones in the Mediterranean, its ports and maritime traffic, he referred to INS Drakon, the sixth Israeli submarine being built in Germany, and declared that the navy required additional submarines, surface combatants and other naval warfare assets. The most striking element of his remarks, however, was his ambition to transform Israel into one of the world&#8217;s leading powers in surface and subsurface warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It would be inadequate to interpret these statements merely as a defense procurement programme aimed at acquiring additional warships and submarines. The growing debate on naval power within Israel&#8217;s security establishment, strategic research institutions and military analytical circles also indicates an emerging effort to extend the country&#8217;s traditionally air- and land-centric security doctrine into the maritime domain. Yet a fundamental distinction must be made at this point. Possessing a powerful navy, in other words, military power at sea, is not synonymous with possessing comprehensive maritime power. Israel has limited capabilities in maintaining a sustained naval presence, protecting sea lines of communication (SLOCs) and projecting power from the sea, particularly in maritime regions far beyond its own coastline. Conversely, it is a country that conducts approximately 99 per cent of its foreign trade by volume through maritime transportation, is becoming increasingly dependent on offshore energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean for its energy security and possesses extremely limited strategic depth. Consequently, there exists a profound and serious mismatch between Israel&#8217;s economic and strategic dependence on the sea and the maritime power required to safeguard that dependence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The attacks by Yemen&#8217;s Ansar Allah against shipping associated with Israel in the Red Sea, the pressure exerted by Iran in the Strait of Hormuz, and the shifting military balance in the Eastern Mediterranean have made this discrepancy increasingly visible. Israel&#8217;s Port of Eilat, its maritime gateway to the Red Sea, has become virtually inoperative in recent years because of the collapse in shipping traffic caused by Houthi attacks. On the other hand, Israel has extensively employed its naval firepower in the Palestinian and Lebanese theatres, conducting maritime blockades, naval bombardments of coastal targets and seaborne special forces operations. In particular, the 2010 Mavi Marmara raid remains one of the most prominent cases in international legal debates concerning the Israeli Navy&#8217;s disproportionate and uncontrolled use of force against unarmed civilian maritime targets, as well as its ability to avoid accountability and punitive consequences arising from such actions. However, the employment of military superiority in the littoral environment and the establishment of a naval force capable of continuously safeguarding national interests in distant seas require fundamentally different capabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is precisely where Israel&#8217;s principal challenge emerges. The development of naval power cannot be achieved simply by increasing the number of warships, submarines and missile systems. Maritime power is a comprehensive national capability encompassing geography, ports, the merchant marine, shipyards, the shipbuilding industry, maritime technologies, marine sciences, the law of the sea, maritime education, the maritime economy and maritime culture. A state&#8217;s transformation into a maritime nation depends not only on the military preferences of its government but also on the extent to which its society embraces the sea as an economic, scientific, cultural and strategic domain of national life. The degree to which Israel&#8217;s existing maritime infrastructure and accumulated societal maritime knowledge and experience can sustain such a transformation remains a separate question requiring further examination.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental question, therefore, is whether Israel possesses the potential to move beyond the status of a state with a powerful littoral navy and transform itself into a genuine maritime nation capable of developing all the constituent elements of maritime power. The answer to this question is significant not merely for assessing Israel&#8217;s future military capabilities, but also for understanding the emerging balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and the potential strategic realignments in the seas surrounding T&#252;rkiye.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Constraints of Geography</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel possesses a coastline of approximately 204 kilometers, of which 190 kilometers lie along the Mediterranean Sea and 14 kilometers along the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. Despite the limited length of its coastline, the most significant characteristic of its maritime geography is its access to two distinct strategic maritime basins. To the west, the Mediterranean provides access to Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, while to the south, the Port of Eilat offers access to Asia through the Red Sea, Bab el-Mandeb and the Indian Ocean. However, there is no direct coastal connection between these two maritime fronts. Maritime communication between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea depends on the Suez Canal, while southern access to the Indian Ocean depends on the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, bordered by Yemen and Djibouti/Somalia. Access to the Atlantic Ocean, meanwhile, is dependent on the Strait of Gibraltar, bordered by Morocco and Spain, with the United Kingdom maintaining a strategic presence through Gibraltar. Furthermore, although Israel&#8217;s geographical position in the Eastern Mediterranean provides proximity to the northern approaches to the Suez Canal, it does not confer direct geographical control over the maritime passages surrounding Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Consequently, from Israel&#8217;s strategic perspective, the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal, the Strait of Gibraltar and the Eastern Mediterranean are not independent maritime spaces. Rather, they constitute interconnected components of a strategic maritime transportation system in which developments in one theatre directly affect energy security, foreign trade and naval operations in others. It is therefore significant that Prime Minister Netanyahu, in his speech of 4 October, referred simultaneously to the Strait of Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb when describing the seas as an emerging arena of international warfare. His remarks indicate that Israel no longer perceives maritime security merely in terms of coastal defense but increasingly regards the protection of sea lines of communication (SLOCs) in distant maritime theatres as an integral component of national security.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental constraints confronting this strategic orientation, however, remain Israel&#8217;s limited coastline, its two geographically disconnected maritime fronts and its restricted ability to exercise control over critical strategic chokepoints. Israel&#8217;s efforts to overcome the strategic limitations imposed by geography can be observed in its expanding military, economic and financial presence on the island of Cyprus, its deepening strategic cooperation with Greece, and its diplomatic initiative towards the recognition of Somaliland. These developments should be understood within the broader context of Israel&#8217;s attempt to compensate for its geographical disadvantages by extending its strategic reach beyond its immediate maritime environment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>From Coastal Defense to Strategic Naval Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since its establishment, the Israeli Navy has predominantly focused on coastal defense, port security, maritime blockade operations and naval operations in adjacent waters. In recent years, however, it has expanded its operational responsibilities to include submarine warfare, the protection of offshore energy installations, the security of sea lines of communication (SLOCs), missile defense and power projection in distant maritime theatres. According to open sources, as of 2026, the Israeli Navy maintains a force structure comprising six submarines, seven corvettes, 28 patrol craft and various auxiliary units. Its principal naval base is located at Haifa, while Ashdod serves as an operational base in the southern Mediterranean and Eilat as its operational base in the Red Sea. The backbone of Israel&#8217;s submarine force consists of the German-built Dolphin-class submarines. With the delivery of INS Drakon, equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), in September 2026, the submarine inventory reached six units. With a displacement of approximately 2,600 tons, Drakon is Israel&#8217;s largest submarine. Three new Dakar-class submarines, whose construction has commenced in Germany, are expected to replace the ageing first-generation Dolphin-class boats during the 2030s. Strategic assessments concerning the nuclear second-strike capability of Israeli submarines have now evolved from strategic perception into an increasingly established operational reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The modern core of the Israeli Navy&#8217;s surface combatant force consists of four German-built Sa&#8217;ar 6-class corvettes. Displacing approximately 2,000 tons, these vessels are equipped with advanced Israeli-manufactured radar systems, Gabriel 5 anti-ship missiles and modern air defense systems. In terms of weapons density relative to displacement, the Sa&#8217;ar 6 class is regarded as among the most heavily armed surface combatants in the world. Israel has adopted a naval design philosophy that prioritizes high firepower, sophisticated electronic warfare and sensor systems, and multilayered air defense capabilities aboard relatively small platforms rather than relying on large-displacement warships. However, advanced technological capabilities do not guarantee the absolute survivability of Israeli warships against asymmetric threats. Indeed, on 14 July 2006, during the Lebanon War, the Israeli Navy&#8217;s Sa&#8217;ar 5-class corvette INS Hanit was struck off Beirut by an anti-ship missile launched by Hezbollah, believed to belong to the Chinese-designed C-802 missile family. Four sailors were killed, and the vessel sustained serious damage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, Israel aims to expand its indigenous surface combatant construction capabilities through the production of five Reshef-class warships at Israel Shipyards in Haifa. The commissioning of the US-built landing craft INS Nahshon and INS Komemiyut also demonstrates Israel&#8217;s renewed investment in amphibious warfare and sea-based logistical support capabilities after approximately three decades. Consequently, although Israel possesses a navy capable of generating substantial firepower and technological superiority in its adjacent maritime areas, while reinforcing its strategic deterrence through its submarine force, it has not yet developed the integrated naval power required to provide sustained protection to sea lines of communication extending from Gibraltar to Bab el-Mandeb, conduct prolonged operations in distant maritime theatres, and rapidly replace operational losses through its own naval industrial infrastructure. It is precisely the imperative to close this critical capability gap that lies at the heart of Netanyahu&#8217;s renewed pursuit of strategic naval power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Israeli Shipyards: Shipbuilding and Battle Damage Repair Capabilities</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental structural weakness of Israel&#8217;s naval defense industry lies in the imbalance between its ability to develop advanced weapons and electronic systems and its industrial capacity to construct, dry-dock and undertake major battle damage repairs on large warships. Although Israel possesses considerable technological expertise in radar, missile systems, electronic warfare, command and control, and unmanned systems, it remains dependent on foreign shipyards for the construction of major surface combatants and submarines. The construction of the Sa&#8217;ar 6-class corvettes and Dolphin-class submarines in Germany, and the new landing craft in the United States, provides concrete evidence of this dependency.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the areas in which Israel&#8217;s technological capabilities are particularly prominent is unmanned maritime systems. The Seagull unmanned surface vessel (USV), developed by Elbit Systems, and the BlueWhale autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), represent significant examples of systems designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine countermeasures (MCM), intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. These systems reflect Israel&#8217;s approach to compensating for its limited manpower and naval platform capacity through technology-intensive solutions. However, such advanced technological capabilities cannot substitute for the heavy industrial infrastructure required for the construction, dry-docking and repair of major naval platforms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel faces serious limitations in its ship dry-docking capabilities. For instance, should a 30,000-tonne tanker sustain severe underwater hull damage, Israel would lack the domestic dry-docking capacity required to accommodate the vessel for major repairs. Israel Shipyards in Haifa, with its ship-lifting system of approximately 3,000 tons capacity, maintenance workshops and production facilities, possesses significant infrastructure for the construction, maintenance and repair of fast attack craft, patrol vessels and corvette-sized platforms. Nevertheless, this capacity remains limited when it comes to dry-docking large merchant vessels or simultaneously repairing multiple naval platforms that have sustained extensive battle damage. Furthermore, the potential requirement for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) support in conducting advanced hull, machinery and systems repairs on foreign-built corvettes and German-built submarines creates an additional dependency, particularly in terms of wartime repair turnaround times. The geographical concentration of Israel&#8217;s principal naval industrial facilities and naval bases in and around Haifa also generates additional risks to the continuity of shipbuilding, maintenance and repair operations during a high-intensity conflict.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Consequently, Israel represents a naval power capable of equipping its warships with sophisticated weapons and electronic systems, yet one that remains dependent on foreign shipyards for the construction of major naval platforms and faces significant limitations in heavy battle damage repair capabilities. In prolonged, high-intensity naval warfare, the decisive factor is not merely the combat capability of the existing fleet. Equally critical are the speed with which battle-damaged vessels can be restored to operational readiness, the ability of shipyards to maintain production and repair activities under wartime conditions, and the rate at which lost naval platforms can be replaced. From this perspective, Israel&#8217;s technological sophistication in the naval defense industry does not eliminate the structural limitations of its shipbuilding, dry-docking and repair infrastructure. Technological superiority at sea does not, by itself, guarantee the industrial resilience and operational sustainability required for prolonged naval warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A Coast Guard Model?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel does not possess an independent, extensively organized and nationwide Coast Guard Command comparable to that of T&#252;rkiye. Responsibilities concerning maritime security, maritime safety, search and rescue (SAR), port inspections and marine environmental protection are distributed among the Israeli Navy, Marine Police, port authorities and the Administration of Shipping and Ports under the Ministry of Transport. This administration is responsible for ship and seafarer registration, seaworthiness, port state control, licensing of small craft, vessel traffic management and the implementation of international maritime regulations. The Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) in Haifa operates on a 24-hour basis, coordinating responses to maritime accidents and distress calls. Consequently, although Israel possesses civilian maritime administrative and maritime safety institutions, a significant proportion of maritime law enforcement and security responsibilities is exercised directly within the military establishment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This model differs from the coast guard concept adopted by many maritime nations, including T&#252;rkiye. In missions involving the safety of life and property at sea, the maintenance of public order, combating smuggling, protection of the marine environment and the conduct of search and rescue operations, the governing principles should be maritime law enforcement, navigational safety, proportionality and, where necessary, the graduated use of force, rather than a predominantly military operational approach. In Israel, however, the largely navy-centric approach to maritime security increases the influence of military threat assessments over civilian maritime activities. The direct involvement of the Israeli Navy in enforcing the naval blockade off Gaza, intercepting Palestinian fishing vessels and stopping foreign civilian ships provides clear examples of this approach. Consequently, certain functions that might ordinarily be performed by coast guard or maritime law enforcement agencies are instead undertaken by military forces. This blurring of the distinction between maritime security and maritime safety brings the employment of military force to the forefront of interactions with civilian seafarers.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the most striking examples of this approach was the Mavi Marmara raid, which took place in international waters on 31 May 2010. Israeli naval commandos, employing helicopters and fast assault craft, intercepted and boarded a civilian vessel carrying humanitarian aid to Gaza. Ten people ultimately lost their lives because of the operation. The incident brought the legal limits governing the use of military force against civilian vessels, together with the principle of proportionality, to the centre of international debate. Although Israel defended the operation on security grounds, the fact-finding mission established under the United Nations Human Rights Council found the intervention to be unlawful, while the Palmer Panel, established by the United Nations Secretary-General, characterized the force employed during the boarding operation as excessive and unreasonable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental issue here, however, extends beyond institutional organization alone. In modern maritime nations, the coast guard constitutes an essential legal and institutional interface between military power and civilian maritime society. It represents not only the exercise of state authority at sea, but also maritime professional culture, international cooperation, proportionality and, when circumstances demand, diplomatic sensitivity and restraint. The maritime strength of a nation should therefore be measured not merely by its ability to employ weapons at sea, but equally by its capacity to maintain order without resorting to armed force, safeguard the rights of civilian seafarers and establish relations based on mutual trust with the international maritime community.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Law of the Sea and Israel</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel is not a party to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nevertheless, it applies certain provisions of the Convention insofar as they reflect customary international law and draws upon this legal framework in its practices concerning maritime jurisdictional areas. Concrete examples include the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) delimitation agreement signed with the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus on 17 December 2010 and the maritime boundary arrangement concluded with Lebanon on 27 October 2022 under United States mediation. While the former agreement was based on the median-line approach, the latter established an economic and political compromise between two states lacking diplomatic relations, particularly concerning the development of the Karish and Qana offshore natural gas fields. Israel has thus utilized principles reflected in UNCLOS that have acquired the status of customary international law to establish a legal framework for its maritime jurisdictional claims and energy interests in the Eastern Mediterranean, despite not being a party to the Convention.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, assessing Israel&#8217;s approach to the law of the sea solely through these agreements would be fundamentally incomplete. In particular, the naval blockade of Gaza and military interventions against civilian vessels in international waters provide concrete evidence of Israel&#8217;s disregard for international legal constraints governing the use of force at sea and freedom of navigation. Israel&#8217;s approach to the law of the sea is, in this respect, fundamentally selective and driven by strategic self-interest. While invoking customary international law to delimit maritime jurisdictional areas, exploit offshore natural gas resources and safeguard its economic rights, Israel disregards international legal limitations when employing military force at sea and interfering with civilian maritime navigation. In essence, Israel seeks the protection of international maritime law when asserting its own maritime rights and economic interests yet fails to demonstrate the same respect for that legal order when the navigational rights and freedoms of others are at stake.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Merchant Marine and Ports: Maritime Dependence and Strategic Vulnerability</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">As of 2025, the Israeli-owned merchant fleet comprised approximately 60 vessels, with a total deadweight carrying capacity of 2.56 million DWT according to 2024 data. This represents a relatively limited merchant marine when compared with the country&#8217;s overwhelming dependence on maritime transportation for its foreign trade. Foreign-flagged and chartered vessels play a major role in Israel-related maritime shipping. Israel conducts approximately 99 per cent of its foreign trade by tonnage through maritime transportation yet does not possess a national merchant fleet of sufficient size to match this dependence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The principal gateways of Israel&#8217;s seaborne trade are the Mediterranean ports of Haifa and Ashdod. Modern container terminals commissioned at these two ports since 2021 have significantly expanded Israel&#8217;s maritime trade handling capacity. The Bayport terminal in Haifa is operated by the Chinese Shanghai International Port Group (SIPG). In 2025, Israeli ports handled approximately 3.45 million TEUs of container traffic. Israel&#8217;s most significant maritime shipping company is ZIM, a major operator in global container transportation. However, a fundamental distinction must be made between the vessels operated by ZIM, established in 1945, and Israel&#8217;s national merchant fleet. At the end of 2025, ZIM operated 128 vessels, of which only 16 were owned by the company, while the remaining 112 were chartered. With a container carrying capacity of approximately 708,000 TEUs, ZIM possesses an extensive international logistics network, yet obtains the overwhelming majority of its vessel capacity from external shipowners. This structure increases Israel&#8217;s dependence on foreign shipowners, marine insurers and international charter markets during periods of war and strategic crisis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most striking manifestation of this vulnerability has emerged at Eilat, Israel&#8217;s only port providing direct access to the Red Sea. Following Ansar Allah&#8217;s attacks against maritime shipping in Bab el-Mandeb and the Red Sea after 2023, the number of vessels calling at Eilat declined from approximately 134 in 2023 to just 16 in 2024. Automobile imports through the port came to a complete halt, while port revenues fell by approximately 80 per cent. More importantly, achieving this outcome required neither the physical occupation of the port nor its destruction through direct military attack. The withdrawal of shipowners and marine insurers from the region in response to escalating security risks was sufficient to render the port largely inoperative from an economic perspective.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, according to the Bank of Israel, rerouting maritime transportation from China to Israel via the Cape of Good Hope increases the sailing distance by approximately 114 per cent. The case of Eilat demonstrates that disrupting maritime transportation does not necessarily require the establishment of sea control. The creation of a sufficiently credible threat environment, accompanied by escalating marine insurance risks, can itself produce strategic effects. Israel&#8217;s marine insurance sector is integrated into the international reinsurance market and the Protection and Indemnity (P&amp;I) system. The Houthi attacks in the Red Sea have further demonstrated the critical importance of war-risk insurance to the continuity of Israeli maritime trade.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Consequently, despite possessing advanced port infrastructure and a major company operating within the global container shipping industry, Israel remains far from achieving the capacity to secure its maritime transportation requirements through its own national merchant fleet. Israel&#8217;s dependence on maritime trade is exceptionally high, while its capacity to sustain and protect that trade through its own national maritime resources remains limited. This structural imbalance between maritime dependence and autonomous maritime capability constitutes one of the fundamental economic and strategic drivers behind Netanyahu&#8217;s ambition to expand Israeli naval power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Offshore Energy: The Growing Strategic Importance of the Seas</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the principal drivers behind the transformation of Israel&#8217;s maritime strategy is the discovery of substantial natural gas resources in the Eastern Mediterranean. With natural gas reserves estimated at approximately 850 billion cubic meters (bcm), Israel commenced production from the Tamar field in 2013, Leviathan in 2020 and Karish in 2022. In 2024, Israel produced approximately 27 bcm of natural gas, a significant proportion of which was consumed domestically. Natural gas accounts for more than 70 per cent of the country&#8217;s electricity generation, while the remaining production is exported predominantly to Egypt and Jordan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Within this framework, Israel&#8217;s natural gas exports to Egypt represent a significant development in Eastern Mediterranean energy geopolitics. In August 2025, a $35 billion agreement was announced, covering the additional sale of approximately 130 bcm of natural gas from the Leviathan field to Egypt. Israeli gas is either consumed within Egypt or can be transported to international markets through the LNG facilities at Idku and Damietta. Consequently, Egypt is emerging as a major energy hub facilitating the access of Israeli natural gas to European markets. A similar energy corridor is developing between the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC) and Egypt. The Italian company Eni and France&#8217;s TotalEnergies are planning to export natural gas from the Cronos field, located in the maritime areas claimed by the GCASC, through Egypt. Meanwhile, the American energy company ExxonMobil is examining options for transporting natural gas from the Glaucus and Pegasus fields to Egypt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, a new regional energy network is taking shape among Israel, the GCASC and Egypt, with the participation of major American and European energy corporations. This emerging configuration has significant implications for the geopolitics of the Mediterranean as a whole. Egypt&#8217;s growing dependence on Israeli natural gas is also one of the factors contributing to Cairo&#8217;s alignment with the GCASC, Greece and Israel within the regional geopolitical configuration that has frequently adopted positions contrary to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s maritime interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">These developments have further increased Israel&#8217;s economic and strategic dependence on the maritime domain. The protection of the Tamar, Leviathan and Karish offshore gas fields, subsea pipelines and associated coastal energy infrastructure has consequently become one of the principal operational priorities of the Israeli Navy. The decision to equip the German-built Sa&#8217;ar 6-class corvettes with advanced air defense, surveillance and combat management systems is also a direct consequence of this requirement. Israel&#8217;s offshore energy resources have therefore transformed the Eastern Mediterranean from a maritime area of primarily military and geographical significance into a critical domain of national economic survival, energy security and strategic vulnerability.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Israel&#8217;s Maritime Education, Scientific Research and Cultural Infrastructure</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel has been a member of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since 1952 and, despite not being a party to UNCLOS, remains largely integrated into the international maritime regulatory framework. In maritime education, the Acre Maritime College, established in 1938, occupies a prominent position, while the University of Haifa, Technion&#8211;Israel Institute of Technology, and Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR) are among the leading institutions in marine scientific research. Together, these institutions provide a significant academic and technological foundation in maritime technologies, oceanography, marine engineering, underwater systems and maritime strategy. In particular, the close relationship between marine scientific research and the defense industry constitutes one of Israel&#8217;s principal strengths.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">By contrast, Israel&#8217;s Mediterranean fishing fleet, comprising approximately 350 vessels, remains relatively limited in scale. Despite substantial domestic consumption of fish and seafood, the country remains dependent on imports to meet a significant proportion of its demand. Its marina and recreational boating infrastructure is also relatively modest compared with that of T&#252;rkiye, although Israel has achieved notable international success in sailing and windsurfing. Maritime museums in Haifa contribute to the development of a national maritime historical consciousness by linking the country&#8217;s maritime heritage to Jewish immigration, the establishment of the state and the evolution of the Israeli Navy. Maritime publishing and the dissemination of maritime knowledge, meanwhile, rely predominantly on digital platforms and academic publications.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion: Can Israel Become a Maritime Nation?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">When all the constituent elements of Israel&#8217;s maritime power are assessed collectively, the fundamental conclusion is that Israel remains a state whose dependence on the sea far exceeds the development of its comprehensive maritime power. Israel has acquired significant capabilities in advanced defense technologies, missile systems, electronic warfare, marine sciences and offshore energy infrastructure. However, these technological achievements cannot substitute for the economic, industrial, societal and cultural foundations required for a nation to become a genuine maritime power. The first constraint confronting Israel is geography. The country possesses approximately 190 kilometers of coastline in the Eastern Mediterranean, a narrow maritime outlet through the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea, and limited port alternatives. The concentration of its maritime trade through Haifa and Ashdod, the severe disruption of operations at the Port of Eilat following Houthi attacks, and the exposure of its sea lines of communication to external threats clearly demonstrate this geographical vulnerability. Israel&#8217;s dependence on the seas is substantial, yet its capacity to secure maritime transportation through its own national resources remains limited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second constraint is economic and industrial. Although Israel possesses advanced capabilities in high technology and defense electronics, it remains dependent on foreign shipyards for the construction of major surface combatants and submarines. Its national merchant marine, shipbuilding industry, shipyard infrastructure and battle damage repair capabilities have not developed to a scale commensurate with the country&#8217;s dependence on maritime trade. The predominantly technology-, finance- and services-oriented structure of the Israeli economy also constrains the development of a large-scale maritime industrial base. From the perspective of sustainable naval power, the decisive factor is not merely the possession of modern warships, but the national capacity to construct, maintain and repair them, replace combat losses and sustain maritime trade without interruption.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The third, and more profound, constraint lies in Israel&#8217;s historical and sociocultural foundations. Unlike traditional maritime nations, Israel&#8217;s state-building process evolved predominantly around land-centric security concerns, settlement patterns and territorial border disputes. Land forces, air power and intelligence have consequently occupied a dominant position in its collective strategic consciousness and national security culture. Despite progress in maritime education, marine sciences and water sports, maritime activity has not yet evolved into a deeply rooted cultural foundation extending across broad segments of society and integrating economic production with national strategy. This assessment does not concern immutable biological characteristics, but rather historically developed patterns of societal behaviour and strategic orientation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Netanyahu&#8217;s statements of 4 October 2026, emphasizing maritime superiority, demonstrate the growing importance attached to the maritime dimension of Israel&#8217;s national security strategy. Nevertheless, strengthening a navy and transforming a state into a genuine maritime nation are fundamentally different undertakings. Becoming a maritime nation requires the development of an integrated and sustainable national capability in which the merchant marine, shipyards, fisheries, marine sciences, ports and maritime culture mutually reinforce one another. Consequently, when Israel&#8217;s geographical limitations, historical and sociocultural characteristics, economic priorities and dependence on foreign maritime industries are considered, it does not appear to possess the conditions necessary to transform itself into a comprehensive and autonomous maritime power in the classical sense within the foreseeable future.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nevertheless, Israel remains capable of developing a technologically advanced, relatively limited but operationally effective regional navy. This constitutes the fundamental contradiction of Israel&#8217;s maritime strategy. While its economic and strategic dependence on the seas continues to increase, the development of its comprehensive national maritime capabilities is not keeping pace with that dependence. Israel may expand its naval combat power, but it is unlikely to overcome, within a short period, the structural gap between naval power and comprehensive national maritime power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Israel is aware of these structural vulnerabilities in its maritime capabilities. Consequently, rather than attempting to secure its maritime interests exclusively through its own navy, it seeks to extend its strategic influence along critical sea lines of communication by cultivating partnerships with friendly governments and regional actors. From this perspective, the North African coastline extending from Morocco to Libya in the west, and Somaliland, Bab el-Mandeb, Socotra and the wider Red Sea region in the east, acquire strategic significance. Israel&#8217;s increasingly close relations with Greece and the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC) must also be assessed within this broader strategic framework.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">From Israel&#8217;s perspective, Greece constitutes an important strategic partner along the maritime transportation and energy corridors extending from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Aegean towards Europe. The GCASC, meanwhile, offers the potential for additional strategic depth through its geographical proximity, ports, airfields and energy infrastructure. Trilateral defense cooperation, joint military exercises, maritime security arrangements and infrastructure projects such as the Great Sea Interconnector (GSI) represent concrete manifestations of these relationships.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean and its policies concerning maritime jurisdictional areas constitute important factors in assessing Israel&#8217;s evolving strategic relations with Greece and the GCASC. The counterbalancing dimension of this cooperation directed against T&#252;rkiye has increasingly evolved into an explicit element of regional strategic policy. Ultimately, Israel is attempting to compensate for the strategic depth that its geography and indigenous maritime capabilities cannot provide by developing a network of political, military, energy and intelligence partnerships extending from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Red Sea. However, a maritime strategy dependent on external partnerships cannot substitute for an autonomous, comprehensive and sustainable national maritime power.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[İsrail’in Yeni Cephesi: Deniz]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#304;srail denize y&#252;ksek derecede ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; ayn&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;de geli&#351;tirememi&#351; bir devlettir.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/israilin-yeni-cephesi-deniz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/israilin-yeni-cephesi-deniz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 07:30:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21vgdM%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21vgdM%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vgdM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vgdM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vgdM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vgdM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38a2805e-4b36-4552-94b9-d463379e3b80_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail Ba&#351;bakan&#305; Netanyahu&#8217;nun 4 Ekim 2026 tarihinde deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n geli&#351;tirilmesine y&#246;nelik a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;, &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;venlik ve savunma stratejisinde yeni bir y&#246;nelime i&#351;aret ediyor. Kurulu&#351;undan bu yana asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak hava &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, kara harek&#226;t&#305;, istihbarat ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k &#252;zerine in&#351;a eden &#304;srail, denizi art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n korunmas&#305; gereken bir co&#287;rafya olarak de&#287;il, ulusal g&#252;venli&#287;inin, ekonomik devaml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ve b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231; aktar&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n temel unsurlar&#305;ndan biri olarak de&#287;erlendirmeye ba&#351;l&#305;yor. Yak&#305;n &#231;evresinde hava ve kara g&#252;c&#252; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemli asker&#238; kapasiteye sahip olan &#304;srail, denizde &#246;zellikle uzak mesafelerde ve uzun s&#252;reli harek&#226;tlarda ayn&#305; &#246;l&#231;ekte g&#252;&#231; &#252;retebilen bir devlet de&#287;ildir. Netanyahu&#8217;nun a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli k&#305;lan da bu stratejik dengesizliktir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Netanyahu, Savunma Bakan&#305; Katz ile A&#351;dod Deniz &#220;ss&#252;&#8217;ne yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; ziyarette H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; ve Bab &#220;l Mendeb&#8217;teki geli&#351;meleri &#246;rnek g&#246;stererek denizlerin uluslararas&#305; &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n &#246;nemli alanlar&#305;ndan birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; belirtti. &#304;srail&#8217;in Akdeniz&#8217;deki deniz alanlar&#305;n&#305;n, limanlar&#305;n&#305;n ve deniz trafi&#287;inin tehdit alt&#305;nda oldu&#287;unu vurgulayarak Almanya&#8217;da in&#351;a edilen alt&#305;nc&#305; denizalt&#305; INS Drakon&#8217;dan s&#246;z etti ve donanman&#305;n daha fazla denizalt&#305;, su&#252;st&#252; sava&#351; gemisi ve di&#287;er deniz harp ara&#231;lar&#305;na ihtiya&#231; duydu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;. Konu&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n en dikkat &#231;ekici b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; ise &#304;srail&#8217;i su&#252;st&#252; ve sualt&#305; harbinde d&#252;nyan&#305;n &#246;nde gelen &#252;lkelerinden biri haline getirme hedefiydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305; yaln&#305;zca yeni sava&#351; gemileri ve denizalt&#305; tedarikine y&#246;nelik bir savunma program&#305; olarak de&#287;erlendirmek eksik olacakt&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;venlik &#231;evrelerinde, stratejik ara&#351;t&#305;rma kurulu&#351;lar&#305;nda ve asker&#238; yorumcular aras&#305;nda giderek artan deniz g&#252;c&#252; tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; da geleneksel hava ve kara merkezli g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n deniz boyutunda geni&#351;letilmesine y&#246;nelik bir aray&#305;&#351;a i&#351;aret ediyor. Ancak burada temel bir ayr&#305;m yap&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. G&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir donanmaya, yani asker&#238; deniz g&#252;c&#252;ne sahip olmak ile kapsaml&#305; bir denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;ne sahip olmak ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail, denizlerde &#246;zellikle kendi k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;ndan uzak b&#246;lgelerde s&#252;rekli varl&#305;k g&#246;sterme, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305; koruma ve denizden g&#252;&#231; aktarma bak&#305;m&#305;ndan s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kapasiteye sahiptir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k d&#305;&#351; ticaretinin hacim bak&#305;m&#305;ndan yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 99&#8217;unu denizyoluyla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiren, enerji g&#252;venli&#287;inde Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;deki a&#231;&#305;k deniz kaynaklar&#305;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; artan ve stratejik derinli&#287;i son derece s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olan bir &#252;lkedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla &#304;srail&#8217;in denize ekonomik ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ile bu ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;vence alt&#305;na alabilecek deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;nda &#246;nemli ve &#231;ok ciddi bir uyumsuzluk bulunmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de Yemenli Ensar Allah&#8217;&#305;n &#304;srail deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;, H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;nda &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u bask&#305; ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de de&#287;i&#351;en asker&#238; dengeler bu uyumsuzlu&#287;u daha g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale getirmi&#351;tir. &#304;srail&#8217;in K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e a&#231;&#305;lan Eilat Liman&#305;, Husi sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; deniz trafi&#287;i kayb&#305; nedeniyle son y&#305;llarda fiilen i&#351;lemez duruma gelmi&#351;tir. Di&#287;er taraftan &#304;srail, sahip oldu&#287;u deniz ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; Filistin ve L&#252;bnan cephelerinde yo&#287;un bi&#231;imde kullanm&#305;&#351;, deniz ablukalar&#305;, k&#305;y&#305; bombard&#305;manlar&#305; ve denizden &#246;zel kuvvet harek&#226;tlar&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmi&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle 2010 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki Mavi Marmara bask&#305;n&#305; ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere, &#304;srail donanmas&#305;n&#305;n silahs&#305;z sivil deniz hedeflerine kar&#351;&#305; orant&#305;s&#305;z ve kontrols&#252;z kuvvet kullan&#305;m&#305; ve bunun do&#287;urdu&#287;u sorumluluk ve cezai yapt&#305;r&#305;mlardan uzak kalabilmesi uluslararas&#305; hukuk tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n&#305;n en belirgin &#246;rneklerinden birisi olmu&#351;tur. Ancak yak&#305;n k&#305;y&#305;larda asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n kullan&#305;lmas&#305; ile uzak denizlerde mill&#238; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; s&#252;rekli koruyabilecek bir deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n olu&#351;turulmas&#305; birbirinden farkl&#305; yetenekler gerektirir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in &#246;n&#252;ndeki as&#305;l sorun da burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. Deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n geli&#351;tirilmesi yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; gemisi, denizalt&#305; ve f&#252;ze sistemlerinin say&#305;s&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmakla m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;ildir. Denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;, co&#287;rafya, limanlar, ticaret filosu, tersaneler, gemi in&#351;a sanayisi, deniz teknolojileri, deniz bilimleri, deniz hukuku, denizcilik e&#287;itimi, deniz ekonomisi ve deniz k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u b&#252;t&#252;nc&#252;l bir kapasitedir. Bir devletin denizcile&#351;mesi, yaln&#305;zca h&#252;k&#252;metin asker&#238; tercihlerine g&#246;re de&#287;il, toplumun denizi ekonomik, bilimsel, k&#252;lt&#252;rel ve stratejik bir ya&#351;am alan&#305; olarak benimsemesine de ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in mevcut denizcilik altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n ve toplumsal denizcilik birikiminin bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de destekleyebilece&#287;i ise ayr&#305;ca incelenmesi gereken bir konudur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Temel soru, &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir k&#305;y&#305; donanmas&#305;na sahip olman&#305;n &#246;tesine ge&#231;erek denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n b&#252;t&#252;n unsurlar&#305;n&#305; geli&#351;tirmi&#351; bir denizci devlete d&#246;n&#252;&#351;me potansiyelinin olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. Bu sorunun cevab&#305;, yaln&#305;zca &#304;srail&#8217;in gelecekteki asker&#238; kapasitesini de&#287;il, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de ve T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#231;evre denizlerinde olu&#351;abilecek yeni g&#252;&#231; dengelerini anlamak bak&#305;m&#305;ndan da &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Co&#287;rafyan&#305;n K&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail, yakla&#351;&#305;k 190 kilometresi Akdeniz&#8217;de, 14 kilometresi K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;in Akabe K&#246;rfezi&#8217;nde olmak &#252;zere toplam 204 kilometrelik k&#305;y&#305; &#351;eridine sahiptir. K&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; uzunlu&#287;una ra&#287;men deniz co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n en &#246;nemli &#246;zelli&#287;i, birbirinden farkl&#305; iki stratejik deniz havzas&#305;na a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;d&#305;r. Bat&#305;da Akdeniz &#252;zerinden Avrupa ve Atlantik&#8217;e, g&#252;neyde Eilat Liman&#305; &#252;zerinden K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz, Bab &#220;l Mendeb ve Hint Okyanusu arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla Asya&#8217;ya eri&#351;im imk&#226;n&#305;na sahiptir. Ancak bu iki deniz cephesi aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir k&#305;y&#305; ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305; bulunmamaktad&#305;r. Akdeniz ile K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz aras&#305;ndaki deniz ula&#351;&#305;m&#305; S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;&#8217;na, Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na g&#252;neyden eri&#351;im Yemen ve Cibuti/Somali kontrol&#252;ndeki Bab &#220;l Mendeb Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;na; Atlantik Okyanusuna eri&#351;im ise Fas ve &#304;spanya/&#304;ngiltere kontrolundaki Cebelitar&#305;k Bo&#287;az&#305;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;d&#305;r. Ayr&#305;ca &#304;srail&#8217;in Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;deki konumu, S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kuzey yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;na yak&#305;nl&#305;k sa&#287;lasa da K&#305;br&#305;s, Rodos ve Girit &#231;evresindeki deniz ge&#231;itleri &#252;zerinde do&#287;rudan co&#287;rafi kontrol imk&#226;n&#305; vermemektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu nedenle &#304;srail a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan H&#252;rm&#252;z, Bab &#220;l Mendeb, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz, S&#252;vey&#351;, Cebelitar&#305;k ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z deniz alanlar&#305; de&#287;il, enerji g&#252;venli&#287;i, d&#305;&#351; ticaret ve asker&#238; harek&#226;t bak&#305;m&#305;ndan birbirini etkileyen stratejik bir deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma sisteminin par&#231;alar&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ba&#351;bakan Netanyahu&#8217;nun 4 Ekim konu&#351;mas&#305;nda denizlerin uluslararas&#305; bir sava&#351; alan&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; belirtirken H&#252;rm&#252;z ve Bab &#220;l Mendeb&#8217;i birlikte anmas&#305; bu nedenle &#246;nemlidir. &#304;srail&#8217;in deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca k&#305;y&#305; savunmas&#305;yla s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; g&#246;rmedi&#287;ini, uzak denizlerdeki ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305;n korunmas&#305;n&#305; da ulusal g&#252;venlik meselesi olarak de&#287;erlendirdi&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Bu y&#246;nelimin &#246;n&#252;ndeki temel k&#305;s&#305;tlama ise &#304;srail&#8217;in k&#305;sa k&#305;y&#305; &#351;eridi, birbirinden ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351; iki jeopolitik deniz alan&#305; ve stratejik bo&#287;azlar &#252;zerindeki s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kontrol&#252;d&#252;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in co&#287;rafyas&#305;ndan kaynaklanan stratejik k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305; a&#351;ma aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;, K&#305;br&#305;s Adas&#305;&#8217;ndaki asker&#238;, ekonomik ve finansal varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmesinde, Yunanistan ile geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i stratejik i&#351; birli&#287;inde ve Somaliland&#8217;&#305; tan&#305;ma y&#246;n&#252;ndeki diplomatik hamlesinde g&#246;rmek m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>K&#305;y&#305; Savunmas&#305;ndan Stratejik Deniz G&#252;c&#252;ne Ge&#231;i&#351;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail Donanmas&#305;, kurulu&#351;undan itibaren a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak k&#305;y&#305; savunmas&#305;, liman g&#252;venli&#287;i, deniz ablukas&#305; ve yak&#305;n deniz alanlar&#305;nda harek&#226;t g&#246;revlerine odaklanm&#305;&#351;, ancak son y&#305;llarda denizalt&#305; harek&#226;t&#305;, a&#231;&#305;k deniz enerji tesislerinin korunmas&#305;, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i, f&#252;ze savunmas&#305; ve uzak denizlerde g&#252;&#231; aktar&#305;m&#305; gibi g&#246;revlerle sorumluluk alan&#305;n&#305; geni&#351;letmi&#351;tir. A&#231;&#305;k kaynaklara g&#246;re 2026 itibar&#305;yla 6 denizalt&#305;, 7 korvet, 28 devriye botu ve &#231;e&#351;itli yard&#305;mc&#305; unsurlardan olu&#351;an bir kuvvet yap&#305;s&#305;na sahip oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Donanman&#305;n ana &#252;ss&#252; Hayfa olup, A&#351;dod Akdeniz&#8217;in g&#252;ney kesimindeki, Eilat ise K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki harek&#226;t &#252;sleridir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Denizalt&#305; kuvvetinin omurgas&#305;n&#305; Almanya&#8217;da in&#351;a edilen Dolphin s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;lar olu&#351;tururken Eyl&#252;l 2026&#8217;da teslim edilen AIP (Havadan Ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z Tahrikli) INS Drakon ile denizalt&#305; say&#305;s&#305; alt&#305;ya ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Drakon, yakla&#351;&#305;k 2.600 tonluk deplasman&#305;yla &#304;srail&#8217;in en b&#252;y&#252;k denizalt&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r. Almanya&#8217;da &#252;retimine ba&#351;lanan &#252;&#231; yeni Dakar s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;n&#305;n ise 2030&#8217;lu y&#305;llarda ya&#351;lanan ilk nesil Dolphin s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n&#305;n yerini almas&#305; beklenmektedir. &#304;srail denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n n&#252;kleer ikinci darbe yetene&#287;ine sahip oldu&#287;una y&#246;nelik stratejik de&#287;erlendirmeler art&#305;k alg&#305;dan olguya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n su&#252;st&#252; kuvvetinin modern &#231;ekirde&#287;ini Almanya&#8217;da in&#351;a edilen d&#246;rt Sa&#8217;ar 6 korveti olu&#351;turmaktad&#305;r. Yakla&#351;&#305;k 2.000 ton deplasman&#305;ndaki bu gemiler, &#304;srail yap&#305;m&#305; geli&#351;mi&#351; radarlar, Gabriel 5 gemiye kar&#351;&#305; f&#252;zeler ve modern hava savunma sistemleriyle donat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. <strong>Sa&#8217;ar 6 s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; korvetler, ton ba&#351;&#305;na ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; silah sistemlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u bak&#305;m&#305;ndan d&#252;nyan&#305;n en yo&#287;un silahland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; su&#252;st&#252; sava&#351; gemilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.</strong> &#304;srail, b&#252;y&#252;k tonajl&#305; platformlar yerine nispeten k&#252;&#231;&#252;k gemilerde y&#252;ksek ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252;, geli&#351;mi&#351; elektronik sistemler ve &#231;ok katmanl&#305; hava savunmas&#305; sa&#287;layan bir tasar&#305;m anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; benimsemi&#351;tir. Ancak y&#252;ksek teknolojik donan&#305;m, &#304;srail sava&#351; gemilerinin asimetrik tehditlere kar&#351;&#305; mutlak g&#252;venli&#287;ini garanti etmemektedir. Nitekim 14 Temmuz 2006 tarihinde L&#252;bnan Sava&#351;&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda &#304;srail Donanmas&#305;na ait Sa&#8217;ar 5 s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; INS Hanit korveti, Beyrut a&#231;&#305;klar&#305;nda Hizbullah taraf&#305;ndan ate&#351;lenen &#199;in tasar&#305;m&#305; C-802 ailesinden oldu&#287;u de&#287;erlendirilen bir gemiye kar&#351;&#305; f&#252;zeyle vurulmu&#351;, d&#246;rt denizci hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetmi&#351; ve gemi ciddi hasar alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Di&#287;er yandan Hayfa&#8217;daki Israel Shipyards tersanesinde in&#351;as&#305;na ba&#351;lanan be&#351; Reshef s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; sava&#351; gemisiyle yerli platform &#252;retimini art&#305;rmay&#305; hedeflemektedir. ABD&#8217;de in&#351;a edilen INS Nahshon ve INS Komemiyut &#231;&#305;karma gemilerinin hizmete al&#305;nmas&#305; ise &#304;srail&#8217;in yakla&#351;&#305;k otuz y&#305;l sonra yeniden amfibi harek&#226;t ve denizden lojistik destek kapasitesine yat&#305;r&#305;m yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonu&#231; olarak &#304;srail, yak&#305;n deniz alanlar&#305;nda y&#252;ksek ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252; ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;layabilen, denizalt&#305;lar&#305;yla stratejik cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; destekleyen bir donanmaya sahip olmakla birlikte Cebelitar&#305;k&#8217;tan Bab &#220;l Mendeb&#8217;e uzanan deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rekli koruyabilecek, uzak denizlerde uzun s&#252;reli harek&#226;t icra edebilecek ve gerekti&#287;inde kay&#305;plar&#305;n&#305; kendi sanayi altyap&#305;s&#305;yla h&#305;zla kar&#351;&#305;layabilecek b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ik bir deniz g&#252;c&#252;ne hen&#252;z ula&#351;m&#305;&#351; de&#287;ildir. Netanyahu&#8217;nun yeni deniz g&#252;c&#252; aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n temelinde de bu kapasite a&#231;&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n giderilmesi bulunmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#304;srail Tersanelerinin Gemi &#304;n&#351;a ve Sava&#351; Hasar&#305; Onar&#305;m Kapasitesi</strong></p><p>&#304;srail deniz savunma sanayiinin temel yap&#305;sal zafiyeti, ileri teknolojiye dayal&#305; silah ve elektronik sistemleri geli&#351;tirme yetene&#287;i ile b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemilerinin in&#351;a, havuzlama ve a&#287;&#305;r hasar onar&#305;m kapasitesi aras&#305;ndaki dengesizliktir. Radar, f&#252;ze, elektronik harp, komuta kontrol ve insans&#305;z sistemlerde &#246;nemli bir teknolojik yetkinli&#287;e sahip olan &#304;srail, b&#252;y&#252;k su&#252;st&#252; sava&#351; gemileri ve denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n in&#351;as&#305;nda yabanc&#305; tersanelere ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rmektedir. &#214;zellikle Sa&#8217;ar 6 korvetlerinin ve Dolphin s&#305;n&#305;f&#305; denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n Almanya&#8217;da, yeni &#231;&#305;karma gemilerinin ise ABD&#8217;de in&#351;a edilmi&#351; olmas&#305; bu ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n somut g&#246;stergeleridir.</p><p>&#304;srail&#8217;in teknolojik yetkinli&#287;inin &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305; alanlardan biri insans&#305;z deniz sistemleridir. Elbit taraf&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirilen Seagull insans&#305;z su&#252;st&#252; arac&#305; ile Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) taraf&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirilen BlueWhale otonom sualt&#305; arac&#305;; denizalt&#305; savunma harbi, may&#305;n kar&#351;&#305; tedbirleri, ke&#351;if, g&#246;zetleme ve istihbarat g&#246;revlerine y&#246;nelik &#246;nemli &#246;rneklerdir. Bu sistemler, &#304;srail&#8217;in s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; personel ve platform kapasitesini teknoloji yo&#287;un &#231;&#246;z&#252;mlerle dengeleme yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305; yans&#305;tmaktad&#305;r. Ancak y&#252;ksek teknolojiye dayal&#305; bu yetenekler, b&#252;y&#252;k platformlar&#305;n in&#351;a ve onar&#305;m&#305;nda ihtiya&#231; duyulan a&#287;&#305;r sanayi altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n yerini tutmamaktad&#305;r.</p><p>&#304;srail&#8217;in gemileri havuzlama konusunda ciddi zafiyetleri vard&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in 30.000 tonluk bir tankerin a&#287;&#305;r sualt&#305; hasar&#305; almas&#305; durumunda, bu gemiyi havuzlamalar&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;ildir. Hayfa&#8217;daki Israel Shipyards, yakla&#351;&#305;k 3.000 ton kald&#305;rma kapasiteli gemi kald&#305;rma sistemi, bak&#305;m at&#246;lyeleri ve &#252;retim tesisleriyle h&#252;cumbot, devriye gemisi ve korvet &#246;l&#231;e&#287;indeki platformlar&#305;n in&#351;a, bak&#305;m ve onar&#305;m&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir altyap&#305;ya sahiptir. Bununla birlikte bu kapasite, b&#252;y&#252;k tonajl&#305; ticaret gemilerinin havuzlanmas&#305; veya a&#287;&#305;r sava&#351; hasar&#305; alm&#305;&#351; birden fazla asker&#238; platformun e&#351; zamanl&#305; onar&#305;m&#305; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r. ABD ve Alman yap&#305;m&#305; korvetler ve Alman yap&#305;m&#305; denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n ileri d&#252;zey tekne ve sistem onar&#305;mlar&#305;nda &#252;retici deste&#287;ine ihtiya&#231; duyulabilmesi de sava&#351; zaman&#305; onar&#305;m s&#252;releri a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#246;nemli bir ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k yaratmaktad&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in &#246;nemli deniz sanayi ve donanma tesislerinin Hayfa &#231;evresinde yo&#287;unla&#351;mas&#305; ise y&#252;ksek yo&#287;unluklu bir sava&#351;ta &#252;retim, bak&#305;m ve onar&#305;m faaliyetlerinin s&#252;reklili&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ilave riskler do&#287;urmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonu&#231; olarak &#304;srail, sava&#351; gemilerini geli&#351;mi&#351; silah ve elektronik sistemlerle donatabilen, ancak b&#252;y&#252;k platformlar&#305;n in&#351;as&#305;nda d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;ren ve a&#287;&#305;r hasar onar&#305;m kapasitesi bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemli s&#305;n&#305;rlamalarla kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya bulunan bir deniz g&#252;c&#252;d&#252;r. &#214;zellikle uzun s&#252;reli ve y&#252;ksek yo&#287;unluklu bir deniz sava&#351;&#305;nda belirleyici olan yaln&#305;zca mevcut gemilerin muharebe yetenekleri de&#287;ildir. Hasar g&#246;ren gemilerin ne kadar s&#252;rede yeniden harek&#226;ta d&#246;nd&#252;r&#252;lebilece&#287;i, tersanelerin sava&#351; ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda faaliyetlerini s&#252;rd&#252;rebilmesi ve kaybedilen platformlar&#305;n hangi h&#305;zla yerine konulabilece&#287;i de deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;ini belirleyen temel unsurlard&#305;r. Bu a&#231;&#305;dan &#304;srail&#8217;in deniz savunma sanayiindeki teknolojik geli&#351;mi&#351;li&#287;i, gemi in&#351;a ve onar&#305;m altyap&#305;s&#305;ndaki yap&#305;sal s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar&#305;n&#305; b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;yle ortadan kald&#305;rmamaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sahil G&#252;venlik Modeli?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;de T&#252;rkiye&#8217;deki anlam&#305;yla m&#252;stakil, geni&#351; te&#351;kilatl&#305; ve &#252;lke &#231;ap&#305;nda yetkilendirilmi&#351; bir Sahil G&#252;venlik Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; bulunmamaktad&#305;r. Deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i, deniz emniyeti, arama kurtarma, liman denetimi ve deniz &#231;evresinin korunmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik g&#246;revler deniz kuvvetleri, deniz polisi, liman otoriteleri ve Ula&#351;t&#305;rma Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;na ba&#287;l&#305; Denizcilik ve Limanlar &#304;daresi aras&#305;nda payla&#351;&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu idare gemi ve denizci sicilleri, denize elveri&#351;lilik, liman devleti kontrol&#252;, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k teknelerin ruhsatland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, deniz trafi&#287;i ve uluslararas&#305; denizcilik mevzuat&#305;n&#305;n uygulanmas&#305;ndan sorumludur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hayfa&#8217;daki Deniz Arama Kurtarma Koordinasyon Merkezi ise 24 saat esas&#305;na g&#246;re &#231;al&#305;&#351;arak deniz kazalar&#305; ve tehlike &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lar&#305;na m&#252;dahalenin koordinasyonunu y&#252;r&#252;tmektedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla &#304;srail&#8217;de sivil denizcilik y&#246;netimi ve deniz emniyeti kurumlar&#305; bulunmakla birlikte, denizde kolluk ve g&#252;venlik g&#246;revlerinin &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; do&#287;rudan asker&#238; yap&#305; i&#231;inde yerine getirilmektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu model, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin de aralar&#305;nda bulundu&#287;u bir&#231;ok denizci devletin benimsedi&#287;i sahil g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;ndan farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Denizde can ve mal emniyeti, kamu d&#252;zenini korumak, ka&#231;ak&#231;&#305;l&#305;kla m&#252;cadeleyi, deniz &#231;evresinin korunmas&#305;n&#305; ve arama kurtarma faaliyetlerini y&#252;r&#252;tmek tipi g&#246;revlerde esas olan, asker&#238; harek&#226;t yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;ndan ziyade kolluk hukuku, deniz emniyeti, &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;l&#252;k ve gerekti&#287;inde kademeli kuvvet kullan&#305;m&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;de ise deniz g&#252;venli&#287;inin &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de donanma merkezli y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;lmesi, asker&#238; tehdit de&#287;erlendirmesinin sivil denizcilik faaliyetleri &#252;zerindeki etkisini art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle Gazze a&#231;&#305;klar&#305;ndaki deniz ablukas&#305;, Filistinli bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;lara y&#246;nelik m&#252;dahaleler ve yabanc&#305; sivil gemilerin durdurulmas&#305; gibi uygulamalarda donanman&#305;n do&#287;rudan g&#246;rev almas&#305; bunun &#246;rnekleridir. Bu durum, normal &#351;artlarda sahil g&#252;venlik veya deniz kolluk birimleri taraf&#305;ndan y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;lebilecek baz&#305; faaliyetlerin asker&#238; kuvvetler taraf&#305;ndan icra edilmesine yol a&#231;maktad&#305;r. B&#246;ylece denizde g&#252;venlik ve emniyet aras&#305;ndaki ayr&#305;m&#305;n zay&#305;flamas&#305;, sivil denizcilerle ili&#351;kilerde asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; &#246;n plana &#231;&#305;karmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rneklerinden biri 31 May&#305;s 2010 tarihinde uluslararas&#305; sularda ya&#351;anan Mavi Marmara bask&#305;n&#305;d&#305;r. Gazze&#8217;ye insani yard&#305;m g&#246;t&#252;ren sivil gemiye &#304;srail deniz komandolar&#305;n&#305;n helikopterler ve s&#252;ratli botlarla m&#252;dahalesi sonucunda on ki&#351;i hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetmi&#351;tir. Olay, sivil deniz ara&#231;lar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; asker&#238; kuvvet kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n hukuki s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; ve m&#252;dahalenin &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; uluslararas&#305; tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n merkezine ta&#351;&#305;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;venlik gerek&#231;eleriyle savundu&#287;u m&#252;dahale, BM &#304;nsan Haklar&#305; Konseyi b&#252;nyesindeki ara&#351;t&#305;rma heyetince hukuka ayk&#305;r&#305; bulunmu&#351;, BM Genel Sekreteri taraf&#305;ndan olu&#351;turulan Palmer Paneli m&#252;dahalede kullan&#305;lan g&#252;c&#252; a&#351;&#305;r&#305; ve makul olmayan nitelikte de&#287;erlendirmi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Burada &#252;zerinde durulmas&#305; gereken konu yaln&#305;zca kurumsal te&#351;kilatlanma de&#287;ildir. Sahil g&#252;venlik, modern denizci devletlerde asker&#238; kuvvet ile sivil denizcilik toplumu aras&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir hukuki ve kurumsal ara y&#252;z olu&#351;turur. Denizde otorite kullan&#305;m&#305; kadar denizcilik meslek k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n, uluslararas&#305; i&#351; birli&#287;inin, &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;n ve gerekti&#287;inde diplomatik inceli&#287;in de temsilcisidir. Denizci bir devletin g&#252;c&#252; yaln&#305;zca denizde silah kullanabilme yetene&#287;iyle de&#287;il, silah kullanmadan d&#252;zeni sa&#287;layabilme, sivil denizcilerin haklar&#305;n&#305; koruyabilme ve uluslararas&#305; denizcilik toplumuyla g&#252;vene dayal&#305; ili&#351;kiler kurabilme kapasitesiyle de &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmelidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Deniz Hukuku ve &#304;srail</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail, 1982 Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler Deniz Hukuku S&#246;zle&#351;mesi&#8217;ne (BMDHS) (UNCLOS) taraf de&#287;ildir. Ancak team&#252;l hukuku kapsam&#305;nda s&#246;zle&#351;me h&#252;k&#252;mlerini uygular. Deniz yetki alanlar&#305;na ili&#351;kin uygulamalar&#305;nda bu hukuki &#231;er&#231;eveden yararlanmaktad&#305;r. Bunun somut &#246;rnekleri, 17 Aral&#305;k 2010 tarihinde G&#252;ney K&#305;br&#305;s Rum Y&#246;netimi ile imzalad&#305;&#287;&#305; MEB s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rma anla&#351;mas&#305; ve 27 Ekim 2022 tarihinde ABD arabuluculu&#287;unda L&#252;bnan ile ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;i deniz s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rmas&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;lk anla&#351;mada ortay hat yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; esas al&#305;n&#305;rken ikinci d&#252;zenleme, diplomatik ili&#351;kileri bulunmayan iki devlet aras&#305;nda Karish ve Qana do&#287;al gaz sahalar&#305;n&#305;n geli&#351;tirilmesine y&#246;nelik ekonomik ve siyasi bir uzla&#351;ma sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#304;srail b&#246;ylece taraf olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; UNCLOS&#8217;un team&#252;l hukuku niteli&#287;i kazanm&#305;&#351; ilkelerinden yararlanarak Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;deki deniz yetki alanlar&#305;n&#305; ve enerji &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; hukuki bir &#231;er&#231;eveye oturtmu&#351;tur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak &#304;srail&#8217;in deniz hukukuna yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305; yaln&#305;zca bu anla&#351;malar &#252;zerinden de&#287;erlendirmek eksik olur. &#214;zellikle Gazze ablukas&#305;, uluslararas&#305; sularda sivil gemilere m&#252;dahaleler &#304;srail&#8217;in denizde kuvvet kullan&#305;m&#305; ve seyr&#252;sefer serbestisi konular&#305;ndaki uygulamalar&#305;nda hukuk tan&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n somut kan&#305;tlar&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in deniz hukukundaki yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; bu bak&#305;mdan tamamen &#231;&#305;kar odakl&#305; bir nitelik g&#246;stermektedir. Deniz yetki alanlar&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, do&#287;al gaz kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n i&#351;letilmesi ve ekonomik haklar&#305;n g&#252;vence alt&#305;na al&#305;nmas&#305;nda uluslararas&#305; team&#252;l hukukundan yararlan&#305;rken, denizde asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305; ve sivil deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;na m&#252;dahale konular&#305;nda hukuk tan&#305;mamaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ticaret Filosu ve Limanlar: Denize Ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k ve Stratejik K&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;k</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">2025 itibar&#305;yla yakla&#351;&#305;k 60 gemiden olu&#351;an ve 2024 verilerine g&#246;re 2,56 milyon DWT ta&#351;&#305;ma kapasitesine sahip bulunan &#304;srail sahipli ticaret filosu, &#252;lkenin d&#305;&#351; ticaretinin denizyoluna y&#252;ksek ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda olduk&#231;a s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;srail ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda yabanc&#305; bayrakl&#305; ve kiral&#305;k gemiler &#246;nemli rol oynamaktad&#305;r. &#304;srail, d&#305;&#351; ticaretinin tonaj bak&#305;m&#305;ndan yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 99&#8217;unu denizyoluyla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiren, ancak bu ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layacak b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kte mill&#238; ticaret filosuna sahip olmayan bir &#252;lkedir. Deniz ticaretinin ana merkezleri Akdeniz k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;ndaki Hayfa ve A&#351;dod limanlar&#305;d&#305;r. Bu iki limanda 2021&#8217;den itibaren hizmete giren modern konteyner terminalleri, &#304;srail&#8217;in deniz ticaret kapasitesini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Hayfa&#8217;daki Bayport terminali &#199;inli &#350;anghay Uluslararas&#305; Grup taraf&#305;ndan i&#351;letilmektedir. &#304;srail limanlar&#305;nda 2025 y&#305;l&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k 3,45 milyon TEU konteyner elle&#231;lenmi&#351;tir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in deniz ticaretindeki en &#246;nemli &#351;irketi k&#252;resel konteyner ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; yapan ZIM&#8217;dir. Ancak 1945&#8217;te kurulan ZIM&#8217;in i&#351;letti&#287;i gemiler ile &#304;srail&#8217;in mill&#238; ticaret filosu birbirine kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmamal&#305;d&#305;r. &#350;irket 2025 sonunda 128 gemi i&#351;letirken bunlar&#305;n yaln&#305;zca 16&#8217;s&#305;na sahipti; geri kalan 112 gemi kiral&#305;kt&#305;. Yakla&#351;&#305;k 708 bin TEU ta&#351;&#305;ma kapasitesine sahip ZIM, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir uluslararas&#305; lojistik a&#287;&#305;na sahip olmakla birlikte gemi kapasitesinin b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; yabanc&#305; armat&#246;rlerden sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r. Bu durum, &#304;srail&#8217;in sava&#351; ve kriz d&#246;nemlerinde yabanc&#305; gemi sahiplerine, sigorta &#351;irketlerine ve uluslararas&#305; kiralama piyasas&#305;na ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu zafiyetin en somut &#246;rne&#287;i &#304;srail&#8217;in K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e a&#231;&#305;lan tek liman&#305; Eilat&#8217;ta ya&#351;anm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ensar Allah&#8217;&#305;n 2023 sonras&#305;nda Bab &#220;l Mendeb ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;na y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; sonucunda Eilat&#8217;a u&#287;rayan gemi say&#305;s&#305; 2023&#8217;te yakla&#351;&#305;k 134 iken 2024&#8217;te 16&#8217;ya d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;, liman&#305;n otomobil ithalat&#305; tamamen durmu&#351; ve gelirleri yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 80 azalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#220;stelik bunun i&#231;in liman&#305;n do&#287;rudan i&#351;gal edilmesi veya fiziki olarak tahrip edilmesi gerekmemi&#351;tir. Gemi sahiplerinin ve sigortac&#305;lar&#305;n artan g&#252;venlik riskleri nedeniyle b&#246;lgeden uzakla&#351;mas&#305;, liman&#305; ekonomik bak&#305;mdan b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Di&#287;er yandan &#304;srail Merkez Bankas&#305;na g&#246;re &#199;in&#8217;den &#304;srail&#8217;e deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;nda &#220;mit Burnu rotas&#305;n&#305;n kullan&#305;lmas&#305; mesafeyi yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 114 art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Eilat &#246;rne&#287;i, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n kesintiye u&#287;rat&#305;lmas&#305; i&#231;in mutlaka deniz kontrol&#252;n&#252;n ele ge&#231;irilmesinin gerekmedi&#287;ini, yeterli d&#252;zeyde tehdit ve sigorta riski yarat&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n da stratejik sonu&#231;lar do&#287;urabilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail deniz sigortac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; alan&#305;nda uluslararas&#305; reas&#252;rans ve P&amp;I sistemine entegredir. K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki Husi sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;, sava&#351; riski sigortas&#305;n&#305;n &#304;srail deniz ticareti a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;nemi de ortaya koymu&#351;tur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Neticede &#304;srail, geli&#351;mi&#351; liman altyap&#305;s&#305;na ve k&#252;resel konteyner ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir &#351;irkete sahip olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; kendi mill&#238; filosuyla g&#252;vence alt&#305;na alabilecek kapasiteden uzakt&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in deniz ticaretine ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#252;ksek, bu ticareti kendi imk&#226;nlar&#305;yla s&#252;rd&#252;rme ve koruma kapasitesi ise s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r<strong>. </strong>Netanyahu&#8217;nun deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; b&#252;y&#252;tme hedefinin arkas&#305;ndaki temel ekonomik ve stratejik nedenlerden biri de bu yap&#305;sal dengesizliktir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A&#231;&#305;k Deniz Enerjisi: Denizlerin Artan Stratejik &#214;nemi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in deniz stratejisindeki d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n &#246;nemli nedenlerinden biri Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de ke&#351;fedilen do&#287;al gaz kaynaklar&#305;d&#305;r. Yakla&#351;&#305;k 850 milyar metrek&#252;p do&#287;al gaz rezervine sahip &#304;srail&#8217;de Tamar 2013, Leviathan 2020, Karish ise 2022 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#252;retime ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#304;srail, 2024 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#252;retti&#287;i yakla&#351;&#305;k 27 milyar metrek&#252;p gaz&#305;n &#246;nemli b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; i&#231; piyasada t&#252;ketmektedir. Do&#287;al gaz, &#252;lkenin elektrik &#252;retiminin y&#252;zde 70&#8217;inden fazlas&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;lamaktad&#305;r. Geri kalan gaz a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak M&#305;s&#305;r ve &#220;rd&#252;n&#8217;e ihra&#231; edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda &#304;srail&#8217;in M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a gaz ihracat&#305; Do&#287;u Akdeniz enerji jeopoliti&#287;inde &#246;nemli bir geli&#351;medir. A&#287;ustos 2025&#8217;te Leviathan sahas&#305;ndan M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a yakla&#351;&#305;k 130 milyar metrek&#252;pl&#252;k ilave gaz sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; kapsayan 35 milyar dolarl&#305;k anla&#351;ma a&#231;&#305;klanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#304;srail gaz&#305; M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;da t&#252;ketilmekte veya &#304;dku ve Dimyat LNG tesislerinden uluslararas&#305; pazarlara ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;labilmektedir. B&#246;ylece M&#305;s&#305;r, &#304;srail gaz&#305;n&#305;n Avrupa&#8217;ya eri&#351;iminde &#246;nemli bir merkez haline gelmektedir. GKRY ile M&#305;s&#305;r aras&#305;nda da benzer bir enerji koridoru geli&#351;mektedir. &#304;talyan ENI ve Frans&#305;z Total&#8217;in GKRY&#8217;nin Kronos sahas&#305;ndaki gaz&#305;n&#305; M&#305;s&#305;r &#252;zerinden ihra&#231; etmeleri planlan&#305;rken, Amerikan ExxonMobil &#351;irketi de GKRY&#8217;nin Glavkos ve Pegasus yataklar&#305;ndan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lacak gaz&#305;n M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305; &#252;zerinde &#231;al&#305;&#351;maktad&#305;r. B&#246;ylece &#304;srail, GKRY ve M&#305;s&#305;r aras&#305;nda Amerikan ve Avrupal&#305; &#351;irketlerin kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;yla yeni bir b&#246;lgesel enerji a&#287;&#305; &#351;ekillenmektedir. Bu durum genel olarak Akdeniz jeopoliti&#287;ini etkilemektedir. M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de GKRY, Yunanistan ve &#304;srail ile T&#252;rkiye kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; blokta yer almas&#305;n&#305;n bir nedeni de enerjide &#304;srail&#8217;e olan ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;m bu geli&#351;meler &#304;srail&#8217;in denizlere ekonomik ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Tamar, Leviathan ve Karish sahalar&#305;n&#305;n, denizalt&#305; boru hatlar&#305;n&#305;n ve k&#305;y&#305; tesislerinin korunmas&#305; donanman&#305;n &#246;ncelikli g&#246;revleri aras&#305;na girmi&#351;tir. Almanya&#8217;da in&#351;a edilen Sa&#8217;ar 6 korvetlerinin geli&#351;mi&#351; hava savunma ve g&#246;zetleme sistemleriyle donat&#305;lmas&#305; da bu ihtiyac&#305;n sonucudur.</p><p><strong>&#304;srail&#8217;in Denizcilik E&#287;itimi, Bilimi ve K&#252;lt&#252;rel Altyap&#305;s&#305;</strong></p><p>&#304;srail, 1952&#8217;den beri IMO &#252;yesi olup UNCLOS&#8217;a taraf olmamas&#305;na ra&#287;men uluslararas&#305; denizcilik d&#252;zenlemelerine b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de entegredir. Denizcilik e&#287;itiminde 1938&#8217;de kurulan Akka Denizcilik Koleji, bilimsel ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda ise Hayfa &#220;niversitesi, Technion ve &#304;srail O&#351;inografi ve Limnoloji (G&#246;l Bilimi) Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305; Kurumu &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. Bu kurumlar deniz teknolojileri, o&#351;inografi, deniz m&#252;hendisli&#287;i, sualt&#305; sistemleri ve deniz stratejisi alanlar&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir akademik ve teknolojik altyap&#305; olu&#351;turmaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle deniz bilimleri ile savunma sanayii aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;&#231;l&#252; y&#246;nlerinden biridir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k Akdeniz&#8217;de yakla&#351;&#305;k 350 teknelik bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;k filosu olduk&#231;a s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r. Deniz &#252;r&#252;nleri t&#252;ketimi y&#252;ksek olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men &#252;retimde ithalat ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; bulunmaktad&#305;r. Marina ve yat&#231;&#305;l&#305;k altyap&#305;s&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye g&#246;re k&#252;&#231;&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli olmakla birlikte yelken ve r&#252;zg&#226;r s&#246;rf&#252;nde uluslararas&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;lar elde edilmi&#351;tir. Hayfa&#8217;daki deniz m&#252;zeleri, denizcilik tarihini Yahudi g&#246;&#231;&#252;, devletin kurulu&#351;u ve donanman&#305;n geli&#351;imiyle ili&#351;kilendirerek mill&#238; denizcilik haf&#305;zas&#305; olu&#351;turmaktad&#305;r. Denizcilik yay&#305;nc&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak dijital ve akademik kaynaklara dayal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sonu&#231;: &#304;srail Denizci Bir Devlet Olabilir mi?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; olu&#351;turan b&#252;t&#252;n unsurlar birlikte de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;inde ortaya &#231;&#305;kan temel sonu&#231;, denize y&#252;ksek derecede ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; ayn&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;de geli&#351;tirememi&#351; bir devlet oldu&#287;udur. &#304;srail, ileri savunma teknolojileri, f&#252;ze sistemleri, elektronik harp, deniz bilimleri ve a&#231;&#305;k deniz enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;nda &#246;nemli yetenekler kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak bu teknolojik ba&#351;ar&#305;lar, bir &#252;lkenin denizci devlet olabilmesi i&#231;in gerekli ekonomik, end&#252;striyel, toplumsal ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel altyap&#305;n&#305;n yerini tutmamaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in &#246;n&#252;ndeki ilk s&#305;n&#305;rlama co&#287;rafyad&#305;r. Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de yakla&#351;&#305;k 190 kilometrelik k&#305;y&#305; &#351;eridi, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de Akabe K&#246;rfezinde dar bir &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; ve s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; liman se&#231;enekleri bulunmaktad&#305;r. Deniz ticaretinin b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de Hayfa ve A&#351;dod &#252;zerinden y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;lmesi, Eilat Liman&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n Husi sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; nedeniyle ciddi &#351;ekilde i&#351;lev kaybetmesi ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n d&#305;&#351; tehditlere a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; bu co&#287;rafi k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;&#287;&#305; ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in denizlere ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#252;ksek, ancak deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; kendi mill&#238; imk&#226;nlar&#305;yla g&#252;vence alt&#305;na alma kapasitesi s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;kinci s&#305;n&#305;rlama ekonomik ve end&#252;striyeldir. &#304;srail y&#252;ksek teknoloji ve savunma elektroni&#287;inde geli&#351;mi&#351; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemileri ve denizalt&#305; in&#351;as&#305;nda d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;d&#305;r. Mill&#238; ticaret filosu, gemi in&#351;a sanayii, tersane ve sava&#351; hasar&#305; onar&#305;m altyap&#305;s&#305;, &#252;lkenin deniz ticaretine ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla orant&#305;l&#305; bir b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;e ula&#351;mam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#304;srail ekonomisinin teknoloji, finans ve hizmetler a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; yap&#305;s&#305;, geni&#351; &#246;l&#231;ekli bir denizcilik sanayii olu&#351;turulmas&#305;n&#305; da s&#305;n&#305;rlamaktad&#305;r. Deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan belirleyici olan yaln&#305;zca modern sava&#351; gemilerine sahip olmak de&#287;il, bu gemileri in&#351;a edebilmek, onarabilmek, kay&#305;plar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layabilmek ve deniz ticaretini kesintisiz s&#252;rd&#252;rebilmektir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; ve daha derin s&#305;n&#305;rlama ise tarihsel ve sosyok&#252;lt&#252;rel yap&#305;dad&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in devletle&#351;me s&#252;reci, tarihsel denizci devletlerden farkl&#305; olarak esas itibar&#305;yla kara merkezli g&#252;venlik, yerle&#351;im ve s&#305;n&#305;r sorunlar&#305; etraf&#305;nda &#351;ekillenmi&#351;tir. Toplumsal haf&#305;zas&#305;nda ve g&#252;venlik k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;nde kara kuvvetleri, hava g&#252;c&#252; ve istihbarat belirleyici konumdad&#305;r. Denizcilik e&#287;itimi, deniz bilimleri ve su sporlar&#305;ndaki geli&#351;melere ra&#287;men denizcilik, hen&#252;z toplumun geni&#351; kesimlerine yay&#305;lan, ekonomik &#252;retimi ve mill&#238; stratejiyi b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tiren k&#246;kl&#252; bir k&#252;lt&#252;rel yap&#305;ya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;memi&#351;tir. Burada s&#246;z konusu olan de&#287;i&#351;mez biyolojik &#246;zellikler de&#287;il, tarihsel s&#252;re&#231;te olu&#351;mu&#351; toplumsal ve stratejik davran&#305;&#351; kal&#305;plar&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Netanyahu&#8217;nun 4 Ekim 2026 tarihinde deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; &#246;ne &#231;&#305;karan a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;, &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;nda deniz boyutuna verilen &#246;nemin artt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. Ancak donanman&#305;n g&#252;&#231;lendirilmesi ile bir devletin ger&#231;ek anlamda denizcile&#351;mesi ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir. Denizci devlet olmak; ticaret filosundan tersanelere, bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;ktan deniz bilimlerine, limanlardan denizcilik k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;ne kadar b&#252;t&#252;n alanlarda birbirini besleyen ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir bir g&#252;&#231; olu&#351;turmay&#305; gerektirir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonu&#231; olarak &#304;srail, mevcut co&#287;rafi s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar&#305;, tarihsel ve sosyok&#252;lt&#252;rel yap&#305;s&#305;, ekonomik &#246;ncelikleri ve denizcilik sanayiindeki d&#305;&#351; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; dikkate al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lebilir gelecekte klasik anlamda kapsaml&#305; ve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilecek ko&#351;ullara sahip de&#287;ildir. Bununla birlikte ileri teknolojili, s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; fakat etkili bir b&#246;lgesel donanma geli&#351;tirmesi m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Bu durum da &#304;srail&#8217;in denizlerdeki temel &#231;eli&#351;kisini yaratmaktad&#305;r. Denizlere ekonomik ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; giderek artan &#304;srail&#8217;in bu ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layacak b&#252;t&#252;nc&#252;l mill&#238; denizcilik kapasitesi ayn&#305; h&#305;zda geli&#351;memektedir. &#304;srail donanma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; art&#305;rabilir, ancak donanma g&#252;c&#252; ile mill&#238; denizcilik g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;ndaki yap&#305;sal fark&#305; k&#305;sa s&#252;rede kapatmas&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n g&#246;r&#252;nmemektedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail, denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;ndeki bu yap&#305;sal zafiyetlerin fark&#305;ndad&#305;r. Bu nedenle deniz g&#252;venli&#287;ini yaln&#305;zca kendi donanmas&#305;yla sa&#287;lamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;mamakta, stratejik deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar&#305; boyunca kendisine yak&#305;n y&#246;netimler ve ortakl&#305;klar &#252;zerinden etki alan&#305;n&#305; geni&#351;letmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bat&#305;da Fas&#8217;tan Libya&#8217;ya uzanan Kuzey Afrika k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;, do&#287;uda Somaliland, B&#226;b &#220;l Mendep, Sokotra ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz &#231;evresi bu a&#231;&#305;dan &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;srail&#8217;in Yunanistan ve GKRY ile geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i yak&#305;n ili&#351;kiler de ayn&#305; stratejik &#231;er&#231;evede de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. &#304;srail a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Yunanistan, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;den Ege ve Avrupa&#8217;ya uzanan deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma ve enerji ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir ortak; GKRY ise co&#287;rafi yak&#305;nl&#305;&#287;&#305;, limanlar&#305;, havaalanlar&#305; ve enerji altyap&#305;s&#305;yla stratejik derinlik sa&#287;layabilecek bir konumdad&#305;r. &#220;&#231;l&#252; savunma i&#351; birli&#287;i, ortak tatbikatlar, deniz g&#252;venli&#287;i d&#252;zenlemeleri ve Great Sea Interconnector (GSI) gibi projeler bu ili&#351;kilerin somut unsurlar&#305;d&#305;r. Ayr&#305;ca T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;deki deniz g&#252;c&#252; ve deniz yetki alanlar&#305;na ili&#351;kin politikalar&#305;, &#304;srail&#8217;in bu iki &#252;lkeyle geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i stratejik ili&#351;kilerin de&#287;erlendirilmesinde &#246;nemli bir fakt&#246;rd&#252;r. Bu i&#351; birli&#287;inin T&#252;rkiye kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; bir dengeleme boyutu ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; art&#305;k a&#231;&#305;k politikaya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Sonu&#231;ta &#304;srail, kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n ve denizcilik kapasitesinin sa&#287;layamad&#305;&#287;&#305; stratejik derinli&#287;i, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;den K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e uzanan siyasi, asker&#238;, enerji ve istihbarat ortakl&#305;klar&#305;yla tamamlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;maktad&#305;r. Ancak d&#305;&#351; ortakl&#305;klara dayal&#305; bu yakla&#351;&#305;m, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir bir mill&#238; denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yerini tutmamaktad&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Afghanistan and Yemen: Two Geographies of Resistance Anchored in the Mountains]]></title><description><![CDATA[You have the watches. We have the time.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/afghanistan-and-yemen-two-geographies</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/afghanistan-and-yemen-two-geographies</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2026 19:09:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21eWMQ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21eWMQ%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWMQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWMQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWMQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eWMQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21eWMQ%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F99e806e6-3e64-4f0c-aa75-409b98a7d469_1776x936.png" width="1456" height="767" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are certain geographies in history whose geopolitical weight bears little relation to the size of the territory they occupy on the map. Afghanistan is one of them. Yemen is another. The former is a mountainous, landlocked country at the heart of Asia. The latter lies at the southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula, astride the maritime routes connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Yet they share one fundamental characteristic: throughout history, both have transformed the power of their geography into a capacity for resistance against those seeking to impose their will upon them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The First Era of Afghan Resistance</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To understand Afghanistan&#8217;s destiny, one need only begin with the map. It lies at the center of the Heartland, with the Indian subcontinent to the south, the mountain systems extending towards China to the east, and Iran to the west. The Hindu Kush divides the country. The Khyber Pass is one of the historic gateways between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent, while the Salang Tunnel through the Hindu Kush constitutes a strategic artery connecting north and south.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was this geography that turned Afghanistan into an arena of imperial rivalry between Britain and Russia during the nineteenth century. For London, the possibility of Russian expansion southwards towards the Indian Ocean was unacceptable. The fundamental objective of British strategy was therefore not so much to control Afghanistan as to prevent another great power from controlling it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Britain entered Afghanistan in the nineteenth century because of its geopolitical rivalry with Russia, a struggle that became known to history as the <strong>Great Game</strong>. London&#8217;s principal objective was to preserve Afghanistan as a buffer zone between the two empires. Yet the attempt ultimately turned into a disaster for the British.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The First Anglo-Afghan War, which began in 1839, culminated in 1842 in one of the gravest military catastrophes in British imperial history, when the force retreating from Kabul was almost destroyed. During the winter of 1842, a British Indian column of approximately 16,000 soldiers, camp followers and civilians withdrawing from Kabul towards Jalalabad was virtually annihilated in the mountain passes of the Hindu Kush. Dr William Brydon, who reached Jalalabad alone from the retreating column, became the enduring symbol of one of the British Empire&#8217;s greatest disasters in Afghanistan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Britain returned to Afghanistan in 1878. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, it secured considerable influence over the country&#8217;s foreign affairs, but once again failed to establish direct rule over Afghanistan. The Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 finally secured Afghanistan&#8217;s independence in the conduct of its external relations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The British Empire ruled the oceans. Yet it could not establish a permanent presence in the valleys and mountains of the Hindu Kush.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Second Afghan Resistance</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sixty years later, another great power entered Afghanistan&#8212;this time the Soviet Union. The Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 and rapidly established control over Kabul and the major urban centers. Yet in the countryside and mountainous regions, it encountered an expanding resistance led by the Mujahideen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Afghanistan&#8217;s culture of resistance to foreign powers, rooted in the nineteenth century, had re-emerged, sustained by its mountainous geography, tribal structures and strong local identities. The Soviet occupation, however, marked a profound turning point that altered the very character of this historical tradition of resistance. What had previously been shaped primarily by the defense of homeland, tribe and locality against foreign occupation gradually acquired a religious and ideological character under the conditions of the Cold War. Islam was no longer merely the faith of Afghan society; it was increasingly transformed into the unifying ideology of the struggle against Soviet occupation and communism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The consequences of this transformation would extend far beyond Afghanistan. In the decades that followed, Afghanistan itself would suffer a profound social and civilizational regression, while the forces unleashed during the war would contribute to major security crises across the world, causing the death and suffering of millions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The United States Arms the Mujahideen</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The United States quickly recognized the geopolitical value of this transformation. Washington&#8217;s principal objective was neither the modernization nor the democratization of Afghanistan. It was to draw the Soviet Union into a prolonged, costly and debilitating war.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Through a support network centered on the United States, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia&#8212;and involving the CIA and their regional intelligence partners&#8212;the Afghan resistance was armed and financed. With substantial Saudi financial support, the struggle was increasingly embedded within a radical Islamist ideological framework heavily influenced by Wahhabi-Salafi currents. The madrassas of Pakistan, Saudi financing and the arrival of radical Islamist fighters from different parts of the world provided the infrastructure through which a traditional Afghan resistance movement was gradually transformed into an international &#8220;jihad.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As Mujahideen commanders gained power, a new religious-political warrior elite emerged alongside Afghanistan&#8217;s traditional tribal authorities. The historic Afghan culture of resistance to foreign occupation was thus transformed, in accordance with the strategic requirements of the global Cold War, into an instrument of an Islamist ideological and military proxy war.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">During the Soviet occupation and the accompanying internal turmoil, roughly one million Afghan refugees, most of them Pashtuns, crossed into Pakistan. From among these refugee communities, men were recruited and turned into fighters. Money and weapons began flowing to the Mujahideen through Pakistan. Saudi Arabia contributed not only financing; radical Islamists, including opponents of the Saudi regime, were also channeled towards the Afghan battlefield.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For the Americans, the strategic equation appeared extraordinarily favorable: a relatively small investment in the Afghan resistance could inflict disproportionately large costs on the Soviet Union.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Third Afghan Resistance</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Following the attacks of 11 September 2001, it was now the United States&#8212;the seemingly unchallenged superpower of the unipolar world&#8212;that entered Afghanistan in an attempt to eradicate a malignancy that, to a considerable extent, had grown out of the geopolitical environment Washington itself had helped create over the preceding two decades.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Taliban regime was overthrown within weeks, Kabul was captured and following the first invocation of Article 5 in NATO&#8217;s history, the war gradually evolved into a large-scale international military campaign. From 7 October 2001 onwards, the United States had established itself in the very heart of Central Asia. NATO followed. On 11 August 2003, the Alliance assumed command of the UN-mandated International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), placing itself at the center of the international military presence in Afghanistan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">An alliance originally created for the defense of the North Atlantic had now reached Central Asia&#8212;the very depths of what NATO terminology had once described as the <strong>&#8220;out-of-area&#8221;</strong> domain. The neoconservative architects associated with the <strong>Project for the New American Century (PNAC)</strong> had, in geopolitical terms, planted themselves in the middle of the Heartland.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet during the twenty years that followed, until the summer of 2021, even a U.S.- and NATO-led military presence that at its peak approached 150,000 foreign troops proved incapable of eliminating the forces unleashed by the previous decades or of constructing a viable new Afghan state. Afghanistan&#8217;s own internal dynamics ultimately prevailed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">American dollars, baseball caps and McDonald&#8217;s hamburgers were not enough to transform either Afghan society or the Afghan state. Military superiority could overthrow a government. Financial power could sustain institutions. Western cultural symbols could enter the cities. But none of these, individually or collectively, could fundamentally remake a society whose political structures, historical memory and social organization had been shaped over centuries by an entirely different geography and historical experience.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, Pakistan&#8217;s growing geopolitical alignment with China, together with the emergence of the <strong>China&#8211;Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)</strong> as a potential game changer in the region, contributed to a profound transformation of the strategic environment surrounding Afghanistan. Washington was increasingly compelled to reassess its regional priorities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In August 2021, the U.S.-backed Afghan government collapsed with extraordinary speed. The Taliban returned to Kabul, and the final American forces left the country amid humiliating scenes that inevitably evoked memories of the fall of Saigon in 1975. After twenty years of occupation, war and state-building, Afghanistan was effectively handed back to the very movement from which it had been taken in 2001. In strategic and political terms, this was an outcome of almost scandalous historical proportions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">First came Britain, the global empire of the nineteenth century. Then came the Soviet Union, the continental superpower of the twentieth century. Finally came the United States, the seemingly unrivalled military power of the post-Cold War era. All three were drawn into prolonged and costly wars in the same geography. The mountains, valleys, caves, tunnels and passes remained where they had always been. <strong>More importantly, the character of resistance forged by this harsh and unforgiving geography did not disappear.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet Afghanistan&#8217;s secret lies not merely in the fighting character of its people. When mountains, tribal structures, local loyalties, religion, strategic passes, valleys, caves and the persistent limitations of central authority are considered together, they form an exceptionally resilient <strong>defensive ecosystem</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Modern technology has reduced the protective advantages provided by this geography. Precision weapons, satellites, drones, electronic surveillance and air power have penetrated spaces that were once inaccessible to foreign armies. But technology has not abolished geography. And Afghanistan remains one of history&#8217;s most powerful demonstrations of that reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yemeni Resistance: The Strategic Lesson of Five Centuries of History</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To interpret what is happening in Yemen today solely through the prism of Ansar Allah, Iran, Saudi Arabia or the latest confrontations in the Red Sea would be a serious failure of historical perspective. Behind the current crisis lies a deeper strategic reality that has repeatedly asserted itself for nearly five centuries: it is possible for an external military power to enter Yemen and seize its coasts, ports and cities. But establishing permanent external control over the mountainous social heartland of northern Yemen is an entirely different matter.To understand the war in Yemen today, therefore, one must go back to the sixteenth century.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Ottoman Entry into Yemen</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For the Ottoman Empire, Yemen was never merely a distant province. It was a strategic forward position essential to the security of the Red Sea, the defense of the Hejaz and the Holy Cities, and the protection of the maritime trade routes of the Indian Ocean.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Following Portugal&#8217;s passage around the Cape of Good Hope, its penetration into the Indian Ocean and its growing presence near the approaches to the Red Sea, the Ottomans began establishing control over Yemen from 1538 onwards. The coastal regions were brought under Ottoman authority. But controlling the coast did not mean controlling Yemen. The highlands of northern Yemen, their narrow valleys, powerful tribal structures and deeply rooted Zaydi tradition severely restricted the reach of central authority. In 1597, the Zaydi Imamate, strengthened under the leadership of al-Mansur al-Qasim, launched a prolonged resistance. Ottoman authority gradually receded, and by 1635&#8211;1636 Ottoman forces had withdrawn from most of Yemen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yemen&#8217;s Two Geopolitical Axes</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the nineteenth century, following the Industrial Revolution, Yemen once again became an arena of great-power competition. Britain&#8217;s seizure of the strategically vital port of Aden in 1839 represented a major geopolitical turning point. Situated astride the route to India, Aden developed into one of the key bases of the British maritime empire along the Indian Ocean&#8211;Red Sea axis. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 further magnified the strategic importance of the region. Yemen consequently developed along <strong>two distinct geopolitical axes</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the north emerged land-based geopolitics rooted in mountains, tribes and the Zaydi political tradition. In the south emerged maritime geopolitics centered on Aden and its connection to the principal sea lanes of global commerce. The interaction between these two axes would become one of the fundamental reasons why Yemen could be invaded yet remained extraordinarily difficult to control.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Ottomans returned to Tihama in 1849 and to Sana&#8217;a in 1872. Yet the fundamental problem they had confronted three centuries earlier remained unchanged. Cities could be occupied and administered, but permanent control over the mountainous regions of the north remained elusive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the cost of warfare in Yemen was not measured solely in battlefield casualties. Disease, climate, terrain and extended supply lines consumed military forces as effectively as combat itself. Yemen consequently entered Turkish historical memory as one of those distant geographies associated with the tragic sentiment that <strong>&#8220;those who go do not return.&#8221;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Resistance against Ottoman rule under the Zaydi Imam Yahya eventually led to the <strong>Treaty of Da&#8217;an in 1911</strong>. The Ottoman Empire was compelled to recognize Imam Yahya&#8217;s extensive authority in the Zaydi highlands. Ottoman rule finally came to an end in 1918.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Ottoman withdrawal, however, also consolidated the conditions for Yemen&#8217;s subsequent division between north and south. In reality, the foundations of that division had already been laid during the nineteenth century. While Britain established its position in southern Yemen around the port of Aden after 1839, the northern regions remained within the Ottoman sphere. Following the Ottoman withdrawal at the end of the First World War, North Yemen emerged as an independent kingdom. The overthrow of the monarchy in 1962 led to the establishment of the <strong>Yemen Arab Republic</strong>, or North Yemen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Britain withdrew from Aden and the surrounding territories in 1967, allowing South Yemen to achieve independence. From 1970 onwards, it became the <strong>People&#8217;s Democratic Republic of Yemen</strong>, a Marxist state closely aligned with the Soviet Union.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, throughout much of the Cold War, two separate Yemens existed: North Yemen, centered on Sana&#8217;a, and South Yemen, centered on Aden.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On <strong>22 May 1990</strong>, the two states united to form the present-day Republic of Yemen. Political unification, however, could not erase nearly a century of divergent political, economic and geopolitical development. The historical fault line between north and south survived unification and remains fundamental to understanding both Yemen&#8217;s present conflict and the persistence of separatist movements in the south.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is also a striking historical dimension to the relationship between the Zaydi highlands and outside power. During the First World War, while many Arab forces and political actors elsewhere in the region aligned themselves with Britain against the Ottoman Empire, the Zaydi leadership in Yemen did not follow the same path. Imam Yahya maintained his accommodation with the Ottomans until the end of the war. That historical memory deserves attention today.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ansar Allah, commonly known as the Houthis, emerged from the same northern Yemeni Zaydi social and geographical heartland.</strong> It cannot simply be equated with the historical Zaydi Imamate, nor does it represent all Zaydis. Yet its capacity for resistance cannot be understood without recognizing this historical continuity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Today, Ansar Allah presents itself as a force resisting external intervention, Western hegemony and Israel. Whatever one&#8217;s political assessment of the movement, its endurance cannot be explained solely through Iranian support, missiles or drones. It is also rooted in a much older strategic reality: <strong>the mountains, tribes, political traditions and historical memory of northern Yemen have repeatedly generated resistance against external control.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Nasser&#8217;s &#8220;Vietnam&#8221;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The civil war that followed the overthrow of the monarchy in North Yemen in 1962 marked another major turning point. Egypt, under Gamal Abdel Nasser, deployed tens of thousands of troops to Yemen in support of the republican forces. Despite its overwhelming superiority in conventional military power, the Egyptian Army found itself drawn into a prolonged and exhausting war in the mountains.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The intervention, which continued until 1967, would later frequently be described as <strong>&#8220;Nasser&#8217;s Vietnam&#8221;</strong> or <strong>&#8220;Egypt&#8217;s Vietnam.&#8221;</strong> Half a century after the Ottomans, another major regional power had encountered the same strategic reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>2015: A New War in the Same Geography</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Half a century after Nasser, history tested another regional power&#8212;this time the Saudi-led coalition. The Houthis, rooted in Yemen&#8217;s Zaydi tradition, seized the capital, Sana&#8217;a, in 2014. Their subsequent advance southwards, and the prospect that they might capture Aden and extend their control over much of the rest of the country, created an unacceptable security scenario for Riyadh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Saudi Arabia regarded the emergence on its southern frontier of a powerful Houthi-led authority&#8212;with close ties to Iran and access to significant elements of the Yemeni state&#8217;s military arsenal&#8212;as a strategic threat. As the Houthi advance forced President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to retreat to Aden and request military assistance from the Gulf states, the Saudi-led coalition launched its intervention on <strong>26 March 2015</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The objectives were clear: to halt the Houthi advance, restore the Hadi government to power, and prevent the balance of power in Yemen from shifting decisively against Riyadh. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates possessed modern combat aircraft, precision-guided munitions, sophisticated intelligence capabilities and vast financial resources. Yet years of air strikes failed to dislodge Ansar Allah from the mountainous heartland of northern Yemen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">More importantly, Ansar Allah did not merely survive. <strong>It evolved and grew stronger through the war itself.</strong> Initially a predominantly local armed movement, it gradually developed an increasingly sophisticated arsenal that included ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles and weapons capable of striking maritime targets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nearly five centuries of history had therefore demonstrated the same strategic reality once again: it is possible to enter Yemen. It is possible to bomb Yemen. It is possible temporarily to seize its cities and ports. But establishing lasting external military control over Yemen&#8217;s mountainous social heartland is an entirely different proposition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the principal reasons is the exceptionally rugged geography of northern Yemen, which constrains the ability of technological superiority to produce decisive effects on the ground. Deep and narrow valleys, high plateaus, caves embedded within mountainous terrain and dispersed settlements provide the defender with natural protection. At the same time, they make it extremely difficult to translate the advantages of air power, precision weapons and modern surveillance systems into permanent territorial control. But geography alone is not sufficient to explain this resilience.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It must be considered alongside northern Yemen&#8217;s centuries-old Zaydi political and religious tradition, its powerful tribal structures and its deeply rooted culture of resistance to centralized and external authority. Together, these factors create a social and geographical environment exceptionally resistant to outside control.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ansar Allah is not a movement artificially created from abroad.</strong> It is an indigenous Yemeni force with its own social base, geography, political objectives and historical memory. Iran has undoubtedly played an important role, particularly as the war progressed, in assisting the development of the movement&#8217;s missile, unmanned aerial vehicle and other military capabilities. But Iran did not create northern Yemen&#8217;s tradition of resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That tradition existed centuries before the establishment of today&#8217;s Islamic Republic of Iran. It was already deeply embedded in the political and social fabric of northern Yemen. To explain Ansar Allah&#8217;s resilience solely through Iranian support is therefore to overlook Yemen&#8217;s geography, its history and, above all, its own internal dynamics. <strong>Iran may have strengthened the weapons of the resistance. It did not create the geography, the historical memory or the social foundations that made resistance possible.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Afghanistan and Yemen are geographically very different countries. Yet their military histories intersect at one crucial point. In Afghanistan, the British in the nineteenth century, the Soviets after 1979, and the United States and its allies after 2001 all experienced the difficulty of translating technological and conventional military superiority into lasting political control. In 2021, the United States ultimately withdrew from Afghanistan under deeply humiliating circumstances. In Yemen, the Ottomans, Nasser&#8217;s Egypt and, most recently, the Saudi-led coalition encountered variations of the same strategic problem.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fundamental geopolitical factor that distinguishes Yemen from Afghanistan, however, is <strong>the sea</strong>. Afghanistan is a landlocked continental state. Yemen, by contrast, occupies a critical position along the global maritime artery connecting the Indian Ocean to the Suez Canal through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the Red Sea. Geography therefore gives Yemen a strategic dimension that Afghanistan does not possess.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ansar Allah has consequently evolved beyond a land force capable of exploiting mountainous terrain to wear down external intervention. Through ballistic and cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, mines and shore-based anti-ship weapons, it has developed an increasingly significant <strong>Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD)</strong> capability. Yemen&#8217;s strategic power can thus be summarized in two dimensions: <strong>the ability to resist in the mountains and the ability to influence the security and cost of global maritime transportation from the coast.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On land, however, the similarity between Afghanistan and Yemen cannot be reduced simply to the fact that both possess mountainous terrain. The deeper parallel emerges when rugged geography combines with fragmented social structures, strong local and tribal identities, historical memories of resistance to foreign intervention, and indigenous actors capable of bearing the costs of war far longer than the external powers confronting them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under such conditions, technological and conventional military superiority may provide enormous advantages on the battlefield, but it does not guarantee the desired political outcome. For an external power, a prolonged war eventually becomes a calculation of costs and benefits. Casualties accumulate. Financial burdens increase. Domestic political pressures intensify. As the original strategic objectives become more difficult to achieve, the political willingness to continue paying the price gradually diminishes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For the local actor, however, the same war is often perceived in fundamentally different terms. It becomes a struggle to defend territory, political power, identity and, ultimately, existence itself. The two sides therefore experience time differently. For the external power, time multiplies the cost. For the local force, time becomes a strategic weapon.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is precisely where the common lesson of Afghanistan and Yemen emerges. In prolonged wars, time does not necessarily favor the side possessing superior technology, greater firepower or larger financial resources. It often favors the side that can remain rooted in the geography, absorb punishment and continue the struggle. Years ago, I came across a remark in <em>Time</em> magazine attributed to an Afghan fighter addressing American soldiers. I have never forgotten it: <strong>&#8220;You have the watches. We have the time.&#8221;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">That sentence captures the strategic lesson of both Afghanistan and Yemen. Empires measure wars in budgets, election cycles and operational timelines. Peoples fighting on their own terrain can measure them in generations. In wars of resistance, geography provides the fortress. But time can become the decisive weapon.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lessons from Yemen for T&#252;rkiye</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For T&#252;rkiye, the principal strategic lesson of Yemen is that the security of the Red Sea must be clearly distinguished from military involvement in Yemen&#8217;s internal war. Keeping the Bab el-Mandeb open and safeguarding freedom and security of maritime navigation are unquestionably in T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s interests. But these objectives must not turn T&#252;rkiye into a party to the war in Yemen. Direct or indirect Turkish involvement in a military confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Ansar Allah would constitute a serious strategic mistake.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Although Ansar Allah does not control the entirety of Yemeni territory, it possesses a substantial social and political base in the densely populated areas of the north and west. To interpret the Yemeni conflict merely as a confrontation between an Iranian-backed armed movement and Saudi Arabia would therefore be to disregard Yemen&#8217;s own social, historical and political realities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye should assess the obligations arising from the <strong>Mecca Pact</strong> considering these realities. The agreement must not be interpreted as implying automatic Turkish participation in Yemen&#8217;s civil war or in any ground campaign directed against Ansar Allah.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s fundamental position should therefore be to avoid becoming a military party in a confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Yemen and to preserve its neutrality to the greatest extent possible. Ankara can maintain and develop its strategic relations with Riyadh while simultaneously defending the principle that Yemen&#8217;s political future must ultimately be determined by the Yemenis themselves.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s role should not be to become another belligerent. Rather, where circumstances permit, it should contribute to keeping diplomatic channels open and supporting ceasefire efforts and the search for a political settlement. Five centuries of Yemeni history offer a powerful warning in this respect.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is possible to send troops into Yemen. It is possible to establish air superiority. It is possible temporarily to control its coasts, ports and cities. <strong>But once an external power enters the mountains, it may no longer be that power which determines the timetable of the war.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">What T&#252;rkiye must preserve in Yemen is not a front line, but its <strong>strategic freedom of action</strong>. The Mecca Pact must not become a mechanism that draws T&#252;rkiye into the mountains of Yemen. The distinction is fundamental: protecting maritime security in the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb is one strategic objective; becoming entangled in Yemen&#8217;s land war is another. T&#252;rkiye must not confuse the two. Because Yemen is not merely Yemen. <strong>Yemen is Bab el-Mandeb. Yemen is the Red Sea. And Yemen is the southern gateway to Suez.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Afganistan ve Yemen: Dağlara Yaslanan İki Direniş Coğrafyası]]></title><description><![CDATA[Onlar&#305;n Rolex&#8217;leri Var, Bizim Zaman&#305;m&#305;z]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/afganistan-ve-yemen-daglara-yaslanan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/afganistan-ve-yemen-daglara-yaslanan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 03 Oct 2026 16:01:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21TyfC%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21TyfC%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TyfC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F213d89fe-1bc7-452c-af34-fa633ab21e8e_1776x936.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Tarihte baz&#305; co&#287;rafyalar vard&#305;r ki haritada kapsad&#305;klar&#305; alanlar ile jeopolitik &#246;zg&#252;l a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305; aras&#305;nda hi&#231;bir orant&#305; yoktur. Afganistan bunlardan biridir. Yemen de &#246;yle. Biri Asya&#8217;n&#305;n kalbinde denize &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; olmayan da&#287;l&#305;k bir &#252;lkedir. Di&#287;eri Arap Yar&#305;madas&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;ney ucunda, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;i Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na ba&#287;layan deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda durur. Ancak ikisini birbirine yakla&#351;t&#305;ran &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir ortak &#246;zellik vard&#305;r. Her ikisi de tarih boyunca sahip olduklar&#305; co&#287;rafyan&#305;n g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; kullanarak kendilerine bask&#305; uygulayanlara kar&#351;&#305; diren&#231; &#252;rettiler.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Birinci Afgan Direni&#351; D&#246;nemi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n kaderini anlamak i&#231;in &#246;nce haritaya bakmak yeter. Kalpgah&#305;n ortas&#305;nda g&#252;neyde Hint alt k&#305;tas&#305;, do&#287;uda &#199;in&#8217;e yakla&#351;an da&#287; sistemleri, bat&#305;da &#304;ran vard&#305;r. Hinduku&#351; da&#287;lar&#305; &#252;lkeyi b&#246;ler. Hayber Ge&#231;idi Afganistan ile Hint alt k&#305;tas&#305; aras&#305;ndaki tarih&#238; kap&#305;lardan biridir. Hinduku&#351; da&#287;lar&#305; &#252;zerindeki Salang t&#252;neli ise kuzey ile g&#252;ney aras&#305;ndaki stratejik damard&#305;r. Bu nedenle Afganistan 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda &#304;ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar&#305;n&#305;n rekabet alan&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ruslar&#305;n g&#252;neye, Hint Okyanusuna do&#287;ru ilerleme ihtimali Londra a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kabul edilemezdi. &#304;ngiliz stratejisinin temel amac&#305; Afganistan&#8217;&#305; kontrol etmekten &#231;ok, ba&#351;ka bir b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;c&#252;n kontrol&#252;ne girmesini engellemekti. &#304;ngilizler 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda Afganistan&#8217;a, tarihe &#8220;B&#252;y&#252;k Oyun&#8221; olarak ge&#231;en Rusya ile ya&#351;anan jeopolitik rekabetin bir sonucu olarak girdiler. Londra&#8217;n&#305;n temel amac&#305; Afganistan&#8217;&#305; iki imparatorluk aras&#305;nda bir tampon b&#246;lge olarak tutmakt&#305;. Ancak bu s&#252;re&#231; &#304;ngilizler i&#231;in bir hezimete d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1839&#8217;da ba&#351;layan Birinci &#304;ngiliz-Afgan Sava&#351;&#305;, 1842&#8217;de Kabil&#8217;den &#231;ekilen &#304;ngiliz kuvvetlerinin neredeyse tamamen imha edilmesiyle imparatorluk tarihinin en a&#287;&#305;r asker&#238; felaketlerinden birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. 1842 k&#305;&#351;&#305;nda Kabil&#8217;den Celalabad&#8217;a &#231;ekilen yakla&#351;&#305;k 16 bin ki&#351;ilik &#304;ngiliz-Hint kafilesi Hinduku&#351; ge&#231;itlerinde neredeyse tamamen yok edildi. Celalabad&#8217;a tek ba&#351;&#305;na ula&#351;an Dr. William Brydon, Britanya &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun Afganistan&#8217;daki en b&#252;y&#252;k felaketlerinden birinin sembol&#252; oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;ngiltere 1878&#8217;de yeniden Afganistan&#8217;a girdi. &#304;kinci sava&#351; sonunda &#252;lkenin d&#305;&#351; politikas&#305;nda &#246;nemli n&#252;fuz elde etti ancak Afganistan&#8217;&#305; do&#287;rudan y&#246;netemedi. 1919&#8217;daki &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; &#304;ngiliz-Afgan Sava&#351;&#305; ise Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n d&#305;&#351; ili&#351;kilerindeki ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kesinle&#351;tirdi. Britanya &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u okyanuslara h&#252;kmediyordu, ancak Hinduku&#351;&#8217;un vadileri ve da&#287;lar&#305;nda kal&#305;c&#305; varl&#305;k g&#246;steremedi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#304;kinci Afgan Direni&#351;i</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Altm&#305;&#351; y&#305;l sonra Afganistan&#8217;a bu kez Sovyetler Birli&#287;i geldi. Aral&#305;k 1979&#8217;da Afganistan&#8217;a giren Sovyet ordusu Kabil&#8217;i ve b&#252;y&#252;k &#351;ehirleri kontrol alt&#305;na ald&#305;. Ancak k&#305;rsal alanlarda ve da&#287;l&#305;k b&#246;lgelerde m&#252;cahitlerin giderek b&#252;y&#252;yen direni&#351;iyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;. Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n yabanc&#305; g&#252;&#231;lere kar&#351;&#305; 19.y&#252;zy&#305;lda ba&#351;layan direni&#351; k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; da&#287;l&#305;k co&#287;rafyas&#305;, kabile yap&#305;lar&#305; ve yerel aidiyetler sayesinde yeniden uyanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ancak Sovyet i&#351;gali bu tarihsel direni&#351; k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n niteli&#287;ini de&#287;i&#351;tiren b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;r&#305;lma oldu. Daha &#246;nce esas olarak vatan, kabile, b&#246;lge ve yabanc&#305; i&#351;galciye kar&#351;&#305; m&#252;cadele ekseninde &#351;ekillenen direnme enerjisi, So&#287;uk Sava&#351; &#351;artlar&#305;nda giderek din&#238; ve ideolojik bir karakter kazand&#305;. &#304;slam art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca Afgan toplumunun inan&#231; sistemi de&#287;il, Sovyet i&#351;galine ve kom&#252;nizme kar&#351;&#305; sava&#351;&#305;n birle&#351;tirici ideolojisi haline d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m daha sonra sadece Afgan halk&#305;n&#305;n uygarl&#305;ktan uzakla&#351;mas&#305; ile de&#287;il t&#252;m d&#252;nyan&#305;n Afganistan kaynakl&#305; pek &#231;ok ciddi sorun ile kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;mas&#305; ve milyonlarca insan&#305;n &#246;lmesi ve ac&#305; &#231;ekmesine neden olacakt&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>ABD&#8217;nin M&#252;cahidi Silahland&#305;rmas&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">ABD bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n jeopolitik de&#287;erini k&#305;sa s&#252;rede g&#246;rd&#252;. Washington a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan temel hedef Afganistan&#8217;&#305; modernle&#351;tirmek veya demokratikle&#351;tirmek de&#287;il, Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;ni uzun, maliyetli ve y&#305;prat&#305;c&#305; bir sava&#351;&#305;n i&#231;ine &#231;ekmekti. Pakistan, Suudi Arabistan ve CIA ekseninde y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len destek mekanizmas&#305; &#252;zerinden Afgan direni&#351;i silahland&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;, finanse edildi ve Suudi finansal deste&#287;inde k&#246;kten dinci Vahabi &#304;slamc&#305; bir ideolojik &#231;er&#231;eveye oturtuldu. Pakistan&#8217;daki medreseler, Suudi finansman&#305; ve d&#252;nyan&#305;n farkl&#305; b&#246;lgelerinden gelen radikal &#304;slamc&#305; sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lar, geleneksel Afgan direni&#351;ini uluslararas&#305; bir &#8220;cihat&#8221; hareketine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ren altyap&#305;y&#305; olu&#351;turdu. M&#252;cahit liderlerin g&#252;&#231;lenmesiyle geleneksel kabile otoritelerinin yan&#305;nda yeni bir din&#238;-siyasi sava&#351;&#231;&#305; elit ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. B&#246;ylece Afganlar&#305;n tarihsel yabanc&#305; i&#351;galciye direnme k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;, k&#252;resel So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#305;n ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na uygun bi&#231;imde k&#246;ktendinci &#304;slamist ideolojik ve asker&#238; bir vek&#226;let sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n arac&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252; Sovyet i&#351;gali ve i&#231; kar&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k d&#246;neminde Pakistan&#8217;a ge&#231;en &#231;o&#287;u Pe&#351;tu 1 milyon s&#305;&#287;&#305;nmac&#305;dan se&#231;ilenler sava&#351;&#231;&#305;ya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;. Pakistan &#252;zerinden m&#252;cahitlere dolar ve silah ya&#287;maya ba&#351;lad&#305;. Suudlar, sadece para de&#287;il, kendi &#252;lkesindeki rejim kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; ihvanc&#305; ne kadar radikal &#304;slamist varsa bu gen&#231; adamlar&#305; Afganistan&#8217;a sava&#351;maya yolluyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Amerikal&#305;lar bir birimlik yard&#305;mla Sovyetlere on birim zarar verildi&#287;ini anlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#199;ok mutluydular. 1979-1984 aras&#305;nda m&#252;cahitler 14.000 Sovyet askeri &#246;ld&#252;rm&#252;&#351;, 400 hava arac&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rm&#252;&#351;, 2750 tank, 8000 kamyon imha etmi&#351;ti. M&#252;cahitler, Amu Derya nehrini ge&#231;erek Sovyet (&#214;zbek) topraklar&#305;nda bile operasyon yapacak duruma gelmi&#351;ti. Sovyetlerin 1984 ba&#351;&#305;nda kabaca 12 milyar dolarl&#305;k kay&#305;plar&#305; vard&#305;. Halbuki o zamana kadar 5 y&#305;l i&#231;inde M&#252;cahitler i&#231;in ABD ve Suudi Arabistan ayr&#305; ayr&#305; 200 milyon dolar harcam&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1988 bahar&#305;nda sava&#351; bitti&#287;inde Afganistan&#8217;a silah yard&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n toplamda 12 milyar dolar oldu&#287;u ortaya &#231;&#305;kacakt&#305;. CIA ve Pakistan Askeri &#304;stihbarat &#214;rg&#252;t&#252; ISI ile Suudlar&#305;n &#304;stihbarat Direkt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252; GID bu kanl&#305; s&#252;recin en &#246;nemli akt&#246;rleri olmu&#351;tu. Pe&#351;aver b&#246;lgesi ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere 33 bin medrese a&#231;&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Buralarda &#231;ift&#231;i ve k&#246;yl&#252; fakir Afgan gen&#231;leriyle d&#252;nyan&#305;n her k&#246;&#351;esinden cihat &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;na gelen binlerce selef&#238; sava&#351;&#231;&#305;y&#305; &#246;nce doktrine edip, daha sonra ellerine a&#287;&#305;r silahlar verip kom&#252;nist avlat&#305;yorlard&#305;. CIA taraf&#305;ndan bu d&#246;nemde y&#252;zlerce keskin ni&#351;anc&#305; yeti&#351;tirildi ve el yap&#305;m&#305; patlay&#305;c&#305; (IED) d&#252;zenekleri imal ve kullanma konusunda e&#287;itimler verildi. Medreselerde intihar sava&#351;&#231;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; te&#351;vik ediliyordu. ABD h&#305;z&#305;n&#305; alamad&#305;. M&#252;cahitlere 26 Eyl&#252;l 1986&#8217;da ilk kez hava hedeflerine kar&#351;&#305; kullan&#305;lan MANPAD Stinger f&#252;zelerini verdi. B&#246;ylece Rus helikopterlere sald&#305;r&#305;lar ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ruslar helikopterleri geri &#231;ekti. 1988 y&#305;l&#305;nda da ilk kez bir Sovyet SU 25 sava&#351; u&#231;a&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rd&#252;ler. 1994&#8217;te stinger f&#252;zeleri geri istenince 2300 f&#252;zeden 600 adedinin kay&#305;p oldu&#287;u ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Molla &#214;mer&#8217;in sadece &#351;ahs&#305;na ait 53 f&#252;zesi vard&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15 &#350;ubat 1989&#8217;da sava&#351; sona erdi&#287;inde 1 milyon Afganl&#305; &#246;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ayr&#305;ca onbinlerce bilin&#231; geneti&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;tirilmi&#351; selefi cihat&#231;&#305; sava&#351;&#231;&#305; Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n yeni ger&#231;e&#287;i olmu&#351;tu. 1989&#8217;da Afganistan&#8217;da 4000 Arap g&#246;n&#252;ll&#252; kalmaya devam ediyordu. CIA ve MI6 kontrol&#252;nde El Kaide, I&#350;ID ve t&#252;revlerinin kulu&#231;ka merkezi kurulmu&#351;tu. Ay&#305;ca son 8 y&#305;lda &#252;lkeye akan Stinger&#8217;den hafif silahlara kadar &#231;ok b&#252;y&#252;k bir envanter d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k a&#231;&#305;k hava cephaneli&#287;ini yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. K&#305;sa s&#252;re sonra bu enerjinin Amerikan aleyhtarl&#305;&#287;&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ece&#287;ini ilk kez ABD D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ancak CIA yard&#305;mlara devam etti. Suudi Arabistan ve Pakistan&#8217;&#305;n y&#246;nlendirmesi ile hareket eden CIA, 21. Y&#252;zy&#305;lda Sovyetler &#231;&#246;kt&#252;kten sonra kom&#252;nizm yerine koyaca&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;man kavram&#305;n&#305; bulmu&#351;tu. Ter&#246;r. &#214;zellikle k&#246;ktendinci ter&#246;r&#252;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; Afgan Direni&#351;i</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">11 Eyl&#252;l 2001 sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;ndan sonra bu kez tek kutuplu d&#252;nyan&#305;n rakipsiz g&#246;r&#252;nen s&#252;per g&#252;c&#252; ABD son 20 y&#305;l&#305;n kendi &#252;r&#252;n&#252; olan kanseri ortadan kald&#305;rmak i&#231;in Afganistan&#8217;a girdi. Taliban y&#246;netimi haftalar i&#231;inde devrildi, Kabil ele ge&#231;irildi ve NATO tarihindeki ilk 5. Madde uygulamas&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan sava&#351; giderek uluslararas&#305; bir harek&#226;ta d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. ABD, 7 Ekim 2001&#8217;den itibaren Orta Asya&#8217;n&#305;n kalbine yerle&#351;mi&#351;ti. NATO ise 11 A&#287;ustos 2003&#8217;te  BM yetkisi alt&#305;nda faaliyet g&#246;steren ISAF&#8217;&#305;n komutas&#305;n&#305; devralarak Afganistan&#8217;daki asker&#238; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n merkezine yerle&#351;ti. Kuzey Atlantik i&#231;in kurulan NATO Orta Asya&#8217;ya yani NATO jargonu ile &#8216;&#8217;alan d&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n&#8217;&#8217; dibine gelmi&#351;ti. Yeni Amerikan Y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305; Projesi- PNAC&#8217;&#305;n neoconlar&#305; kalpg&#226;h&#305;n ortas&#305;na mafya tabiri ile adeta &#231;&#246;km&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Ancak 2021 yaz&#305;na kadar s&#252;ren aradan ge&#231;en 20 y&#305;lda 150 bin askerle ABD ve NATO varl&#305;&#287;&#305; yaratt&#305;klar&#305; kanseri ortadan kald&#305;rmaya ve yeni bir devlet in&#351;as&#305;na yetmedi. Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n kendi dinamikleri &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Amerikan dolarlar&#305;, baseball &#351;apkalar&#305;, Mac Donalds hamburgerleri halk&#305; ve devleti d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmeye yetmedi. Ayn&#305; zamanda Pakistan&#8217;&#305;n &#199;in ile jeopolitik ba&#287;lamda yak&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305; ve Pakistan &#199;in Ekonomik Koridorunun (CPEC)b&#246;lgede oyun de&#287;i&#351;tirici rol oynamas&#305;, ABD&#8217;yi yeni aray&#305;&#351;lara itti. A&#287;ustos 2021&#8217;de Amerikan destekli Afgan h&#252;k&#252;meti &#231;&#246;kt&#252;, Taliban yeniden Kabil&#8217;e girdi ve son Amerikan askerleri 1975&#8217;teki Vietnam/Saygon g&#246;r&#252;nt&#252;lerini aratmayacak k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;c&#252; tablo i&#231;inde &#252;lkeyi terk etti. 20 y&#305;l s&#252;ren i&#351;gal ve sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda teslim ald&#305;klar&#305; Afganistan&#8217;&#305; tekrardan Taliban&#8217;a teslim ettiler. Bu tarihte nadir g&#246;r&#252;len skandal d&#252;zeyde siyasi bir olayd&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#246;ylece Afganistan, yakla&#351;&#305;k iki y&#252;zy&#305;l i&#231;inde &#252;&#231; farkl&#305; &#231;a&#287;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;c&#252;ne ayn&#305; temel ger&#231;e&#287;i hat&#305;rlatm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bir &#252;lkeyi i&#351;gal etmek ile o &#252;lkeyi kontrol etmek ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir. &#214;nce 19. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n k&#252;resel imparatorlu&#287;u Britanya, sonra 20. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n k&#305;tasal s&#252;per g&#252;c&#252; Sovyetler Birli&#287;i, ard&#305;ndan So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;n&#305;n rakipsiz asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252; ABD ayn&#305; co&#287;rafyada uzun ve maliyetli sava&#351;lar&#305;n i&#231;ine s&#252;r&#252;klendi. Silahlar, ideolojiler ve imparatorluklar de&#287;i&#351;ti. Fakat Hinduku&#351; da&#287;lar&#305;, ma&#287;aralar ve t&#252;neller ayn&#305; yerde kald&#305;. <strong>En &#246;nemlisi bu keskin ve sert co&#287;rafyan&#305;n yeti&#351;tirdi&#287;i direnen insan karakteri de&#287;i&#351;medi. </strong>Ancak Afganistan&#8217;&#305;n s&#305;rr&#305; sadece sava&#351;&#231;&#305; insan karakterinde de&#287;ildir. Da&#287;, a&#351;iret, yerel aidiyet, din, ge&#231;itler, vadiler, ma&#287;aralar ve merkez&#238; otoritenin s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; birlikte de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;inde ortaya son derece dayan&#305;kl&#305; bir savunma ekosistemi &#231;&#305;kar. Modern teknoloji bu co&#287;rafyan&#305;n etkisini azaltm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r ancak ortadan kald&#305;ramam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yemen Direni&#351;i: Be&#351; Y&#252;zy&#305;ll&#305;k Tarihin Stratejik Dersi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yemen&#8217;de bug&#252;n ya&#351;ananlar&#305; yaln&#305;z Ensar Allah, &#304;ran, Suudi Arabistan veya K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;deki son &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar &#252;zerinden okumak ciddi bir tarihsel perspektif hatas&#305; olur. Bug&#252;nk&#252; krizin arkas&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;ld&#305;r tekrar eden daha derin bir stratejik ger&#231;ek vard&#305;r: Yemen&#8217;e d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;le girmek, k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;, limanlar&#305; ve &#351;ehirleri ele ge&#231;irmek m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Ancak &#246;zellikle kuzey Yemen&#8217;in da&#287;l&#305;k toplumsal &#231;ekirde&#287;ini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan kal&#305;c&#305; bi&#231;imde kontrol etmek son derece zordur. Bu nedenle bug&#252;nk&#252; Yemen sava&#351;&#305;n&#305; anlamak i&#231;in 16. y&#252;zy&#305;la kadar geri gitmek gerekir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n Yemen&#8217;e Giri&#351;i</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Osmanl&#305; Devleti a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Yemen yaln&#305;z uzak bir eyalet de&#287;ildi. K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;in g&#252;venli&#287;i, Hicaz&#8217;&#305;n ve kutsal topraklar&#305;n korunmas&#305;, Hint Okyanusu ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305;n kontrol&#252; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan stratejik bir ileri cepheydi. 16. y&#252;zy&#305;lda Portekiz&#8217;in &#220;mit Burnu&#8217;nu a&#351;arak Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na girmesi ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz giri&#351;lerine yakla&#351;mas&#305; &#252;zerine Osmanl&#305;lar 1538&#8217;den itibaren Yemen&#8217;de h&#226;kimiyet kurmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. K&#305;y&#305; kesimi ele ge&#231;irildi. Ancak bu kazan&#305;m Yemen&#8217;i ele ge&#231;irmek anlam&#305;na gelmiyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kuzey Yemen&#8217;in y&#252;ksek platolar&#305;, dar vadileri, a&#351;iret yap&#305;lar&#305; ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; Zeyd&#238; gelene&#287;i merkezi otoritenin n&#252;fuzunu s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;yordu. 1597&#8217;de el-Mansur el-Kas&#305;m &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde g&#252;&#231;lenen Zeyd&#238; &#304;maml&#305;&#287;&#305; uzun bir direni&#351; ba&#351;latt&#305;. Sonunda Osmanl&#305; h&#226;kimiyeti geriledi ve 1635-1636 d&#246;neminde Osmanl&#305; kuvvetleri Yemen&#8217;in b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nden &#231;ekildi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yemen&#8217;in &#304;ki Jeopolitik Ekseni</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sanayi Devrimi sonras&#305; 19.y&#252;zy&#305;lda Yemen yeniden b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; rekabetinin merkezine girdi. &#304;ngiltere&#8217;nin Hindistan yolu &#252;zerindeki kritik Aden Liman&#305;n&#305; 1839&#8217;da ele ge&#231;irmesi &#246;nemli bir jeopolitik k&#305;r&#305;lmayd&#305;. Aden, &#304;ngiliz deniz imparatorlu&#287;unun Hint Okyanusu-K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz hatt&#305;ndaki &#246;nemli &#252;slerinden birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. 1869&#8217;da S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305; b&#246;lgenin &#246;nemini daha da art&#305;rd&#305;.<strong> </strong>B&#246;ylece Yemen&#8217;de iki farkl&#305; jeopolitik eksen olu&#351;tu: Kuzeyde da&#287;lara, a&#351;iretlere ve Zeyd&#238; siyasal gelene&#287;ine dayanan kara jeopoliti&#287;i ile g&#252;neyde Aden &#252;zerinden d&#252;nya deniz yollar&#305;na ba&#287;lanan deniz jeopoliti&#287;i Yemen&#8217;in i&#351;gal ve kontrol&#252;n&#252; zorla&#351;t&#305;ran eksenler oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Osmanl&#305;lar 1849&#8217;da Tihama&#8217;ya, 1872&#8217;de Sana&#8217;ya yeniden d&#246;nd&#252;ler. Fakat &#252;&#231; y&#252;zy&#305;l &#246;nceki sorun de&#287;i&#351;memi&#351;ti. &#350;ehirler kontrol edilebiliyor, ancak kuzeyin da&#287;l&#305;k b&#246;lgelerinde kal&#305;c&#305; h&#226;kimiyet sa&#287;lanam&#305;yordu. Yemen sava&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n maliyeti yaln&#305;z muharebe kay&#305;plar&#305;ndan kaynaklanm&#305;yordu. Hastal&#305;k, iklim, arazi ve uzun ikmal hatlar&#305; da kuvvetleri t&#252;ketiyordu. Bu nedenle Yemen T&#252;rk tarihsel haf&#305;zas&#305;nda &#8220;giden gelmiyor&#8221; duygusunun co&#287;rafyalar&#305;ndan biri haline geldi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Osmanl&#305;lara kar&#351;&#305; Zeydi &#304;mam Yahya&#8217;n&#305;n direni&#351;i sonunda 1911 Daan Antla&#351;mas&#305; imzaland&#305;. Osmanl&#305; &#304;mam Yahya&#8217;n&#305;n geni&#351; otoritesini kabul etmek zorunda kald&#305; ve 1918&#8217;de Osmanl&#305; h&#226;kimiyeti tamamen sona erdi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak Osmanl&#305;n&#305;n geri &#231;ekilmesi Yemen&#8217;in kuzey ve g&#252;ney olarak b&#246;l&#252;nmesinin de yolunu a&#231;t&#305;. Ger&#231;ekte Yemen&#8217;in kuzey ve g&#252;ney olarak b&#246;l&#252;nmesinin temeli 19&#8217;uncu y&#252;zy&#305;lda at&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#304;ngiltere 1839 sonras&#305;nda Aden Liman&#305; merkezli G&#252;ney Yemen&#8217;de h&#226;kimiyet kurarken, kuzey kesim Osmanl&#305; n&#252;fuzunda kald&#305;. Birinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonunda Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n b&#246;lgeden &#231;ekilmesiyle Kuzey Yemen ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir krall&#305;&#287;a d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;; 1962&#8217;de monar&#351;inin devrilmesiyle Yemen Arap Cumhuriyeti, yani Kuzey Yemen kuruldu. &#304;ngiltere&#8217;nin 1967&#8217;de Aden ve &#231;evresinden &#231;ekilmesi &#252;zerine G&#252;ney Yemen de ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kazand&#305; ve 1970&#8217;ten itibaren Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;ne yak&#305;n Marksist bir devlet olan Yemen Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti ad&#305;n&#305; ald&#305;. B&#246;ylece So&#287;uk Sava&#351; boyunca Sana merkezli Kuzey Yemen ile Aden merkezli G&#252;ney Yemen iki ayr&#305; devlet olarak varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rd&#252;. &#304;ki Yemen, 22 May&#305;s 1990&#8217;da birle&#351;erek bug&#252;nk&#252; Yemen Cumhuriyeti&#8217;ni kurdu. Ancak yakla&#351;&#305;k bir as&#305;rl&#305;k farkl&#305; siyasi, ekonomik ve jeopolitik geli&#351;im, kuzey-g&#252;ney ayr&#305;m&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmad&#305;, bu tarihsel fay hatt&#305; g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde Yemen&#8217;de ya&#351;anan &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n ve g&#252;neydeki ayr&#305;l&#305;k&#231;&#305; hareketlerin anla&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;nda h&#226;l&#226; temel &#246;nemdedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#304;lgin&#231; olan Birinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;nda t&#252;m Arap d&#252;nyas&#305; T&#252;rk&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; &#304;ngilizlerin yan&#305;nda sava&#351;&#305;rken Zeydiler Osmanl&#305;n&#305;n yan&#305;nda kald&#305;lar. Bug&#252;n de emperyalizme ve &#304;srail&#8217;e direnen Ensar Allah ya da Husiler Zeyidilerin devam&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Nas&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n &#8220;Vietnam&#305;&#8221;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">1962&#8217;de Kuzey Yemen&#8217;de krall&#305;&#287;&#305;n devrilmesiyle ba&#351;layan i&#231; sava&#351; yeni bir k&#305;r&#305;lma yaratt&#305;. Cemal Abd&#252;lnas&#305;r y&#246;netimindeki M&#305;s&#305;r, cumhuriyet&#231;ileri desteklemek amac&#305;yla Yemen&#8217;e on binlerce asker g&#246;nderdi. M&#305;s&#305;r ordusu konvansiyonel g&#252;&#231; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#252;st&#252;n olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men da&#287;larda uzun ve y&#305;prat&#305;c&#305; bir sava&#351;a s&#252;r&#252;klendi. 1967&#8217;ye kadar devam eden m&#252;dahale daha sonra s&#305;k s&#305;k Nas&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n veya M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n &#8220;Vietnam&#305;&#8221; olarak nitelendirildi. Osmanl&#305;lardan yar&#305;m y&#252;zy&#305;l sonra ba&#351;ka bir b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231; ayn&#305; ger&#231;ekle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>2015: Ayn&#305; Co&#287;rafyada Yeni Sava&#351;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nas&#305;r&#8217;dan yar&#305;m y&#252;zy&#305;l sonra tarih bu kez Suudi Arabistan liderli&#287;indeki koalisyonu s&#305;nad&#305;. Zeyidi gelene&#287;inden gelen Husilerin 2014&#8217;te ba&#351;kent Sana&#8217;y&#305; ele ge&#231;irmesi, ard&#305;ndan g&#252;neye ilerleyerek Aden&#8217;i ve &#252;lkenin geri kalan&#305;n&#305; kontrol alt&#305;na alma ihtimalinin ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; Riyad a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan kabul edilemez bir g&#252;venlik tablosu yaratt&#305;. Suudi Arabistan, g&#252;ney s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;nda &#304;ran&#8217;la yak&#305;n ili&#351;kileri bulunan ve Yemen devletinin &#246;nemli asker&#238; imk&#226;nlar&#305;n&#305; ele ge&#231;iren g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir Husi y&#246;netiminin yerle&#351;mesini stratejik tehdit olarak g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Husilerin ilerleyi&#351;i kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda Aden&#8217;e &#231;ekilen Cumhurba&#351;kan&#305; Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi&#8217;nin K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerinden asker&#238; yard&#305;m istemesi &#252;zerine Suudi Arabistan liderli&#287;indeki koalisyon 26 Mart 2015&#8217;te m&#252;dahaleyi ba&#351;latt&#305;. Ama&#231; Husi ilerleyi&#351;ini durdurmak, Hadi y&#246;netimini yeniden iktidara ta&#351;&#305;mak ve Yemen&#8217;deki g&#252;&#231; dengesinin Riyad aleyhine de&#287;i&#351;mesini &#246;nlemekti. Suudi Arabistan ve Birle&#351;ik Arap Emirlikleri modern sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;na, hassas m&#252;himmata, geli&#351;mi&#351; istihbarat sistemlerine ve b&#252;y&#252;k mali kaynaklara sahipti. Buna ra&#287;men y&#305;llarca s&#252;ren hava sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; Ensar Allah&#8217;&#305; Kuzey Yemen&#8217;in da&#287;l&#305;k &#231;ekirde&#287;inden s&#246;k&#252;p atamad&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#220;stelik Ensar Allah yaln&#305;z hayatta kalmad&#305;; sava&#351;&#305;n i&#231;inde d&#246;n&#252;&#351;erek g&#252;&#231;lendi. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yerel bir silahl&#305; hareketken zaman i&#231;inde balistik ve seyir f&#252;zeleri, &#304;HA&#8217;lar ve deniz hedeflerine kar&#351;&#305; kullan&#305;labilen sistemler geli&#351;tirdi. B&#246;ylece yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;ll&#305;k tarih Yemen&#8217;e girmenin, Yemen&#8217;i bombalaman&#305;n, &#351;ehirlerini ve limanlar&#305;n&#305; ge&#231;ici olarak kontrol etmenin m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;unu ancak Yemen&#8217;in da&#287;l&#305;k toplumsal &#231;ekirde&#287;ini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullanarak kal&#305;c&#305; bi&#231;imde kontrol etmenin son derece zor oldu&#287;unu bir kez daha g&#246;sterdi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bunun en &#246;nemli nedenlerinden biri, Kuzey Yemen&#8217;in son derece sarp ve da&#287;l&#305;k co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n sahadaki etkisini s&#305;n&#305;rlamas&#305;d&#305;r. Derin ve dar vadiler, y&#252;ksek platolar, da&#287;l&#305;k alanlardaki ma&#287;aralar ve birbirinden kopuk yerle&#351;imler savunana do&#287;al koruma sa&#287;larken, hava g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n ve modern sens&#246;rlerin sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n kara h&#226;kimiyetine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesini g&#252;&#231;le&#351;tirir. Ancak co&#287;rafya tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli bir a&#231;&#305;klama de&#287;ildir. Buna Kuzey Yemen&#8217;in y&#252;zy&#305;llara dayanan Zeyd&#238; siyasi ve din&#238; gelene&#287;ini, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; a&#351;iret yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ve merkezi otoriteye kar&#351;&#305; direnme k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252; de eklemek gerekir. Ensar Allah d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan yarat&#305;lm&#305;&#351; bir hareket de&#287;ildir, kendi toplumsal taban&#305;na, co&#287;rafyas&#305;na, siyasi hedeflerine ve tarihsel haf&#305;zas&#305;na sahip Yemen k&#246;kenli bir g&#252;&#231;t&#252;r. &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n &#246;zellikle sava&#351; ilerledik&#231;e hareketin f&#252;ze, insans&#305;z hava arac&#305; ve di&#287;er asker&#238; yeteneklerinin geli&#351;mesine &#246;nemli katk&#305;lar sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; bilinmektedir. Ancak Yemen&#8217;in kuzeyindeki direni&#351; gelene&#287;ini &#304;ran yaratmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu gelenek, bug&#252;nk&#252; &#304;ran &#304;slam Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;ndan y&#252;zy&#305;llar &#246;nce de Kuzey Yemen&#8217;in siyasi ve toplumsal yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n bir par&#231;as&#305;yd&#305;. Bu nedenle Ensar Allah&#8217;&#305;n dayan&#305;kl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yaln&#305;zca &#304;ran deste&#287;iyle a&#231;&#305;klamak, Yemen&#8217;in co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;, tarihini ve kendi i&#231; dinamiklerini g&#246;zden ka&#231;&#305;rmak olur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sonu&#231;.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Afganistan ile Yemen co&#287;rafi olarak farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Ancak asker&#238; tarihleri &#246;nemli bir noktada kesi&#351;mektedir. Afganistan&#8217;da &#304;ngilizler 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda, Sovyetler 1979 sonras&#305;nda, ABD ve m&#252;ttefikleri 2001 sonras&#305;nda teknolojik ve konvansiyonel &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; kal&#305;c&#305; siyasi kontrole d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmenin g&#252;&#231;l&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; ya&#351;ad&#305;lar. ABD 2021&#8217;de Afganistan&#8217;dan b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#252;&#231;&#252;lt&#252;c&#252; durumla geri &#231;ekildi. Yemen&#8217;de Osmanl&#305;lar, Nas&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305; ve Suudi liderli&#287;indeki koalisyonlar benzer sorunlarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yemen&#8217;i Afganistan&#8217;dan ay&#305;ran temel jeopolitik unsur denizdir. Afganistan denize kapal&#305; bir kara &#252;lkesi iken Yemen, Bab &#252;l Mendeb ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz &#252;zerinden S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305; ile Hint Okyanusu aras&#305;ndaki k&#252;resel deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n kilit co&#287;rafyas&#305;nda yer al&#305;r. Bu nedenle Ensar Allah, da&#287;l&#305;k arazide d&#305;&#351; m&#252;dahaleyi y&#305;pratan bir kara g&#252;c&#252; olman&#305;n &#246;tesine ge&#231;erek f&#252;ze, &#304;HA, may&#305;n ve k&#305;y&#305;dan denize silahlarla A2/AD (Eri&#351;imi Engelleme/Alan Yasaklama) yetene&#287;i kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Yemen&#8217;in stratejik g&#252;c&#252; da&#287;larda direnmek, k&#305;y&#305;larda k&#252;resel deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini ve maliyetini etkilemek olarak &#246;zetlenebilir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kara cephesinde Afganistan ile Yemen aras&#305;ndaki benzerli&#287;in temelinde yaln&#305;zca her iki &#252;lkenin de da&#287;l&#305;k olmas&#305; yatm&#305;yor. As&#305;l benzerlik, sarp co&#287;rafya, par&#231;al&#305; toplumsal yap&#305;, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; yerel ve a&#351;iret kimlikleri, d&#305;&#351; m&#252;dahalelere kar&#351;&#305; olu&#351;mu&#351; tarihsel haf&#305;za ve sava&#351;&#305;n maliyetini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan gelen g&#252;&#231;lerden &#231;ok daha uzun s&#252;re ta&#351;&#305;yabilen yerel akt&#246;rlerin ayn&#305; zeminde bulu&#351;mas&#305;d&#305;r. B&#246;yle bir ortamda teknolojik ve konvansiyonel asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k, sava&#351; alan&#305;nda &#246;nemli avantajlar sa&#287;lasa bile siyasi sonucu garanti etmiyor. D&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan m&#252;dahale eden g&#252;&#231; i&#231;in sava&#351; uzad&#305;k&#231;a bir maliyet-fayda hesab&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Kay&#305;plar, ekonomik y&#252;k ve i&#231; siyasi bask&#305;lar giderek belirleyici hale geliyor. Yerel akt&#246;r a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ise ayn&#305; sava&#351; &#231;o&#287;u zaman kendi topra&#287;&#305;n&#305;, iktidar&#305;n&#305;, kimli&#287;ini ve hatta varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; koruma m&#252;cadelesine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. Bu nedenle taraflar&#305;n zamana bak&#305;&#351;&#305; da farkl&#305;d&#305;r. D&#305;&#351; g&#252;&#231; i&#231;in zaman maliyeti b&#252;y&#252;t&#252;rken, yerel g&#252;&#231; i&#231;in direnmenin stratejik arac&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. Afganistan ve Yemen tecr&#252;belerinin ortak dersi tam da burada ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Uzayan sava&#351;larda zaman her zaman teknolojik olarak &#252;st&#252;n olan&#305;n de&#287;il, co&#287;rafyaya tutunabilen ve orada kalabilenin lehine &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Y&#305;llar &#246;nce Time Dergisinde bir Afgan sava&#351;&#231;&#305;n&#305;n Amerikan askerlerine kar&#351;&#305; &#351;u s&#246;yledi&#287;ini unutmuyorum. &#8216;&#8217;Onlar&#305;n Rolex&#8217;leri var bizim ise zaman&#305;m&#305;z.&#8217;&#8217;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#252;rkiye A&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Yemen Dersleri</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Yemen&#8217;in verdi&#287;i temel ders, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;in g&#252;venli&#287;i ile Yemen&#8217;in i&#231; sava&#351;&#305;na m&#252;dahalenin birbirinden kesin bi&#231;imde ayr&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;idir. Bab &#252;l Mendeb&#8217; in a&#231;&#305;k tutulmas&#305; ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin de &#231;&#305;kar&#305;nad&#305;r, ancak bu hedef T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi Yemen&#8217;deki sava&#351;&#305;n taraf&#305; haline getirmemelidir. &#214;zellikle Suudi Arabistan ile Ensar Allah aras&#305;ndaki asker&#238; m&#252;cadelede T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin do&#287;rudan ya da dolayl&#305; bi&#231;imde taraf olmas&#305; ciddi bir stratejik hata olacakt&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ensar Allah bug&#252;n Yemen topraklar&#305;n&#305;n tamam&#305;n&#305; kontrol etmese de kuzey ve bat&#305;daki n&#252;fus yo&#287;un b&#246;lgelerde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir toplumsal ve siyasi tabana sahiptir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Yemen sorununu yaln&#305;z &#304;ran destekli bir silahl&#305; &#246;rg&#252;t ile Suudi Arabistan aras&#305;ndaki m&#252;cadele olarak okumak, Yemen&#8217;in kendi toplumsal ve tarihsel ger&#231;ekli&#287;ini g&#246;zden ka&#231;&#305;r&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye, Mekke Pakt&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n getirdi&#287;i y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kleri de bu ger&#231;ekli&#287;i dikkate alarak de&#287;erlendirmeli; anla&#351;may&#305; Yemen i&#231; sava&#351;&#305;na veya Ensar Allah&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;lecek bir kara sava&#351;&#305;na otomatik kat&#305;l&#305;m &#351;eklinde yorumlamamal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu nedenle T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin temel &#231;izgisi Suudi Arabistan ile Yemen aras&#305;nda asker&#238; taraf olmamak ve m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;unca tarafs&#305;z kalmak olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Ankara, Riyad ile stratejik ili&#351;kilerini s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;rken ayn&#305; zamanda Yemen&#8217;in siyasi gelece&#287;inin Yemenliler taraf&#305;ndan belirlenmesi gerekti&#287;ini savunmal&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin rol&#252; sava&#351;&#305;n taraf&#305; olmak de&#287;il, gerekti&#287;inde diplomatik kanallar&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k tutulmas&#305;na, ate&#351;kese ve siyasi &#231;&#246;z&#252;m aray&#305;&#351;lar&#305;na katk&#305; sa&#287;lamak olmal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;ll&#305;k Yemen tarihi burada g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir uyar&#305; sunmaktad&#305;r: Yemen&#8217;e asker g&#246;ndermek m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r, hava &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; kurmak m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r, k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305; ve &#351;ehirleri ge&#231;ici olarak kontrol etmek m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r; ancak da&#287;lara girdikten sonra sava&#351;&#305;n takvimini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan gelen g&#252;&#231; belirleyemeyebilir. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Yemen&#8217;de korumas&#305; gereken &#351;ey bir cephe de&#287;il, stratejik hareket serbestisidir. Mekke Pakt&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi Yemen da&#287;lar&#305;na s&#252;r&#252;kleyen bir mekanizmaya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;memelidir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; Yemen yaln&#305;z Yemen de&#287;ildir; Yemen Bab &#252;l Mendeb&#8217; tir, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;dir ve S&#252;vey&#351;&#8217;in g&#252;ney kap&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[From Preveza to the Blue Homeland: The Turks’ Reunion with the Sea 488 Years Later ]]></title><description><![CDATA[The historical task is not merely to return to the sea, but this time never again to turn away from it.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-preveza-to-the-blue-homeland</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-preveza-to-the-blue-homeland</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 09:36:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Uf2q%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F4f3ef979-5f31-47fb-975d-c6482cedbe30_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21Uf2q%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F4f3ef979-5f31-47fb-975d-c6482cedbe30_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On 27 September 1538, 488 years ago, the Battle of Preveza was fought in the Adriatic Sea. The Turkish fleet, composed of the naval forces of the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary Regencies of North Africa (Garp Ocaklar&#305;), defeated the Holy League fleet formed by the Papal States, Venice, Spain&#8211;the Holy Roman Empire, and Genoa. This victory ushered in a 33-year period of relative peace with Venice, lasting until the Ottoman defeat at Lepanto in 1571. Meanwhile, rivalry and warfare with Spain and the Knights of Malta continued. The achievement at Preveza must therefore be carefully understood and its lessons carried into the present.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Why Was This Battle Fought?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The naval victory at Preveza was the consequence of the Ottoman Empire&#8217;s transformation during the first half of the sixteenth century from a predominantly land-based power into a major maritime power in the Mediterranean. Following Sultan S&#252;leyman the Magnificent&#8217;s appointment of Barbaros (H&#305;z&#305;r) Hayreddin Pasha as <strong>Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral)</strong> in 1534, the naval power of the Barbary Regencies in North Africa became integrated into the strategic framework of the Ottoman state. The Ottoman advance toward the Aegean islands and the central Mediterranean increasingly threatened Venice&#8217;s maritime trade and control over the islands, while simultaneously challenging the Habsburg order of Charles V.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The decisive turning point came with the Corfu Campaign of 1537, followed by Barbaros&#8217; operations against islands under Venetian rule. Seeking to halt the Ottoman advance, Pope Paul III initiated the formation of a major <strong>Holy League fleet</strong>, whose command was entrusted to Andrea Doria of Genoa, one of the most renowned European admirals of his time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Preveza, therefore, was far more than a personal contest between Barbaros and Doria. It was the maritime confrontation of the broader Ottoman&#8211;Habsburg/Venetian struggle for power, a contest that would determine within whose strategic sphere of influence the future Mediterranean would lie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What Happened in the Battle?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On 27 September 1538, the two fleets confronted each other in the waters around Preveza. Although sources differ regarding the exact number of ships involved, there is broad agreement that the Holy League fleet was significantly larger than the Ottoman fleet. Barbaros&#8217; forces around 122 galleys, however, possessed a more coherent command structure. The ability of the Ottoman galleys to maneuver under oar power provided a significant advantage in mobility and freedom of maneuver under conditions of light wind. H&#305;z&#305;r Hayreddin also made effective use of the coastal geography, shallows, and wind conditions around Preveza, while the divergent interests and priorities of the Venetian, Papal, Spanish, and Genoese contingents under Doria&#8217;s command constituted one of the alliance&#8217;s principal weaknesses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On 27 September 1538, rather than remaining confined within the Gulf of Preveza, Barbaros took his fleet into the open sea and seized the initiative. During the battle, which lasted approximately five hours, the highly maneuverable Ottoman galleys proved effective against the larger Christian vessels, which were more dependent on wind conditions. As Barbaros maneuvers threatened the cohesion of Doria&#8217;s forces, Andrea Doria chose to withdraw his fleet toward Corfu rather than continue a general fleet engagement. Preveza, therefore, was not a battle like Trafalgar in 1805, in which the enemy fleet was comprehensively destroyed. It was a strategic victory in which H&#305;z&#305;r Hayreddin Pasha frustrated the attempt of a coalition fleet far larger than his own to destroy the Ottoman navy and compelled it to withdraw from the field of battle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, the great coalition assembled by Europe failed to roll back Ottoman naval power. On the contrary, Ottoman freedom of action in the Aegean, at the approaches to the Adriatic, and across the eastern and central Mediterranean was strengthened. Military pressure on Venice continued, and the peace settlement of 1540 recognized a significant part of the Ottoman gains. While Barbaros military reputation in Europe rose dramatically, an even more profound transformation was taking place in Ottoman history. The great land power of the age of S&#252;leyman the Magnificent was joined by the maritime power of Barbaros. The natural imperative of a peninsula geography had thus been fulfilled. the Ottoman Empire had become an imperial power capable of exercising power simultaneously on the continent and at sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Relationship Between Victory and Maritime Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This victory was not merely another naval battle in Turkish history. Preveza was historical proof of the magnitude of power that the Turks of Anatolia could generate when they understood the true character of the geography they inhabited and combined the opportunities offered by that geography with the reason, science, technology, and maritime culture of their age. 488 years later, with the Blue Homeland, we once again confront the same geopolitical reality. Anatolia is a peninsula, and a peninsula geography becomes the geography of a great power only to the extent that it integrates itself with the sea. To interpret Anatolia solely through the land is to relinquish half of the strategic potential of this unique geography.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anatolia is a great peninsula extending along an east&#8211;west axis. Through the Turkish Straits, it connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean through the Balkans, Europe to Asia; and through the Eastern Mediterranean, the Suez and Indian Ocean system to the interior of Eurasia. A state established upon such a geography expands its strategic potential to the extent that it turns toward the sea, to the extent that it turns away from the sea, it loses the strategic potential inherent in its own geography. History is filled with examples. Rome was able to transform the geographical advantages of the Italian Peninsula into Mediterranean power only after defeating Carthage at sea. Portugal and Spain, situated on the Iberian Peninsula, became empires of global scale when they turned toward the oceans. Britain combined its insular geography with maritime power to build a global empire. The geopolitical law governing Anatolia is no different. Geography alone, however, does not create power. Geography is potential; it is human reason, science, technology, institutions, and strategy that transform that potential into power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Ottoman Empire achieved precisely this in the sixteenth century. The year 1453 represented far more than the conquest of Constantinople. As the geopolitical discontinuity between Anatolia and the Balkans was eliminated, the Turks established themselves at the center of the Black Sea, Aegean, and Mediterranean system. From the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror onward, the importance of maritime power came to be understood with increasing clarity. The decisive breakthrough, however, occurred in the sixteenth century, when the centralized power of the Ottoman state was combined with the exceptionally dynamic maritime culture of the Barbary Regencies of North Africa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Fleet of the Garp Ocaklar&#305; (Barbary Regencies)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Fleet of the Barbary Regencies was initially established in Algiers and Tunis by the brothers Oru&#231; and H&#305;z&#305;r (Barbaros), independently of the Ottoman Empire. After 1518, however, it came under the control of Istanbul and maintained a naval presence primarily in the central Mediterranean, at times extending into the western Mediterranean and even the Atlantic. The Libyan regencies later became part of this maritime structure. At the operational and tactical levels, the Fleet of the Barbary Regencies was more effective than the Ottoman Navy. Many of the most celebrated seamen in Ottoman naval history emerged from the Barbary Regencies. The great majority of these mariners came from the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and from the province of Karaman. Although their ranks also included seamen of Greek, Ragusan (Dubrovnik), Maltese, Venetian, Genoese, Dutch, Irish, Scottish, and English origin, the commanders and principal leaders of the regencies were Anatolian Turks. Those who today bear the surnames Kulo&#287;lu or Kolo&#287;lu are the present-day descendants of these seafaring ancestors.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the principal reasons why these seamen were more advanced than their Ottoman counterparts was that they remained relatively removed from the political rivalries of the imperial court and from the corrosive environment of bribery, patronage, and favoritism associated with primitive accumulation. The most effective period of cooperation between the Fleet of the Barbary Regencies and the Ottoman Navy was experienced between Preveza and Lepanto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Oru&#231; Reis, H&#305;z&#305;r Reis, Turgut Reis, and the generations of Barbary seamen they trained were not merely warriors. They were mariners who lived the Mediterranean and understood its winds, currents, harbors, islands, trade routes, and rivals. The Barbary Regencies were also remarkably pragmatic institutions by the standards of their time. What mattered was not so much where knowledge and talent came from, but whether they were useful. It was largely this rational approach that generated their success at sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Golden Age of Turkish Maritime Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">When H&#305;z&#305;r Hayreddin (Barbaros Hayreddin) Pasha entered the service of Sultan S&#252;leyman the Magnificent in 1534, the state capacity of Istanbul was combined with the operational experience of the Barbary Regencies. 4 years later came Preveza. The period that followed Preveza marked one of the highest points ever attained by Turkish maritime power in world politics.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The true magnitude of the victory became evident in the developments that followed. In 1541, Charles V&#8217;s attempt to eliminate Algiers ended in failure. From 1542 onward, within the framework of the Ottoman alliance with France, the Ottoman Navy deployed a major force of 136 vessels into the western Mediterranean. Nice was besieged in a joint operation with the French Navy, and the Ottoman fleet wintered at Toulon. An empire centered in Istanbul was no longer merely defending the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean; it was now shaping the balance of power in the western Mediterranean. In 1551, Turgut Reis captured Tripoli. Together with Algiers and Tunis, this further strengthened the Turkish maritime presence in North Africa. The period between 1543 and 1560 was one in which Turkish naval power was felt across virtually the entire Mediterranean.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Djerba campaign of 1560 was perhaps one of the most striking demonstrations of this capacity. Under the command of Piyale Pasha, the Ottoman Navy sailed from Istanbul and reached the Tunis&#8211;Djerba region in approximately twenty days, where it achieved a decisive result against the Spanish forces. Considering the distance involved and the fact that the galleys of the period depended primarily on oar power supplemented by limited sail power, this represented an extraordinary operational tempo. The pursuit and destruction of the retreating Spanish fleet was also of considerable significance in the history of naval warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">When Piyale Pasha&#8217;s victorious fleet returned to the Golden Horn on 1 October 1560, the scene witnessed by the Flemish diplomat Busbecq captured the zenith of Ottoman maritime power. In his view, if there had ever been a moment when a state could claim complete command over a sea that by its very nature resisted domination, that moment had arrived. It is no coincidence that the zenith of the Ottoman Empire&#8217;s political and military power coincided with the zenith of Turkish maritime power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Reason, Science, and Maritime Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The success of Turkish maritime power in the sixteenth century rested on far more than courage or heroism. The Ottoman Empire had not yet become detached from the military and maritime technologies of its age. In cannon casting, shipbuilding, cartography, navigation, fortification, and logistics, no insurmountable technological gap had yet emerged between the Ottoman Empire and its rivals. Piri Reis&#8217;s world maps were products of precisely such an intellectual environment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A dynamic maritime ecosystem had developed among the shipyards of Istanbul, the Barbary Regencies, the Aegean islands, and the ports of the Mediterranean. The state had not yet retreated into a rigid intellectual closure in its approach to the knowledge and human resources it required. If knowledge was useful, it was employed; if technology was needed, it was acquired or developed; and talented seamen could be incorporated into the system regardless of their origins.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Century-Long Delay in the Transition from Galley to Galleon</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here we arrive at one of the most important turning points in Turkish history. Behind the rise of the sixteenth century stood a pragmatic conception of the state that did not treat reason and faith as mutually antagonistic. The problem was not religion itself. The problem was the gradual narrowing, in later periods, of the space accorded to reason, critical inquiry, science, and merit. As transmitted knowledge increasingly took precedence over rational and scientific knowledge, obedience began to replace inquiry, and conservatism began to replace innovation. It was within this intellectual environment that the foundations of the maritime retreat were laid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At precisely this time, world seafaring was undergoing a major technological transformation. The traditional warship of the Mediterranean was the galley. Propelled by oars, it was less dependent on the wind, and the outcome of battle was often determined by boarding the enemy vessel and engaging its fighting men in close combat. In the Atlantic world, however, a different type of ship and an entirely different culture of warfare were emerging: the galleon, with its high freeboard, large sail area, and heavy broadside guns. This was not simply a new vessel replacing the galley. It represented an entirely new system of warfare.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the galley, human muscle was the principal source of propulsion. The galleon, by contrast, required the ability to read the wind, manage sails, determine courses according to changing wind conditions, make use of astronomy and charts, and master gunnery and ballistics. In other words, warfare at sea was increasingly shifting from muscular power to the power of knowledge. While the European states expanding into the Atlantic integrated shipbuilding technology with astronomy, mathematics, cartography, gunnery, and the science of navigation, the great challenge confronting the Ottoman Empire was whether it could adapt to this transformation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Disaster at Lepanto</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The defeat at Lepanto on 7 October 1571 was, in this respect, a warning. Only thirty-three years after Preveza, the Ottoman Navy suffered a major catastrophe. The fleet was commanded by M&#252;ezzinzade Ali Pasha, who did not come from a professional seafaring background. Within a matter of hours, the battle turned into a disaster in which tens of thousands of men were lost. The Ottomans were able to rebuild their ships within a relatively short period. Yet the true loss was not the ships themselves; it was the human capital that embodied generations of accumulated maritime experience. Reis, captains, gunners, craftsmen, and seamen were lost within a few hours.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nevertheless, it would be incorrect to regard Lepanto as the moment when Ottoman maritime power came to an end in a single day. The Ottoman Empire remained a major naval power in the Mediterranean for a considerable period thereafter. Lepanto was, however, a warning of the profound transformation that was approaching.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Impact of Conservatism on Maritime Power</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The deeper danger lay in the realms of technology and intellectual outlook. The destruction of Taqi al-Din&#8217;s Istanbul Observatory in 1580, following the religious and political struggles of the period, is therefore one of the most striking symbols in Turkish history. Even more tragic was the use of naval artillery in its destruction. The warships of a state were firing upon the very institution in which astronomical knowledge was being produced that could, in the future, enable those same warships to navigate the high seas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While Europe was integrating astronomy, mathematics, shipbuilding, gunnery, and navigational science into a single technological system, the Ottoman Empire increasingly began to fall outside this scientific transformation. The approximately century-long delay in the transition from galley to galleon was therefore not merely a delay in ship technology. It was, in essence, a delay in intellectual transformation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Building a galleon required far more than constructing a large ship. It required the training of captains, officers, sailors, gunners, cartographers, and navigation specialists capable of operating it; and behind them, it required mathematics, astronomy, hydrography, and a strong educational system. The ultimate price of turning away from science was paid at sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Retreating into Anatolia as We Retreated from the Sea</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The centuries that followed repeatedly demonstrated the same historical law. &#199;e&#351;me in 1770, Navarino in 1827, and Sinop in 1853 were not merely naval losses. Each major maritime disaster accompanied a further contraction of Ottoman geopolitics. By the end of the nineteenth century, the confinement of the fleet to the Golden Horn marked the culmination of this process. The Ottoman Empire entered the twentieth century without a powerful and operationally effective navy. North Africa was lost, and the Aegean islands slipped from Ottoman control. In 1911, Italian warships were able to advance as far as the entrance to the &#199;anakkale Strait. During the Balkan War, Greece established control of the sea and occupied the Aegean islands. In 1915, the world&#8217;s most powerful navies arrived before the &#199;anakkale Strait. On 15 May 1919, the Greek army landed at &#304;zmir from the sea. History was repeatedly demonstrating the same reality: as the Turks retreated at sea, they were forced back into a defensive posture in Anatolia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Breaking the Chain</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk who broke this chain. His order to his armies on 1 September 1922&#8212;<strong> &#8220;Armies, your first objective is the Mediterranean. Forward!&#8221;</strong>&#8212;was, in this sense, far more than a military order of pursuit. It was an answer to the geopolitics of S&#232;vres, which sought to sever the Turks from the seas. The Turks were reaching the sea once again.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Navy of the Republic was rebuilt amid severe scarcity and limited resources. With the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits in 1936, Turkish sovereignty over the Turkish Straits was consolidated. In 1938, with the Hatay Wedge, the Gulf of &#304;skenderun came under the regime of internal waters. The Cyprus Peace Operation of 1974 created the most important geopolitical barrier against the encirclement of T&#252;rkiye from the south in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the Kardak Crisis of 1996, Greece was reminded of T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s determination to defend and maintain its presence in the Aegean. Step by step, the Republic was relearning the maritime geopolitics that had been lost during the final period of the Ottoman Empire.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Blue Homeland</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the twenty-first century, the name given to the Turks&#8217; reunion with the sea became Blue Homeland&#8212;Mavi Vatan. Blue Homeland is not merely a geographical concept referring to T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s maritime jurisdiction areas. From its inception, it emerged as a symbol, a concept, and a doctrine. Above all, it represents the Turkish nation&#8217;s ideal of becoming a maritime nation. It is precisely here that the historical connection between Preveza and Blue Homeland is established.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The essence of what Barbaros achieved in 1538 and what T&#252;rkiye must achieve in the twenty-first century is the same: to combine the unique geographical potential offered by Anatolia with the reason, science, technology, and highly trained human capital of the age in order to build a powerful, independent, and maritime state.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The technology of the age has, of course, changed. In the world of Barbaros, the principal components of maritime power were galleys, cannon, shipyards, oarsmen, levends, and highly trained seafaring manpower. Today, they include submarines; unmanned aerial, surface, and underwater vehicles; long-range precision weapons; cruise and ballistic missiles; hypersonic systems; electronic warfare; artificial intelligence; cyber power; satellite reconnaissance and surveillance networks; and seabed systems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Technology has changed; geopolitics has not. Anatolia remains in the same geography. The Turkish Straits remain the key to the Black Sea. The Aegean remains Anatolia&#8217;s Western Front. Cyprus remains the most important strategic island to the south of Anatolia. The Eastern Mediterranean still opens through Suez into the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. T&#252;rkiye remains a peninsula state surrounded by seas on three sides.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For this reason, on the 488<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Preveza, the fundamental question is not how many ships Barbaros sank or how many vessels were under Andrea Doria&#8217;s command. The real question is whether T&#252;rkiye can once again combine the great-power potential offered by its geography with the reason, science, technology, production capacity, and human capital of its age. The enduring legacy of Preveza lies in the answer to this question.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Our ancestors achieved precisely this in the sixteenth century. They interpreted geography correctly, remained connected to the technology of their age, built shipyards, trained seafaring manpower, applied the principle of merit, and combined centuries of Mediterranean maritime experience with the power and resources of the state. As a result, within only a few decades they became one of the decisive powers of the Mediterranean.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The decline began when this relationship was reversed. As reason and science lost their primacy, as technological developments could no longer be followed, as merit gave way to conservatism and dogma, and as maritime affairs were pushed away from the center of statecraft, supremacy at sea gradually eroded. The decline of maritime power did not merely mean the weakening of the navy. Over time, it produced geopolitical consequences extending to the loss of islands, coastlines, sea lanes, and ultimately parts of the homeland itself. The last five centuries of Turkish history offer a clear lesson: a peninsula state that retreats at sea also loses strategic depth on land.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Blue Homeland is therefore not merely the name given to today&#8217;s struggle over maritime jurisdiction areas. It is a strategic conclusion drawn from centuries of historical experience. We should look to Preveza not merely to take pride in our past, but to shape our future. Barbaros&#8217;s legacy is not his galleys; his true legacy is his ability to understand his age and transform the instruments of that age into state power. Piri Reis&#8217;s legacy is not merely the maps he drew; it is the transformation of knowledge into strategic power. Atat&#252;rk&#8217;s legacy is not merely the reconstruction of the Navy of the Republic; it is the establishment of reason, science, and independence as the compass of the state.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The future of Blue Homeland depends upon the same understanding. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s transformation into a maritime nation cannot be reduced to possessing more warships. The navy is the indispensable armed component of sea power, but maritime power is much broader. Shipyards, ports, the merchant fleet, maritime transportation, fisheries, marine sciences, oceanography, maritime law, marine technologies, seabed resources, energy, the polar regions, space, and the oceans are all components of the same strategic whole. A state&#8217;s true maritime power emerges from the totality of the economic, military, scientific, technological, legal, and cultural relationship that its nation establishes with the sea.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This was the foundation of Preveza, and it remains the foundation of Blue Homeland 488 years later. Throughout this long historical process, the Turks expanded during periods when they turned toward the sea; when they turned away from it, they retreated toward Anatolia. The Republic, particularly during the Atat&#252;rk era, redirected this historical orientation toward the sea. Today, Blue Homeland carries that maritime transformation into the geopolitical and technological conditions of the twenty-first century.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anatolia is a peninsula. But a peninsula becomes the geography of a great power only when it is integrated with the sea. Geography alone is not destiny; it is strategic potential. Whether that potential becomes power depends upon a nation&#8217;s ability to combine geography with reason, science, technology, merit, production, institutions, and maritime culture.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The long periods during which the Turks remained distant from the sea, the persistence of a powerful land-centric tradition of statecraft extending from the later centuries of the Ottoman Empire into the Republican era, and the limited representation of naval officers and maritime professionals at the highest levels of state decision-making make T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s re-emergence with a strong doctrine of maritime geopolitics all the more significant. What confronts T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s rivals today is therefore not merely a Turkish Navy undergoing expansion and technological transformation, but a T&#252;rkiye seeking to rediscover the sea in its economic, military, legal, scientific, technological, and cultural dimensions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the forefront of Blue Homeland stands the Navy of the Republic, representing and defending the Turkish nation at sea. Yet no navy, however powerful, can by itself create a maritime nation. The enduring foundation of Blue Homeland must be a T&#252;rkiye that builds ships, operates merchant fleets, develops ports, explores the oceans, advances marine science and technology, understands maritime law, educates generations of seafarers, and permanently places the sea within the strategic consciousness of both the state and the nation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the fundamental objectives of Blue Homeland is therefore for T&#252;rkiye to reconcile with its own geography. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s transformation into a maritime nation is not a temporary foreign-policy preference, but a long-term imperative imposed by geography and historical experience. State policies may change, governments may come and go, and the international system may assume different forms, but Anatolia&#8217;s character as a peninsula will not change. The course of history cannot be stopped. T&#252;rkiye will become a maritime nation as a consequence of the imperatives of its geopolitics and sociology.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is appropriate to conclude this long historical journey with the striking observation of a European who, in the seventeenth century, viewed the maritime potential of the Turks from the outside. The words attributed to the British ambassador Ricaut de la Marlini&#232;re centuries ago still deserve reflection today:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;To conceal their negligence and excuse their failures in this matter, the Turks say that God gave the seas to the Christians and the lands to the Muslims. For the common interest of Christendom, we should wish that they never awaken from this deep sleep; for if the Turks should one day resolve to become powerful at sea and apply themselves to it as they ought, let no one doubt that the whole world would bow before them.&#8221;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is also what the 488-year historical trajectory from Preveza to Blue Homeland tells us. The future of the Turks lies not only in Anatolia, but also in the seas surrounding Anatolia. <strong>The historical task is not merely to return to the sea, but this time never again to turn away from it.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Amiral Soner Polat ve Türkiye İçin Jeopolitik Rota]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#8220;Co&#287;rafya bir &#252;lkenin kaderini belirler. Siyaset ise bu yazg&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesi i&#231;in uygun yol ve y&#246;ntemleri arar. Aralar&#305;ndaki k&#246;pr&#252;y&#252; jeopolitik kurar&#8221;]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/amiral-soner-polat-ve-turkiye-icin</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/amiral-soner-polat-ve-turkiye-icin</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 19:53:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21_9m2%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fad919fdc-d66a-4318-88c9-009e07a6b39e_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Yedi y&#305;l &#246;nce, 30 Eyl&#252;l 2019 g&#252;n&#252; meslek, g&#246;rev, filo, kararg&#226;h, dava, kader, hapishane ve s&#305;n&#305;f arkada&#351;&#305;m Amiral Soner Polat&#8217;&#305; tarihin sonsuzluk denizine u&#287;urlad&#305;k. Yedi y&#305;l ge&#231;ti. Bu s&#252;re i&#231;inde d&#252;nya ve T&#252;rkiye b&#252;y&#252;k de&#287;i&#351;imler ya&#351;ad&#305;. Sava&#351;lar&#305;n co&#287;rafyas&#305; geni&#351;ledi, Atlantik ile Avrasya aras&#305;ndaki b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; m&#252;cadelesi sertle&#351;ti, Karadeniz bir sava&#351; alan&#305;na, Do&#287;u Akdeniz yo&#287;un bir jeopolitik rekabet sahas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bat&#305; Asya tarihinin en b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;r&#305;lmalar&#305;ndan birini ya&#351;arken enerji yollar&#305;, bo&#287;azlar, limanlar, denizalt&#305; kablolar&#305;, deniz yetki alanlar&#305; ve ticaret rotalar&#305; devletlerin g&#252;venlik ve refah&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan etkileyen stratejik unsurlar haline geldi. B&#252;t&#252;n bu de&#287;i&#351;imin ortas&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;meyen temel unsur ise co&#287;rafya oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner bunu &#231;ok erken g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. 2015 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;mlanan <em>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> kitab&#305;nda &#351;&#246;yle yaz&#305;yordu: &#8220;<strong>Co&#287;rafya bir &#252;lkenin kaderini belirler. Siyaset ise bu yazg&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesi i&#231;in uygun yol ve y&#246;ntemleri arar. Aralar&#305;ndaki k&#246;pr&#252;y&#252; jeopolitik kurar</strong>.&#8221; Soner&#8217;in d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;zeti asl&#305;nda bu &#252;&#231; c&#252;mlede sakl&#305;yd&#305;: Co&#287;rafya, siyaset ve jeopolitik. Devlet adaml&#305;&#287;&#305; ise bu &#252;&#231;&#252;n&#252; do&#287;ru zamanda ve do&#287;ru milli g&#252;&#231; unsurlar&#305;yla birle&#351;tirebilme yetene&#287;iydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n &#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n yedinci y&#305;l&#305;nda onu yaln&#305;zca &#246;zlemle anman&#305;n yeterli olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. As&#305;l g&#246;rev onun b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; fikr&#238; miras&#305; bug&#252;n&#252;n d&#252;nyas&#305;nda yeniden de&#287;erlendirmektir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; Soner&#8217;in b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; miras yaln&#305;zca hat&#305;ralardan olu&#351;muyor. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;, g&#252;venli&#287;ini, d&#305;&#351; politikas&#305;n&#305; ve denizlerini birlikte de&#287;erlendiren b&#252;t&#252;nc&#252;l bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce sistemini i&#231;eriyor. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bug&#252;n sorulmas&#305; gereken temel soru &#351;udur: <strong>Yedi y&#305;l sonra T&#252;rkiye, Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n &#231;izdi&#287;i jeopolitik rotan&#305;n neresindedir?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Amiral Soner Polat Kimdi?</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;i tan&#305;mayanlara onu anlatmak kolay de&#287;ildir. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; o yaln&#305;zca amiral, asker veya yazar de&#287;ildi. Her &#351;eyden &#246;nce &#231;ok okuyan, d&#252;&#351;&#252;nen, sorgulayan ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; s&#246;ylemekten &#231;ekinmeyen bir Cumhuriyet ayd&#305;n&#305;yd&#305;. Onu yak&#305;ndan tan&#305;yanlar&#305;n bildi&#287;i en &#246;nemli &#246;zelliklerinden biri d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce cesaretiydi. Fikirlerini &#252;stlerinin ho&#351;una gidip gitmeyece&#287;ine g&#246;re ayarlamaz, makam&#305;n, r&#252;tbenin veya konjonkt&#252;r&#252;n gerektirdi&#287;i c&#252;mleyi de&#287;il, do&#287;ru oldu&#287;una inand&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nceyi savunurdu. Kendini g&#246;stermek i&#231;in &#246;n s&#305;ralara ge&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;mazd&#305;. Neyse oydu. Engin bilgisi pusulas&#305;yd&#305;, ger&#231;e&#287;i arar, ona ula&#351;abilmek i&#231;in s&#252;rekli okur, tart&#305;&#351;&#305;r ve yazard&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Birlikte ge&#231;irdi&#287;imiz y&#305;llarda, &#246;zellikle FET&#214; ve i&#351;birlik&#231;ilerinin kumpas davalar d&#246;neminde &#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z&#252;n elimizden al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305; 3,5 y&#305;ll&#305;k Hasdal ve Silivri d&#246;neminde insan karakterinin zor &#351;artlar alt&#305;nda nas&#305;l ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#231;ok yak&#305;ndan g&#246;rd&#252;m. &#304;nsanlar&#305;n ger&#231;ek ki&#351;ilikleri rahat d&#246;nemlerden &#231;ok f&#305;rt&#305;nal&#305; zamanlarda anla&#351;&#305;l&#305;r. Soner f&#305;rt&#305;nada de&#287;i&#351;medi, e&#287;ilmedi ve yalpalamad&#305;. Son eseri <em>Mavi Vatan &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota </em>kitab&#305;n&#305;n ad&#305;n&#305; vermemi ve &#246;ns&#246;z&#252;n&#252; yazmam&#305; istemi&#351;ti. Orada onu Montaigne&#8217;in erdem ve cesaret anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; &#252;zerinden tarif etmi&#351;tim. Soner&#8217;in hayat&#305;nda d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce cesareti, bilgi ve m&#252;cadele birbirinden ayr&#305;lmaz unsurlard&#305;. O, hayat&#305; boyunca bilgisi ve fikirleriyle m&#252;cadele etti.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bir Bahriyeli Ayd&#305;n&#305;n Fikir Yolculu&#287;u</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce d&#252;nyas&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;umunda Bahriye belirleyici oldu. Deniz subay&#305; olmak insana yaln&#305;zca gemi kullanmay&#305; de&#287;il, co&#287;rafyaya farkl&#305; bakmay&#305; da &#246;&#287;retir. Karada s&#305;n&#305;r olarak g&#246;r&#252;len co&#287;rafi unsurlar denizden bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ba&#287;lant&#305; alanlar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. Denizci, ge&#231;itleri, bo&#287;azlar&#305;, &#252;sleri, limanlar&#305;, ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; intikalini birlikte de&#287;erlendirir. Soner bu denizci bak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; g&#252;&#231;l&#252; tarih bilgisiyle birle&#351;tirmi&#351;ti.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aktif g&#246;rev y&#305;llar&#305;nda haz&#305;rlad&#305;&#287;&#305; <em>&#304;stiklal Harbinde Bahriyemiz</em> bunun &#246;nemli &#246;rneklerinden biridir. Kurtulu&#351; Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n yaln&#305;zca kara cephelerinden ibaret olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, Karadeniz &#252;zerinden s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;len lojistik nakliyat&#305;n Mill&#238; M&#252;cadele a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ya&#351;amsal &#246;nemini ayr&#305;nt&#305;lar&#305;yla ortaya koymu&#351;tu. Hasdal ve Silivri&#8217;de ge&#231;en esaret d&#246;neminde <em>Yeniden Kazanmak</em> kitab&#305;n&#305; yazd&#305;. &#214;zg&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne kavu&#351;mas&#305;ndan sonra ise <em>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em>, <em>Mavi Vatan &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> ve <em>Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n Ordusu</em> eserlerini kaleme ald&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n tamam&#305;nda ortak bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce vard&#305;r. Anadolu denizlerden ayr&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lemez. Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n son y&#252;zy&#305;llar&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;ndeki gerilemenin Anadolu &#252;zerindeki stratejik sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;rnekleriyle doludur. Sevr&#8217;e giden yolun &#246;nemli ta&#351;lar&#305; denizlerdeki g&#252;&#231; kay&#305;plar&#305;yla d&#246;&#351;enmi&#351;tir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k Kurtulu&#351; Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;ar&#305;ya ula&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n g&#246;r&#252;nmeyen damarlar&#305;ndan biri Karadeniz &#252;zerinden s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;len lojistik olmu&#351;tur. Deniz, kontrol kaybedildi&#287;inde Anadolu i&#231;in tehdit; etkin kullan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ise g&#252;venlik, refah ve stratejik derinlik &#252;retir. Soner tarihe bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca ge&#231;mi&#351;i anlamak i&#231;in de&#287;il, gelece&#287;in rotas&#305;n&#305; belirlemek i&#231;in bak&#305;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Temel Sorunu: Co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305; Ba&#351;kas&#305;n&#305;n G&#246;z&#252;yle Okumak</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n jeopolitik d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesindeki en &#246;nemli noktalardan biri T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305; ba&#351;ka g&#252;&#231; merkezlerinin stratejik ihtiya&#231;lar&#305; &#252;zerinden okumamas&#305; gerekti&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesiydi. Ona g&#246;re T&#252;rkiye s&#305;radan bir &#231;evre &#252;lkesi de&#287;ildi. Balkanlar, Karadeniz, Kafkasya, Bat&#305; Asya, Do&#287;u Akdeniz ve Kuzey Afrika aras&#305;nda bulunan Anadolu yar&#305;madas&#305; d&#252;nyan&#305;n en &#246;nemli jeopolitik kav&#351;aklar&#305;ndan biridir. Bo&#287;azlara sahip olmas&#305;, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz havzalar&#305;n&#305; birbirine ba&#287;lamas&#305;, Kafkasya ile Balkanlar aras&#305;nda bulunmas&#305;, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;ya kom&#351;ulu&#287;u ve Asya i&#231;lerine uzanan tarihsel ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; bir stratejik potansiyel sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner bu nedenle T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin tek bir jeopolitik merkeze ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; hale gelmesini yanl&#305;&#351; buluyordu. <em>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> kitab&#305;nda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi &#246;ncelikli olarak Avrasya, fakat ayn&#305; zamanda bir Akdeniz devleti olarak tan&#305;ml&#305;yor ve &#252;lkenin se&#231;eneklerinin Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n k&#305;s&#305;tlay&#305;c&#305; kal&#305;plar&#305; i&#231;ine s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lamayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; savunuyordu. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n &#246;z&#252;nde son derece basit fakat ya&#351;amsal bir ilke bulunuyordu. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin d&#305;&#351; ve g&#252;venlik politikas&#305; ittifaklardan &#246;nce kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;ndan do&#287;mal&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;ttifaklar, h&#252;k&#252;metler ve uluslararas&#305; sistem de&#287;i&#351;ebilir, ancak T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Karadeniz&#8217;e, Ege&#8217;ye ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;e k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;, Bo&#287;azlar&#305;n konumu, K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;&#305;n Anadolu kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;ndaki yeri, Kafkasya ve Mezopotamya&#8217;n&#305;n jeopolitik ger&#231;ekli&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;mez.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Devlet Adaml&#305;&#287;&#305; ve Jeopolitik Ak&#305;l</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in &#252;zerinde en fazla durdu&#287;u meselelerden biri T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin nitelikli devlet adam&#305; yeti&#351;tirme sorunuydu. Ona g&#246;re ulusal &#231;&#305;kar&#305;n nerede oldu&#287;unu tespit etmek yaln&#305;zca bilgi meselesi de&#287;ildi. Tarih bilinci, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; sezgi, geni&#351; vizyon ve jeopolitik muhakeme gerektiriyordu. Jeopolitik, strateji ve siyaset &#252;&#231;geni i&#231;inde do&#287;ru yolu bulabilmek, ufkun &#246;tesini g&#246;rebilmek ve gelece&#287;i m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;u &#246;l&#231;&#252;de do&#287;ru &#246;ng&#246;rebilmek devlet adaml&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n temel ko&#351;ullar&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Politikac&#305; ile devlet adam&#305; aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305; da burada g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Politikac&#305; bir sonraki se&#231;ime, devlet adam&#305; gelecek ku&#351;aklara bakmak zorundad&#305;r. G&#252;nl&#252;k siyasi kazan&#231;larla stratejik devlet &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305;n kaybolmas&#305; halinde d&#305;&#351; politika da g&#252;nl&#252;k geli&#351;melere tepki veren, tutars&#305;z ve konjonkt&#252;rel bir alana d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. Soner bu nedenle stratejik &#231;&#305;kar alanlar&#305;n&#305;n yaln&#305;zca devlet kurumlar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan de&#287;il toplum taraf&#305;ndan da anla&#351;&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini savunuyordu. Ona g&#246;re millete mal edilemeyen stratejik &#231;&#305;kar alanlar&#305;n&#305; savunmak &#231;ok daha zor hale gelir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mavi Vatan&#8217;a Giden Rota</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner benim gibi T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizlerden uzakla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; tarihsel ve stratejik bir tehdit olarak g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Bu nedenle 2015&#8217;te <em>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> ile ortaya koydu&#287;u genel &#231;er&#231;eve, hayat&#305;n&#305;n son d&#246;neminde <em>Mavi Vatan &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> ile deniz jeopoliti&#287;ine yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;. Kitab&#305;n ad&#305;n&#305; birlikte belirlemi&#351;tik ve bunun benim i&#231;in manevi de&#287;eri b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305; yaln&#305;zca denizde &#231;izilmi&#351; koordinatlar veya m&#252;nhas&#305;r ekonomik b&#246;lge ve k&#305;ta sahanl&#305;&#287;&#305; meselesi olarak g&#246;rm&#252;yordu. Meseleyi Anadolu&#8217;nun g&#252;venli&#287;i, denizlerdeki egemenlik haklar&#305; ve T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin 21. y&#252;zy&#305;ldaki jeopolitik konumuyla birlikte de&#287;erlendiriyordu. Ege, Do&#287;u Akdeniz ve K&#305;br&#305;s onun d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesinde birbirinden kopuk dosyalar de&#287;il, ayn&#305; jeopolitik b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;n par&#231;alar&#305;yd&#305;. 21. y&#252;zy&#305;lda &#8220;Toprak Gemi Anadolu &#8221;daki istikrar ve g&#252;c&#252;n Mavi Vatan&#8217;a aktar&#305;lmas&#305;, Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n sa&#287;layaca&#287;&#305; g&#252;venlik ve refah&#305;n da Anadolu&#8217;ya geri d&#246;nmesi gerekti&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi onun deniz jeopoliti&#287;i anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n &#246;z&#252;n&#252; olu&#351;turuyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yedi y&#305;l sonra bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda Ege ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de temel jeopolitik sorunlar&#305;n ortadan kalkmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. Deniz yetki alanlar&#305;, karasular&#305;, adalar&#305;n stat&#252;s&#252;, hava sahas&#305;, silahland&#305;rma, enerji kaynaklar&#305; ve b&#246;lgesel asker&#238; i&#351; birlikleri T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin g&#252;venlik g&#252;ndemindeki yerini koruyor. Teknoloji ve b&#246;lgesel ittifak ili&#351;kileri de&#287;i&#351;se de co&#287;rafyan&#305;n ortaya &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; temel &#231;&#305;kar &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305; varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;yor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>K&#305;br&#305;s: Anadolu&#8217;nun G&#252;neyindeki De&#287;i&#351;meyen Co&#287;rafya</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner i&#231;in K&#305;br&#305;s hi&#231;bir zaman yaln&#305;zca T&#252;rk ve Rum toplumlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki siyasi bir anla&#351;mazl&#305;k de&#287;ildi. K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;&#305; Do&#287;u Akdeniz g&#252;&#231; dengesi i&#231;inde de&#287;erlendirirdi. Haritaya bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda adan&#305;n Anadolu&#8217;nun g&#252;ney k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;nde, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;in merkezinde, Levant, S&#252;vey&#351; ve Ege yakla&#351;ma yollar&#305;na h&#226;kim konumu g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r. Bu nedenle K&#305;br&#305;s meselesini yaln&#305;zca toplumlar aras&#305; m&#252;zakere ba&#351;l&#305;klar&#305;na indirgemek jeopolitik resmin &#246;nemli b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; g&#246;zden ka&#231;&#305;rmak anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bug&#252;n Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de enerji, deniz yetki alanlar&#305;, hava savunmas&#305;, asker&#238; &#252;sler, denizalt&#305; kablolar&#305;, enerji hatlar&#305; ve b&#246;lgesel savunma i&#351; birlikleri &#252;zerinden olu&#351;an yeni ortam K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;&#305;n stratejik de&#287;erinin azalmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, aksine teknolojik geli&#351;melerle birlikte yeni boyutlar kazand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor. Teknoloji, silah sistemleri ve b&#246;lgesel akt&#246;rler de&#287;i&#351;ebilir, fakat K&#305;br&#305;s&#8217;&#305;n Anadolu ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz i&#231;indeki co&#287;rafi konumu de&#287;i&#351;mez. Jeopolitik s&#252;reklili&#287;in temelinde de bu ger&#231;ek vard&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Karadeniz ve Montr&#246;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner bug&#252;n ya&#351;asayd&#305; en dikkatle takip edece&#287;i alanlardan birinin Karadeniz olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; Karadeniz&#8217;in k&#252;resel &#246;nemini yeniden ortaya &#231;&#305;kard&#305;. Sava&#351;, limanlar&#305;, ticaret gemilerini, enerji tesislerini, tah&#305;l terminallerini ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma hatlar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan etkiledi. Bu ortam ayn&#305; zamanda 1936 Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi&#8217;nin T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ne kadar b&#252;y&#252;k bir stratejik kazan&#305;m oldu&#287;unu bir kez daha g&#246;sterdi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Montr&#246; yaln&#305;zca uluslararas&#305; hukuk metni de&#287;ildir. Ayn&#305; zamanda Karadeniz&#8217;de k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; devletler ile k&#305;y&#305;da&#351; olmayan g&#252;&#231;ler aras&#305;ndaki asker&#238; dengeyi d&#252;zenleyen &#246;nemli bir jeopolitik mekanizmad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin bu rejim &#252;zerindeki sorumlulu&#287;u ve yetkisi, b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;ler aras&#305;ndaki gerilimin artt&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;nemlerde daha da &#246;nem kazanmaktad&#305;r. Soner&#8217;in jeopolitik d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bunun anlam&#305; a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye ba&#351;kalar&#305;n&#305;n stratejik &#246;nceliklerinden &#246;nce kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n gerektirdi&#287;i &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; merkeze almak zorundad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>2026: Soner&#8217;in G&#246;rmedi&#287;i D&#252;nya</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner 2019&#8217;da aram&#305;zdan ayr&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda Rusya-Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; ba&#351;lamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bat&#305; Asya bug&#252;nk&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; ortam&#305;na girmemi&#351;ti. K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz ve H&#252;rm&#252;z bug&#252;nk&#252; d&#252;zeyde k&#252;resel jeoekonomik bask&#305; alanlar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;memi&#351;ti. Avrupa yeniden b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; silahlanma s&#252;recine girmemi&#351;, insans&#305;z sistemler, yapay zek&#226;, hipersonik silahlar, uzay tabanl&#305; ke&#351;if ve hassas vuru&#351; sistemleri bug&#252;nk&#252; operasyonel a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305;na ula&#351;mam&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ancak Soner&#8217;in kulland&#305;&#287;&#305; analiz y&#246;ntemi bug&#252;n de ge&#231;erlili&#287;ini koruyor. &#214;nce co&#287;rafyaya, ard&#305;ndan g&#252;&#231; dengesine, ekonomik kapasitelere, asker&#238; imk&#226;nlara ve ittifak ili&#351;kilerine bakmak, siyasi s&#246;ylemleri ise b&#252;t&#252;n bu maddi unsurlar&#305;n &#305;&#351;&#305;&#287;&#305;nda de&#287;erlendirmek gerekir. 2026 d&#252;nyas&#305;nda devletlerin yeniden silahlanmas&#305;, savunma sanayilerinin b&#252;y&#252;mesi, m&#252;himmat stoklar&#305;n&#305;n stratejik de&#287;er kazanmas&#305;, enerji g&#252;venli&#287;inin asker&#238; g&#252;venlikle birle&#351;mesi ve deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma yollar&#305;n&#305;n yeniden b&#252;y&#252;k stratejinin merkezine yerle&#351;mesi Soner&#8217;in y&#305;llarca savundu&#287;u jeopolitik bak&#305;&#351;&#305;n &#246;nemini art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Savunma Sanayii ve Stratejik &#214;zerklik</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Deniz Kuvvetleri Lojistik Ba&#351;kan&#305; iken T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin savunma sanayiindeki d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ciddi bir g&#252;venlik zafiyeti olarak de&#287;erlendiriyordu. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafyas&#305; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305; bir silahl&#305; g&#252;c&#252; zorunlu k&#305;l&#305;yordu. Ancak mesele yaln&#305;zca daha fazla silaha sahip olmak de&#287;ildi. Silah&#305;, m&#252;himmat&#305;, sens&#246;r&#252;, motoru, yaz&#305;l&#305;m&#305;, veri ba&#287;&#305;n&#305;, g&#252;d&#252;m sistemini ve elektronik harp kabiliyetini kimin &#252;retti&#287;i ve kontrol etti&#287;i do&#287;rudan stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;k meselesiydi. Soner&#8217;in savundu&#287;u stratejik &#246;zerklik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n &#246;z&#252; burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. D&#305;&#351; politika ile savunma sanayii aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan ili&#351;ki vard&#305;r. Kritik asker&#238; yeteneklerinde tamamen ba&#351;ka &#252;lkelere ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; olan bir devletin kriz d&#246;nemlerinde stratejik hareket serbestisi s&#305;n&#305;rlanabilir. Soner bu nedenle g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve s&#252;rekli geli&#351;tirilen milli savunma sanayiini T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n dayatt&#305;&#287;&#305; zorunluluklardan biri olarak g&#246;r&#252;yordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Avrasya Meselesi</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in en fazla tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lan fikirlerinden biri T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Avrasya&#8217;daki konumuna verdi&#287;i &#246;nemdi. Ancak onun Avrasya yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305; basit bir &#8220;Bat&#305; yerine Do&#287;u&#8221; tercihi olarak de&#287;erlendirmek do&#287;ru de&#287;ildir. &#199;&#305;k&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; yine co&#287;rafyayd&#305;. T&#252;rkiye Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n do&#287;usunda ve Do&#287;u&#8217;nun bat&#305;s&#305;nda; Karadeniz ile Akdeniz, Balkanlar ile Kafkasya, Avrupa ile Bat&#305; Asya aras&#305;nda bulunmaktad&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla tek bir g&#252;&#231; merkezinin ileri karakoluna d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mek yerine kendi jeopolitik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezini yaratmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini savunuyordu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz, Hazar, Akdeniz, Karadeniz ve Arap Denizi&#8217;nin olu&#351;turdu&#287;u geni&#351; stratejik &#231;evre i&#231;inde T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#304;ran, Suriye, Irak ve Azerbaycan ile ili&#351;kilerinin &#246;nemine dikkat &#231;ekiyori bu alan&#305;n Rusya ve &#199;in gibi b&#252;y&#252;k Avrasya g&#252;&#231; merkezleriyle ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305;n&#305; stratejik bir perspektiften de&#287;erlendiriyordu. Bug&#252;n d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n Asya&#8217;ya kaymas&#305;, &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i, Rusya ile Bat&#305; aras&#305;ndaki kopu&#351;, Hindistan&#8217;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;mesi ve K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;in uluslararas&#305; sistemde artan a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305; bu tart&#305;&#351;may&#305; daha da &#246;nemli hale getirmektedir. Ancak jeopolitikte romantizme yer yoktur. T&#252;rkiye i&#231;in mesele Washington&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; Moskova&#8217;y&#305; veya Br&#252;ksel&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; Pekin&#8217;i se&#231;mek de&#287;ildir. <strong>Merkez Ankara olmal&#305;d&#305;r.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#252;rkiye Bir Cephe Devleti Olmamal&#305;d&#305;r</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafyas&#305; ayn&#305; anda hem b&#252;y&#252;k avantaj hem b&#252;y&#252;k risk &#252;retmektedir. Karadeniz&#8217;de sava&#351; devam ederken g&#252;neyimizde sava&#351; ve istikrars&#305;zl&#305;k s&#252;rmekte, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de asker&#238; y&#305;&#287;&#305;nak artmakta, Kafkasya hassasiyetini korumakta ve Ege&#8217;deki temel sorunlar &#231;&#246;z&#252;lememektedir. D&#252;nyan&#305;n &#246;nemli enerji ve ticaret arterleri de silahl&#305; &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n etkisi alt&#305;ndad&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#246;yle bir co&#287;rafyada T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan en b&#252;y&#252;k risklerden biri kendi ulusal &#231;&#305;kar&#305;yla do&#287;rudan ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305; olmayan b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; hesapla&#351;malar&#305;nda cephe devletine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mektir. Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n stratejik &#246;zerklik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;ndan &#231;&#305;kar&#305;labilecek en &#246;nemli sonu&#231;lardan biri budur. T&#252;rkiye kendi g&#252;venli&#287;ini sa&#287;layacak kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252;, gerekti&#287;inde cayd&#305;racak kadar asker&#238; kapasiteye sahip, kritik savunma ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layabilecek kadar teknolojik, ekonomik bask&#305;lara dayanabilecek kadar &#252;retken ve b&#252;t&#252;n b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerle konu&#351;abilecek kadar diplomatik hareket serbestisine sahip olmak zorundad&#305;r. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m i&#231;e kapanma de&#287;il, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve &#231;ok y&#246;nl&#252; d&#305;&#351; politika anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mavi Vatan Art&#305;k Bir Deniz Haritas&#305;ndan &#199;ok Daha Fazlas&#305;d&#305;r</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in &#246;l&#252;m&#252;nden yedi y&#305;l sonra Mavi Vatan kavram&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de geni&#351; kitleler taraf&#305;ndan biliniyor. Ancak benim ba&#351;&#305;ndan beri vurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305;m gibi Mavi Vatan yaln&#305;zca bir deniz yetki alan&#305; haritas&#305; de&#287;ildir. Bir sembol, bir kavram ve bir doktrindir. Her &#351;eyden &#246;nce T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizcile&#351;me &#252;lk&#252;s&#252;d&#252;r.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n bu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nceye katk&#305;s&#305; b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. O, Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n jeopolitik zeminini topluma anlatan en &#246;nemli fikir insanlar&#305;ndan biri oldu. Bug&#252;n bu anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; daha ileri g&#246;t&#252;rmek zorunday&#305;z. Donanma bu b&#252;y&#252;k b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;n yaln&#305;zca bir unsurudur. Ticaret filosu, limanlar, tersaneler, bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;k, deniz bilimleri, deniz sporlar&#305;, deniz hukuku, denizalt&#305; kaynaklar&#305;, enerji, deniz turizmi, denizcilik e&#287;itimi, kutup ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;, okyanus bilimi, deniz taban&#305; kablolar&#305;, uydu sistemleri ve en &#246;nemlisi deniz k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; ayn&#305; b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;n par&#231;alar&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye gibi bir yar&#305;mada devleti denizcile&#351;meden b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; olamaz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>As&#305;l Mesele: Jeopolitik Bilin&#231;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in miras&#305;n&#305;n belki de en &#246;nemli taraf&#305; tek tek d&#305;&#351; politika &#246;nerilerinden daha b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. O, T&#252;rk toplumuna jeopolitik d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeyi &#246;&#287;retmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bir uluslararas&#305; kriz ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda &#8220;Amerika ne diyor?&#8221;, &#8220;Avrupa ne d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor?&#8221;, &#8220;Rusya nas&#305;l bak&#305;yor?&#8221; sorular&#305;ndan &#246;nce T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#231;&#305;kar&#305;n&#305;n ne oldu&#287;unu sormak gerekti&#287;ini savundu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu soruya do&#287;ru cevap verebilmek kolay de&#287;ildir. Tarih, co&#287;rafya, ekonomi, asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;, deniz g&#252;c&#252; ve uluslararas&#305; hukuk bilgisi gerekir. Bunlardan da &#246;nemlisi ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z d&#252;&#351;&#252;nme yetene&#287;idir. Soner&#8217;in Kant&#8217;a at&#305;fla &#246;nem verdi&#287;i, insan&#305;n kendi akl&#305;n&#305; &#246;zg&#252;rce kullanma cesareti burada anlam kazan&#305;yordu. Jeopolitik ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;k &#246;nce zihinsel ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;kla ba&#351;lar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Soner&#8217;in Pusulas&#305;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner Polat, gidece&#287;i liman&#305; bilen, rotas&#305;n&#305; &#231;izen ve &#351;artlar de&#287;i&#351;se de temel ilkelerinden vazge&#231;meyen bir denizci ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce insan&#305;yd&#305;. Makam, r&#252;tbe ve konjonkt&#252;r kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda fikir de&#287;i&#351;tirmemesi onun en &#246;nemli karakter &#246;zelliklerinden biriydi. G&#252;&#231;l&#252;lerin yan&#305;nda yer alarak ki&#351;isel avantaj elde etmeyi de&#287;il, do&#287;ru oldu&#287;una inand&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nceleri savunmay&#305; tercih etti. Bu nedenle onun en b&#252;y&#252;k miras&#305;n&#305;n kitaplar&#305; ve makaleleri kadar karakteri oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin sorunlar&#305; yaln&#305;zca ekonomik, asker&#238; veya jeopolitik de&#287;ildir. Ayn&#305; zamanda liyakat, erdem ve devlet adaml&#305;&#287;&#305; sorunudur. Soner bize bilginin tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterdi. Bilginin erdem, cesaret, vatan sevgisi ve sorumluluk duygusuyla birle&#351;mesi gerekir. Bilgi ki&#351;isel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;n de&#287;il toplumun ve devletin hizmetinde kullan&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. Soner&#8217;in hayat&#305; bu anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n somut &#246;rneklerinden biridir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Yedi Y&#305;l Sonra</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">30 Eyl&#252;l 2019&#8217;dan 30 Eyl&#252;l 2026&#8217;ya yedi y&#305;l ge&#231;ti. Zaman zaman Soner bug&#252;n aram&#305;zda olsayd&#305; Karadeniz sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;, Ege&#8217;deki geli&#351;meleri, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de olu&#351;an yeni asker&#238; mimariyi, K&#305;br&#305;s sorununu, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n yeniden silahlanmas&#305;n&#305;, &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;ini, ABD&#8217;nin de&#287;i&#351;en k&#252;resel &#246;nceliklerini ve Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;daki b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351;&#305; nas&#305;l de&#287;erlendirece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Onun ad&#305;na kesin cevaplar vermek do&#287;ru olmaz. Ancak y&#246;ntemini biliyorum. &#214;n&#252;ne haritay&#305; koyar; tarihe, ekonomik yeteneklere, donanmalara, hava g&#252;c&#252;ne, &#252;slere, enerji yollar&#305;na, bo&#287;azlara ve g&#252;&#231; dengelerine bakard&#305;. Devletlerin s&#246;ylediklerinden &#231;ok yapt&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; inceler ve b&#252;t&#252;n bu verilerin sonunda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#231;&#305;kar&#305;n&#305;n nerede oldu&#287;unu arard&#305;. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; onun pusulas&#305;n&#305;n temel y&#246;n&#252; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;, egemenli&#287;i, Cumhuriyet de&#287;erleri ve ulusal &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soner&#8217;in &#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252;n yedinci y&#305;l&#305;nda geriye d&#246;n&#252;p bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;mda <em>T&#252;rkiye &#304;&#231;in Jeopolitik Rota</em> isminin bir kitap ad&#305;ndan &#231;ok daha fazlas&#305;n&#305; ifade etti&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Bu isim Cumhuriyetin ikinci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305; i&#231;in h&#226;l&#226; cevaplanmay&#305; bekleyen temel soruyu i&#231;eriyor: T&#252;rkiye ba&#351;kalar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;izdi&#287;i rotada seyreden bir &#231;evre &#252;lkesi mi olacak, yoksa kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; kullanarak ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir jeopolitik merkez mi olu&#351;turacakt&#305;r?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu sorunun cevab&#305;n&#305; bir ki&#351;inin, h&#252;k&#252;metin veya ku&#351;a&#287;&#305;n vermesi m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;ildir. Devlet birikimi, kurumsal devaml&#305;l&#305;k, e&#287;itim, &#252;retim, bilim, teknoloji, k&#252;lt&#252;r, denizcilik ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; milli kurumlar gerektirir. Ancak ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; noktas&#305; bellidir. Co&#287;rafyam&#305;z&#305; tan&#305;mak, tarihimizi bilmek, denizlerimizi anlamak, kendi milli g&#252;&#231; kapasitemizi olu&#351;turmak ve en &#246;nemlisi kendi akl&#305;m&#305;z&#305; kullanmak. Soner Polat&#8217;&#305;n bize b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; jeopolitik rotay&#305; ben b&#246;yle okuyorum.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Soner Abi&#8217;ye</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yedi y&#305;l ge&#231;ti Soner Abi. Sen aram&#305;zdan ayr&#305;l&#305;rken d&#252;nya b&#252;y&#252;k bir jeopolitik f&#305;rt&#305;naya haz&#305;rlan&#305;yordu. Bug&#252;n o f&#305;rt&#305;nan&#305;n i&#231;indeyiz. Karadeniz&#8217;de sava&#351; ya&#351;an&#305;yor, Bat&#305; Asya b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;r&#305;lmadan ge&#231;iyor, Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de asker&#238; dengeler yeniden &#351;ekilleniyor, Ege&#8217;de eski sorunlar yeni bi&#231;imlerde kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor ve d&#252;nya yeniden b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerin sert rekabet d&#246;nemine giriyor. Denizler bir kez daha d&#252;nya siyasetinin ana sahnesine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. Senin y&#305;llar &#246;nce anlatt&#305;&#287;&#305;n co&#287;rafya bug&#252;n b&#252;t&#252;n a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;yla &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zde duruyor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;Co&#287;rafya bir &#252;lkenin kaderini belirler. Siyaset ise bu yazg&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesi i&#231;in uygun yol ve y&#246;ntemleri arar. Aralar&#305;ndaki k&#246;pr&#252;y&#252; jeopolitik kurar</strong>&#8221; demi&#351;tin. Sen hayat&#305;n boyunca o k&#246;pr&#252;y&#252; kurmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;n. Bahriyeli, amiral, yazar ve Cumhuriyet ayd&#305;n&#305; olarak T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305; kendi &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;m&#305;z do&#287;rultusunda okuyabilecek ku&#351;aklar&#305;n yeti&#351;mesine katk&#305;da bulundun. Yedi y&#305;l sonra fikirlerinin h&#226;l&#226; tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;, kitaplar&#305;n&#305;n okunmas&#305; ve &#231;izdi&#287;in jeopolitik rotan&#305;n g&#252;ncelli&#287;ini korumas&#305; geride b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n fikr&#238; miras&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; g&#246;steriyor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vatan ve Mavi Vatan i&#231;in yapt&#305;klar&#305;n, yazd&#305;klar&#305;n ve gelecek ku&#351;aklara b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n fikirler &#246;n&#252;nde sayg&#305;yla e&#287;iliyorum. Tanr&#305;&#8217;dan sana rahmet diliyorum. Ba&#351;ta k&#305;ymetli e&#351;in sevgili Sevgi Polat olmak &#252;zere ailene, silah arkada&#351;lar&#305;na, dostlar&#305;na ve b&#252;t&#252;n sevenlerine sab&#305;r ve ba&#351;sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305; diliyorum. Rotan cennet olsun Soner Abi.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Preveze ’den Mavi Vatan’a: 488 Yıl Sonra Türk’ün Denizle Yeniden Buluşması]]></title><description><![CDATA[T&#252;rklerin gelece&#287;i yaln&#305;zca Anadolu&#8217;da de&#287;il, Anadolu&#8217;yu &#231;evreleyen denizlerdedir. Ama&#231; denize &#231;&#305;kmak de&#287;il, bir daha denizden d&#246;nmemektir.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/preveze-den-mavi-vatana-488-yl-sonra</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/preveze-den-mavi-vatana-488-yl-sonra</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 06:58:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%2163eV%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F26caf07c-27ff-40c4-87c9-361574252a26_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%2163eV%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F26caf07c-27ff-40c4-87c9-361574252a26_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!63eV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26caf07c-27ff-40c4-87c9-361574252a26_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!63eV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26caf07c-27ff-40c4-87c9-361574252a26_1536x1024.png 848w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">488 y&#305;l &#246;nce 27 Eyl&#252;l 1538 g&#252;n&#252; Adriyatik Denizi&#8217;nde ya&#351;anan Preveze Deniz Sava&#351;&#305; ile Osmanl&#305; ve Garp Ocaklar&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u T&#252;rk Donanmas&#305;, Papal&#305;k, Venedik, &#304;spanya-Kutsal Roma Cermen &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u ve Ceneviz gemilerinin olu&#351;turdu&#287;u Ha&#231;l&#305; Koalisyon Donanmas&#305;&#8217;n&#305; yendi ve Venedik ile &#304;nebaht&#305; yenilgisinin ya&#351;and&#305;&#287;&#305; 1571 y&#305;l&#305;na kadar 33 y&#305;l devam edecek bir bar&#305;&#351; d&#246;nemini ba&#351;latt&#305;. Di&#287;er taraftan &#304;spanya ve Malta &#351;&#246;valyeleri ile rekabet ve sava&#351; d&#246;nemi devam etti. Preveze ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; iyi okumak ve bug&#252;ne dersler &#231;&#305;karmak gerekir.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Neden Bu Sava&#351; Ya&#351;and&#305;?</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Preveze Deniz Zaferi, 16. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n ilk yar&#305;s&#305;nda Osmanl&#305; &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun bir kara g&#252;c&#252; olman&#305;n &#246;tesine ge&#231;erek Akdeniz&#8217;de b&#252;y&#252;k bir deniz g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesinin sonucunda ya&#351;and&#305;. Kanuni Sultan S&#252;leyman&#8217;&#305;n 1534&#8217;te Barbaros (H&#305;z&#305;r) Hayreddin Pa&#351;a&#8217;y&#305; Kaptan-&#305; Derya yapmas&#305;yla Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki Garp Ocaklar&#305; Donanmas&#305; Osmanl&#305; devlet stratejisiyle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ti. Osmanl&#305;lar&#305;n Ege adalar&#305; ve Orta Akdeniz y&#246;n&#252;nde ilerlemesi &#246;zellikle Venedik&#8217;in deniz ticaretini ve ada h&#226;kimiyetini, ayn&#305; zamanda V. Karl&#8217;&#305;n Habsburg d&#252;zenini tehdit etmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gerilimin k&#305;r&#305;lma noktas&#305; 1537&#8217;deki Korfu Seferi ve ard&#305;ndan Barbaros&#8217;un Venedik h&#226;kimiyetindeki adalara y&#246;nelik harek&#226;t&#305; oldu. Osmanl&#305; ilerleyi&#351;ini durdurmak isteyen Papa III. Paolo&#8217;nun giri&#351;imiyle b&#252;y&#252;k bir <strong>Kutsal &#304;ttifak donanmas&#305;</strong> olu&#351;turuldu. Komutanl&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;nemin en &#252;nl&#252; Avrupal&#305; denizcilerinden Cenevizli Andrea Doria&#8217;ya verildi<strong>. B&#246;ylece Preveze, ger&#231;ekte Barbaros ile Doria&#8217;n&#305;n ki&#351;isel m&#252;cadelesinden &#231;ok, Akdeniz&#8217;in gelecekte kimin stratejik etki alan&#305;nda olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirleyecek Osmanl&#305;-Habsburg/Venedik g&#252;&#231; m&#252;cadelesinin denizdeki hesapla&#351;mas&#305;yd&#305;.</strong></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sava&#351;ta Ne Ya&#351;and&#305;?</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">27 Eyl&#252;l 1538&#8217;de iki donanma Preveze ve Arta K&#246;rfezi &#231;evresinde kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya geldi. Kaynaklardaki gemi say&#305;lar&#305; farkl&#305; olmakla birlikte Kutsal &#304;ttifak filosunun Osmanl&#305; donanmas&#305;ndan belirgin bi&#231;imde daha b&#252;y&#252;k oldu&#287;u konusunda genel bir mutabakat vard&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k Barbaros&#8217;un kuvvetleri daha dengeli bir komuta yap&#305;s&#305;na sahipti. Osmanl&#305; kad&#305;rgalar&#305;n&#305;n k&#252;rek g&#252;c&#252;yle hareket edebilmesi hafif r&#252;zg&#226;r &#351;artlar&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir manevra ve hareket serbestisi avantaj&#305; sa&#287;l&#305;yordu. H&#305;z&#305;r Hayrettin ayr&#305;ca Preveze &#231;evresinin k&#305;y&#305;, s&#305;&#287;l&#305;k ve r&#252;zg&#226;r &#351;artlar&#305;n&#305; iyi kullan&#305;rken, Doria&#8217;n&#305;n komutas&#305;ndaki Venedik, Papal&#305;k, &#304;spanyol ve Ceneviz unsurlar&#305;n&#305;n farkl&#305; &#231;&#305;kar ve &#246;nceliklere sahip olmas&#305; ittifak&#305;n &#246;nemli zay&#305;fl&#305;klar&#305;ndan biriydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27 Eyl&#252;l 1538&#8217;de Barbaros, Preveze K&#246;rfezi&#8217;nde kapal&#305; kalmak yerine donanmas&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k denize &#231;&#305;kararak inisiyatifi ele ald&#305;. Yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351; saat s&#252;ren muharebede Osmanl&#305; filosunun hareketli kad&#305;rgalar&#305;, r&#252;zg&#226;ra daha ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; olan b&#252;y&#252;k Hristiyan gemilerine kar&#351;&#305; etkili oldu. Barbaros&#8217;un manevralar&#305; Doria&#8217;n&#305;n kuvvetlerinin d&#252;zenini tehdit edince Andrea Doria genel bir meydan muharebesini s&#252;rd&#252;rmek yerine filosunu geri &#231;ekerek Korfu y&#246;n&#252;ne y&#246;neldi. Bu nedenle Preveze, 1805&#8217;de ya&#351;anan Trafalgar deniz sava&#351;&#305; gibi d&#252;&#351;man donanmas&#305;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;yle imha edildi&#287;i bir sava&#351; de&#287;ildir. <strong>H&#305;z&#305;r Hayrettin Pa&#351;a&#8217;n&#305;n kendisinden &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir koalisyon filosunun Osmanl&#305; donanmas&#305;n&#305; yok etme giri&#351;imini bo&#351;a &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; ve onu muharebe alan&#305;ndan &#231;ekilmeye zorlad&#305;&#287;&#305; stratejik bir zaferdi.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">B&#246;ylece Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u b&#252;y&#252;k koalisyon Osmanl&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; geriletemedi, tersine Osmanl&#305;lar&#305;n Ege, Adriyatik giri&#351;leri, Do&#287;u ve Orta Akdeniz &#252;zerindeki hareket serbestisi g&#252;&#231;lendi. Venedik &#252;zerindeki asker&#238; bask&#305; devam etti ve 1540 bar&#305;&#351;&#305;yla Osmanl&#305; kazan&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; kabul edildi. Barbaros&#8217;un Avrupa&#8217;daki asker&#238; itibar&#305; ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; y&#252;kselirken Osmanl&#305; tarihinde daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. <strong>Kanuni d&#246;neminin b&#252;y&#252;k kara g&#252;c&#252; Barbaros&#8217;un deniz g&#252;c&#252;yle birle&#351;ti. B&#246;ylece yar&#305;mada co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n do&#287;al gere&#287;i yerine getirilmi&#351;, Osmanl&#305; ayn&#305; anda hem k&#305;taya hem denize h&#252;kmedebilen bir imparatorluk g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</strong></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zafer ve denizcilik G&#252;c&#252; &#304;li&#351;kisi</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu zafer, T&#252;rk tarihinin s&#305;radan bir deniz sava&#351;&#305; de&#287;ildi. Preveze, Anadolu&#8217;da ya&#351;ayan T&#252;rklerin &#252;zerinde oturduklar&#305; co&#287;rafyan&#305;n ger&#231;ek karakterini kavrad&#305;klar&#305;nda, bu co&#287;rafyan&#305;n sundu&#287;u imk&#226;nlar&#305; &#231;a&#287;&#305;n akl&#305;, bilimi, teknolojisi ve denizcilik k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;yle birle&#351;tirdiklerinde ne kadar b&#252;y&#252;k bir g&#252;&#231; &#252;retebildiklerinin tarihsel kan&#305;t&#305;yd&#305;. Aradan 488 y&#305;l ge&#231;ti. Bug&#252;n Mavi Vatan ile yeniden ayn&#305; jeopolitik ger&#231;ekle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;yay&#305;z. Anadolu bir yar&#305;madad&#305;r ve yar&#305;mada co&#287;rafyas&#305; denizle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ti&#287;i s&#252;rece b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; co&#287;rafyas&#305;d&#305;r. Anadolu&#8217;yu sadece kara &#252;zerinden okumak, bu e&#351;siz co&#287;rafyan&#305;n yar&#305;s&#305;ndan vazge&#231;mektir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anadolu do&#287;u bat&#305; ekseninde b&#252;y&#252;k bir yar&#305;madad&#305;r. T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305; &#252;zerinden Karadeniz&#8217;i Akdeniz&#8217;e, Balkanlar &#252;zerinden Avrupa&#8217;y&#305; Asya&#8217;ya, Do&#287;u Akdeniz &#252;zerinden S&#252;vey&#351; ve Hint Okyanusu sistemini Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n i&#231;lerine ba&#287;lar. B&#246;yle bir co&#287;rafyada kurulan devlet, denize y&#246;neldi&#287;i &#246;l&#231;&#252;de b&#252;y&#252;r; denizden uzakla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;de kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n sundu&#287;u stratejik potansiyeli kaybeder. Tarih bunun &#246;rnekleriyle doludur. Roma, &#304;talya yar&#305;madas&#305;n&#305;n sundu&#287;u imk&#226;nlar&#305; ancak Kartaca&#8217;y&#305; denizde yenerek Akdeniz g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rebildi. &#304;ber yar&#305;madas&#305;ndaki Portekiz ve &#304;spanya denize &#231;&#305;kt&#305;klar&#305;nda d&#252;nya &#246;l&#231;e&#287;inde imparatorluklara d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ler. &#304;ngiltere ada co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;yle birle&#351;tirerek k&#252;resel imparatorluk kurdu. Anadolu&#8217;nun jeopolitik kanunu da farkl&#305; de&#287;ildir. Ancak co&#287;rafya tek ba&#351;&#305;na g&#252;&#231; yaratmaz. Co&#287;rafya potansiyeldir; onu g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ren insan akl&#305;, bilim, teknoloji, kurumlar ve stratejidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Osmanl&#305; &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u 16&#8217;nc&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;lda bunu ba&#351;ard&#305;. 1453 yaln&#305;zca &#304;stanbul&#8217;un fethi de&#287;ildi. Anadolu ile Balkanlar aras&#305;ndaki jeopolitik kopukluk ortadan kalkarken T&#252;rkler Karadeniz, Ege ve Akdeniz sisteminin merkezine yerle&#351;iyordu. Fatih d&#246;neminden itibaren deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n &#246;nemi giderek daha iyi anla&#351;&#305;lmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ancak ger&#231;ek s&#305;&#231;rama 16&#8217;nc&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;lda Osmanl&#305; merkez&#238; devlet g&#252;c&#252; ile Garp Ocaklar&#305;n&#305;n son derece dinamik denizcilik k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n birle&#351;mesiyle ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mavivatan.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#220;cretsiz abone olarak <strong>Mavi Vatan</strong> &#252;lk&#252;s&#252; do&#287;rultusunda T&#252;rkiye'nin denizcile&#351;me yolculu&#287;una hep birlikte katk&#305; sunal&#305;m.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Garp Ocaklar&#305; Donanmas&#305;</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Garp Ocaklar&#305; Donanmas&#305; Oru&#231; ve H&#305;z&#305;r (Barbaros) karde&#351;ler taraf&#305;ndan Cezayir ve Tunus&#8217;ta ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta Osmanl&#305;dan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z kurulan, ancak 1518 y&#305;l&#305;ndan sonra &#304;stanbul&#8217;un kontrol&#252;ne girerek genelde orta, zaman zaman da Bat&#305; Akdeniz ve Hatta Atlantik&#8217;te varl&#305;k g&#246;steren bir donanma oldu. Bu donanmaya daha sonra Libya ocaklar&#305; da kat&#305;ld&#305;. Garp Ocaklar&#305; Donanmas&#305; operatif ve taktik alanda Osmanl&#305; Donanmas&#305;ndan daha etkindi. Osmanl&#305; deniz tarihine mal olmu&#351; en &#252;nl&#252; denizciler Garp Ocaklar&#305;ndan yeti&#351;mi&#351;tir. Denizcilerin b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u ege Akdeniz k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;ndan ve Karaman Vilayetinden geliyordu. D&#305;&#351; denizci kaynaklar&#305; i&#231;inde Rum, Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Malta, Venedik, Cenova, Hollanda, &#304;rlanda, &#304;sko&#231;ya ve &#304;ngiltere kaynakl&#305; denizciler olsa da ocaklar&#305;n ba&#351;&#305; ve t&#252;m liderleri Anadolu T&#252;rkleri idi. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde Kulo&#287;lu, Kolo&#287;lu soyad&#305;n&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yanlar bu denizci atalar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n bug&#252;nk&#252; &#231;ocuklar&#305;d&#305;r. Bu denizcilerin Osmanl&#305;dan daha ileri olmas&#305;n&#305;n nedeni saray&#305;n politik &#231;eki&#351;melerinden ve ilkel birikime y&#246;nelik r&#252;&#351;vet ve kay&#305;rma batakl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan uzak olmalar&#305;yd&#305;. Garp Ocaklar&#305; Donanmas&#305; ile Osmanl&#305; Donanmas&#305; aras&#305;ndaki en iyi i&#351; birli&#287;i d&#246;nemi Preveze ile &#304;nebaht&#305; aras&#305;ndaki d&#246;nemde ya&#351;and&#305;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Oru&#231; Reis, H&#305;z&#305;r Reis, Turgut Reis ve onlar&#305;n yeti&#351;tirdi&#287;i Garp Ocakl&#305; denizciler yaln&#305;zca sava&#351;&#231;&#305; de&#287;illerdi. Akdeniz&#8217;i ya&#351;ayan, r&#252;zg&#226;r&#305;n&#305;, ak&#305;nt&#305;s&#305;n&#305;, limanlar&#305;n&#305;, adalar&#305;n&#305;, ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; ve rakiplerini tan&#305;yan denizcilerdi. Garp Ocaklar&#305; ayn&#305; zamanda d&#246;nemin &#351;artlar&#305; i&#231;inde &#351;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305; derecede pragmatik yap&#305;lard&#305;. Bilginin ve yetene&#287;in nereden geldi&#287;inden &#231;ok ne i&#351;e yarad&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;nemliydi. Denizcilikte ba&#351;ar&#305;y&#305; yaratan da b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de bu rasyonel yakla&#351;&#305;m oldu.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Denizcili&#287;in Alt&#305;n &#199;a&#287;&#305;</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">H&#305;z&#305;r Hayrettin (Barbaros Hayreddin) Pa&#351;a&#8217;n&#305;n 1533 y&#305;l&#305;nda Kanuni Sultan S&#252;leyman&#8217;&#305;n hizmetine girmesiyle &#304;stanbul&#8217;un devlet kapasitesi ile Garp Ocaklar&#305;n&#305;n operasyonel tecr&#252;besi birle&#351;ti. Be&#351; y&#305;l sonra Preveze geldi. Preveze &#8217;den sonra ba&#351;layan d&#246;nem, T&#252;rk deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n d&#252;nya siyasetinde ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; en y&#252;ksek seviyelerden biri oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Zaferin ger&#231;ek b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; sonraki geli&#351;melerde g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. 1541&#8217;de &#350;arlken&#8217;in Cezayir&#8217;i ortadan kald&#305;rma giri&#351;imi ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;&#287;a u&#287;rad&#305;. 1542&#8217;den itibaren Osmanl&#305; Donanmas&#305; Fransa ile ittifak &#231;er&#231;evesinde 136 par&#231;al&#305;k b&#252;y&#252;k bir kuvvetle Bat&#305; Akdeniz&#8217;de varl&#305;k g&#246;sterdi. Nice, Frans&#305;z Donanmas&#305; ile ortak harek&#226;tla ku&#351;at&#305;ld&#305;, Osmanl&#305; filosu Toulon&#8217;da k&#305;&#351;lad&#305;. &#304;stanbul merkezli bir imparatorluk art&#305;k yaln&#305;zca Ege ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;i savunmuyor, Bat&#305; Akdeniz&#8217;in g&#252;&#231; dengesini belirliyordu. 1551&#8217;de Turgut Reis Trablusgarp&#8217;&#305; ald&#305;. Cezayir ve Tunus ile Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki T&#252;rk deniz varl&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendi. 1543 ile 1560 aras&#305;ndaki d&#246;nem, Akdeniz&#8217;de T&#252;rk deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n hemen her yerde hissedildi&#287;i y&#305;llar oldu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1560 Cerbe harek&#226;t&#305; bu kapasitenin belki de en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rneklerinden biridir. Piyale Pa&#351;a komutas&#305;ndaki Osmanl&#305; Donanmas&#305; &#304;stanbul&#8217;dan &#231;&#305;karak yakla&#351;&#305;k 20 g&#252;n i&#231;inde Tunus-Cerbe b&#246;lgesine ula&#351;t&#305; ve &#304;spanyol kuvvetlerine kar&#351;&#305; sonu&#231; ald&#305;. K&#252;rek ve k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; yelken g&#252;c&#252;yle hareket eden d&#246;nemin kad&#305;rgalar&#305; ve mesafe d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde bu, ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; bir operasyon temposuydu. Geri &#231;ekilen &#304;spanyol filosunun takip edilerek imha edilmesi de deniz harp tarihi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan son derece &#246;nemliydi. Piyale Pa&#351;a&#8217;n&#305;n muzaffer donanmas&#305; 1 Ekim 1560&#8217;ta Hali&#231;&#8217;e d&#246;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;nde Flaman diplomat Busbecq&#8217;in g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; manzara Osmanl&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; zirveyi anlat&#305;yordu. E&#287;er bir devletin h&#226;kim olunamaz denizi tamamen kontrol etti&#287;ini iddia edebilece&#287;i bir an varsa, ona g&#246;re o g&#252;n ya&#351;an&#305;yordu. Osmanl&#305; &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun siyasal ve asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n zirvesi ile T&#252;rk deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n zirvesinin ayn&#305; d&#246;neme rastlamas&#305; tesad&#252;f de&#287;ildir.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ak&#305;l, Bilim ve Deniz G&#252;c&#252;</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">16&#8217;nc&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;l T&#252;rk deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n temelinde yaln&#305;zca cesaret veya kahramanl&#305;k yoktu. Osmanl&#305;, &#231;a&#287;&#305;n&#305;n asker&#238; ve deniz teknolojisinden hen&#252;z kopmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Top d&#246;k&#252;m&#252;nde, gemi in&#351;as&#305;nda, haritac&#305;l&#305;kta, seyirde, tahkimatta ve lojistikte rakipleriyle aras&#305;nda a&#351;&#305;lmaz bir teknoloji u&#231;urumu bulunmuyordu. Piri Reis&#8217;in d&#252;nya haritalar&#305; b&#246;yle bir zihinsel ortam&#305;n &#252;r&#252;n&#252;d&#252;r. &#304;stanbul tersaneleri, Garp Ocaklar&#305;, Ege adalar&#305; ve Akdeniz limanlar&#305; aras&#305;nda ya&#351;ayan bir denizcilik ekosistemi olu&#351;mu&#351;tu. Devlet, ihtiya&#231; duydu&#287;u bilgiyi ve insan&#305; kullanmak konusunda hen&#252;z kat&#305; bir zihinsel kapanman&#305;n i&#231;ine girmemi&#351;ti. Bilgi i&#351;e yar&#305;yorsa kullan&#305;l&#305;yor, teknoloji gerekiyorsa al&#305;n&#305;yor veya geli&#351;tiriliyor, yetenekli denizci k&#246;kenine bak&#305;lmaks&#305;z&#305;n sisteme dahil edilebiliyordu.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kad&#305;rgadan Kalyona 100 Y&#305;l Gecikmeli Ge&#231;i&#351;</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Burada T&#252;rk tarihinin en &#246;nemli k&#305;r&#305;lma noktalar&#305;ndan birine geliyoruz. 16&#8217;nc&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;ldaki y&#252;kseli&#351;in arkas&#305;nda, ak&#305;l ile inanc&#305; birbirinin d&#252;&#351;man&#305; haline getirmeyen pragmatik bir devlet anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; vard&#305;. Sorun din de&#287;ildi, sorun daha sonraki d&#246;nemlerde akl&#305;n, sorgulaman&#305;n, bilimin ve liyakatin giderek daralmas&#305;yd&#305;. Nakl&#238; bilgi akl&#238; ve bilimsel bilginin &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;irildik&#231;e, sorgulaman&#305;n yerini itaat, yenili&#287;in yerini tutuculuk almaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#304;&#351;te denizdeki geri &#231;ekilmenin zihinsel zemini de burada olu&#351;tu.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tam bu d&#246;nemde d&#252;nya denizcili&#287;i b&#252;y&#252;k bir teknolojik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m ge&#231;iriyordu. Akdeniz&#8217;in geleneksel sava&#351; gemisi kad&#305;rgayd&#305;. K&#252;rek g&#252;c&#252;yle hareket ediyor, r&#252;zg&#226;ra daha az ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kal&#305;yor ve sava&#351;&#305;n sonucunu &#231;o&#287;unlukla d&#252;&#351;man gemisine aborda olarak &#252;zerindeki sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lar&#305;n g&#246;&#287;&#252;s g&#246;&#287;&#252;se m&#252;cadelesiyle belirliyordu. Ancak Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;nda ba&#351;ka bir gemi ve ba&#351;ka bir sava&#351; k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; geli&#351;iyordu. Bu gemi y&#252;ksek bordal&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;k yelken alan&#305;na sahip, a&#287;&#305;r borda toplar&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yan kalyon. Bu yaln&#305;zca kad&#305;rgan&#305;n yerine ge&#231;en yeni bir gemi de&#287;ildi, yepyeni bir sava&#351; sistemiydi.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kad&#305;rgada insan kas&#305; temel itici g&#252;&#231;t&#252;. Kalyonda ise r&#252;zg&#226;r&#305; okumak, yelkenleri y&#246;netmek, de&#287;i&#351;en r&#252;zg&#226;rlara g&#246;re rota olu&#351;turmak, astronomiden yararlanmak, harita kullanmak, top&#231;uluk ve balistik bilmek gerekiyordu. Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle deniz sava&#351;&#305; giderek kol g&#252;c&#252;nden bilgi g&#252;c&#252;ne ge&#231;iyordu. Atlantik&#8217;e a&#231;&#305;lan Avrupa devletleri gemi in&#351;a teknolojisini astronomi, matematik, haritac&#305;l&#305;k, top&#231;uluk ve seyir bilimiyle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirirken Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ndeki b&#252;y&#252;k s&#305;nav da bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;me uyum sa&#287;lay&#305;p sa&#287;layamayaca&#287;&#305;yd&#305;.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#304;nebaht&#305; Hezimeti</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">7 Ekim 1571&#8217;deki &#304;nebaht&#305; yenilgisi bu a&#231;&#305;dan bir uyar&#305;yd&#305;. Preveze&#8217; den sadece 33 y&#305;l sonra Osmanl&#305; Donanmas&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k bir felaket ya&#351;ad&#305;. Donanman&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda denizci k&#246;kenli olmayan M&#252;ezzinzade Ali Pa&#351;a bulunuyordu. Muharebe birka&#231; saat i&#231;inde on binlerce insan&#305;n kaybedildi&#287;i bir y&#305;k&#305;ma d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Osmanl&#305; gemileri k&#305;sa zamanda yeniden yapabildi. Ancak kaybedilen as&#305;l de&#287;er gemiler de&#287;ildi; nesiller boyunca biriken denizcilik tecr&#252;besine sahip insan g&#252;c&#252;yd&#252;. Reisler, kaptanlar, top&#231;ular, ustalar ve denizciler birka&#231; saat i&#231;inde kaybedilmi&#351;ti. Bununla birlikte &#304;nebaht&#305;&#8217;y&#305; Osmanl&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n bir g&#252;nde sona erdi&#287;i tarih olarak g&#246;rmek do&#287;ru de&#287;ildir. Osmanl&#305; Akdeniz&#8217;de uzun s&#252;re &#246;nemli bir deniz g&#252;c&#252; olarak kalmaya devam etti. Fakat &#304;nebaht&#305;, yakla&#351;an b&#252;y&#252;k d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n habercisiydi.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tutuculu&#287;un Denizcili&#287;e Etkisi</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">As&#305;l tehlike teknoloji ve zihniyet alan&#305;ndayd&#305;. 1580&#8217;de Takiy&#252;ddin&#8217;in &#304;stanbul Rasathanesi&#8217;nin d&#246;nemin din&#238; ve siyas&#238; &#231;eki&#351;meleri sonunda y&#305;kt&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; bu nedenle T&#252;rk tarihinin en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; sembollerinden biridir. Daha da trajik olan, y&#305;k&#305;mda donanma top&#231;usunun kullan&#305;lmas&#305;d&#305;r. Bir devletin sava&#351; gemileri, gelecekte o sava&#351; gemilerinin a&#231;&#305;k denizlerde yol bulmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layacak astronomi bilgisinin &#252;retildi&#287;i kurumu ate&#351; alt&#305;na al&#305;yordu. Avrupa astronomiyi, matemati&#287;i, gemi in&#351;as&#305;n&#305;, top&#231;ulu&#287;u ve seyir bilimini ayn&#305; teknolojik sistem i&#231;inde birle&#351;tirirken Osmanl&#305; giderek bu bilimsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda kalmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;. Kad&#305;rgadan kalyona ge&#231;i&#351;te ya&#351;anan yakla&#351;&#305;k bir as&#305;rl&#305;k gecikme bu nedenle sadece gemi teknolojisindeki bir gecikme de&#287;ildir. Asl&#305;nda bir zihniyet gecikmesidir. Kalyon yapmak i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir tekne in&#351;a etmek yetmez. Onu kullanacak kaptan&#305;, subay&#305;, yelkenciyi, top&#231;uyu, haritac&#305;y&#305; ve seyir uzman&#305;n&#305; yeti&#351;tirmek; bunlar&#305;n arkas&#305;nda matematik, astronomi, hidrografi ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir e&#287;itim sistemi kurmak gerekir. Bilimden uzakla&#351;man&#305;n faturas&#305; sonunda denizde &#246;dendi.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Denizden Uzakla&#351;t&#305;k&#231;a Anadolu&#8217;ya &#199;ekilmek</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Sonraki y&#252;zy&#305;llar ayn&#305; tarihsel kanunu tekrar tekrar g&#246;sterdi. 1770 &#199;e&#351;me, 1827 Navarin ve 1853 Sinop yaln&#305;zca donanma kay&#305;plar&#305; de&#287;ildi. Her b&#252;y&#252;k deniz felaketi Osmanl&#305; jeopoliti&#287;inin biraz daha daralmas&#305;na e&#351;lik etti. 19&#8217;uncu y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n sonunda donanman&#305;n Hali&#231;&#8217;e kapanmas&#305; ise bu s&#252;recin doruk noktas&#305; oldu. Osmanl&#305; 20&#8217;nci y&#252;zy&#305;la g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve kullan&#305;labilir bir donanmadan mahrum girdi. Kuzey Afrika kaybedildi, Ege adalar&#305; elden &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. 1911&#8217;de &#304;talyan sava&#351; gemileri &#199;anakkale Bo&#287;az&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n a&#287;z&#305;na kadar gelebildi. Balkan Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda Yunanistan deniz kontrol&#252;n&#252; sa&#287;layarak Ege adalar&#305;n&#305; i&#351;gal etti. 1915&#8217;te d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k donanmalar&#305; &#199;anakkale &#246;n&#252;ne geldi. 15 May&#305;s 1919&#8217;da Yunan ordusu &#304;zmir&#8217;e denizden &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Tarih ayn&#305; ger&#231;e&#287;i tekrar tekrar g&#246;steriyordu: <strong>T&#252;rk denizde geriledik&#231;e Anadolu&#8217;da savunmaya &#231;ekiliyordu.</strong></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zincirin K&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu zinciri k&#305;ran Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk oldu. 1 Eyl&#252;l 1922&#8217;de ordular&#305;na verdi&#287;i &#8220;&#304;lk hedefiniz Akdeniz&#8217;dir. &#304;leri!&#8221; emri bu a&#231;&#305;dan sadece asker&#238; bir takip emri de&#287;ildi. Sevr&#8217;in T&#252;rkleri denizlerden koparmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;an jeopoliti&#287;ine verilen cevapt&#305;. T&#252;rkler yeniden denize ula&#351;&#305;yorlard&#305;. Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305; yokluklar i&#231;inde yeniden kuruldu. 1936 Montr&#246; Bo&#287;azlar S&#246;zle&#351;mesi ile T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki egemenlik peki&#351;tirildi. 1938&#8217;de Hatay Kamas&#305; ile &#304;skenderun K&#246;rfezi i&#231; sular rejimine tabi oldu. 1974 K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harek&#226;t&#305; ile Do&#287;u Akdeniz&#8217;de T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin g&#252;neyden ku&#351;at&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ndeki en &#246;nemli jeopolitik engel yarat&#305;ld&#305;. 1996&#8217;da Kardak Krizi ile Yunan&#8217;a Ege&#8217;deki varl&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n inat&#231;&#305; takip&#231;isi oldu&#287;umuz hat&#305;rlat&#305;ld&#305;. Cumhuriyet, Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n son d&#246;nemlerinde kaybedilen deniz jeopoliti&#287;ini ad&#305;m ad&#305;m yeniden &#246;&#287;reniyordu.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mavi Vatan</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">21&#8217;inci y&#252;zy&#305;lda T&#252;rklerin denizle yeniden bulu&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n ad&#305; <strong>Mavi Vatan</strong> oldu. Mavi Vatan yaln&#305;zca T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin deniz yetki alanlar&#305;n&#305; ifade eden co&#287;rafi bir kavram de&#287;ildir. Ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;ndan itibaren bir sembol, bir kavram ve bir doktrinolarak ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Her &#351;eyden &#246;nce T&#252;rk milletinin denizcile&#351;me &#252;lk&#252;s&#252;d&#252;r. Preveze ile Mavi Vatan aras&#305;ndaki tarihsel ba&#287; da tam burada kurulmaktad&#305;r. Barbaros&#8217;un 1538&#8217;de ba&#351;ard&#305;&#287;&#305; ile T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin 21&#8217;inci y&#252;zy&#305;lda ba&#351;armas&#305; gereken &#351;eyin &#246;z&#252; ayn&#305;d&#305;r. Anadolu&#8217;nun sundu&#287;u e&#351;siz co&#287;rafi potansiyeli &#231;a&#287;&#305;n akl&#305;, bilimi, teknolojisi ve yeti&#351;mi&#351; insan g&#252;c&#252;yle birle&#351;tirerek g&#252;&#231;l&#252;, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve denizci bir devlet yaratmak.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Elbette &#231;a&#287;&#305;n teknolojisi de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;tir. Barbaros&#8217;un d&#252;nyas&#305;nda deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n temel unsurlar&#305; kad&#305;rga, top, tersane, k&#252;rek&#231;i, levent ve yeti&#351;mi&#351; denizci insan g&#252;c&#252;yd&#252;. Bug&#252;n ise denizalt&#305;lar, insans&#305;z hava, su &#252;st&#252; ve su alt&#305; ara&#231;lar&#305;, uzun menzilli hassas silahlar, seyir ve balistik f&#252;zeler, hipersonik sistemler, elektronik harp, yapay zek&#226;, siber g&#252;&#231;, uydu ke&#351;if ve g&#246;zetleme a&#287;lar&#305; ile deniz taban&#305; sistemleri vard&#305;r. Teknoloji de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;tir; fakat jeopolitik de&#287;i&#351;memi&#351;tir. Anadolu h&#226;l&#226; ayn&#305; co&#287;rafyadad&#305;r. T&#252;rk Bo&#287;azlar&#305; h&#226;l&#226; Karadeniz&#8217;in anahtar&#305;d&#305;r. Ege h&#226;l&#226; Anadolu&#8217;nun bat&#305; cephesidir. K&#305;br&#305;s h&#226;l&#226; Anadolu&#8217;nun g&#252;neyindeki en &#246;nemli stratejik adad&#305;r. Do&#287;u Akdeniz h&#226;l&#226; S&#252;vey&#351; &#252;zerinden K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;e ve Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na a&#231;&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye h&#226;l&#226; &#252;&#231; taraf&#305; denizlerle &#231;evrili bir yar&#305;mada devletidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu nedenle Preveze&#8217;nin 488&#8217;inci y&#305;l&#305;nda sorulmas&#305; gereken as&#305;l soru Barbaros&#8217;un ka&#231; gemi bat&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; veya Andrea Doria&#8217;n&#305;n emrinde ka&#231; gemi bulundu&#287;u de&#287;ildir. T&#252;rkiye, co&#287;rafyas&#305;n&#305;n kendisine sundu&#287;u b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; potansiyelini 21&#8217;inci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n akl&#305;, bilimi ve teknolojisiyle yeniden birle&#351;tirebilecek midir? Sorusu sorulmal&#305;d&#305;r. Preveze&#8217;nin ger&#231;ek miras&#305; bu sorunun i&#231;indedir. Atalar&#305;m&#305;z 16&#8217;nc&#305; y&#252;zy&#305;lda bunu ba&#351;ard&#305;lar. Co&#287;rafyay&#305; do&#287;ru okudular, &#231;a&#287;lar&#305;n&#305;n teknolojisinden kopmad&#305;lar, tersaneler kurdular, denizci insan yeti&#351;tirdiler, liyakati kulland&#305;lar ve Akdeniz&#8217;in y&#252;zy&#305;llar i&#231;inde olu&#351;mu&#351; denizcilik birikimini devlet g&#252;c&#252;yle birle&#351;tirdiler. Bunun sonucunda birka&#231; on y&#305;l i&#231;inde Akdeniz&#8217;in belirleyici g&#252;&#231;lerinden biri haline geldiler.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gerileme de ayn&#305; ili&#351;kinin tersine d&#246;nmesiyle ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ak&#305;l ve bilimden uzakla&#351;&#305;ld&#305;k&#231;a, ak&#305;l yerine nakil dendik&#231;e, teknolojik geli&#351;meler takip edilemedik&#231;e, liyakatin yerini tutuculuk ve dogma ald&#305;k&#231;a ve denizcilik devlet akl&#305;n&#305;n merkezinden uzakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;k&#231;a denizdeki &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;. Deniz g&#252;c&#252;ndeki gerileme yaln&#305;zca donanman&#305;n zay&#305;flamas&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmedi, zaman i&#231;inde adalar&#305;n, k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n, deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n ve nihayet ana vatan kayb&#305;na kadar uzanan jeopolitik sonu&#231;lar do&#287;urdu. T&#252;rk tarihinin son be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305; bize &#231;ok a&#231;&#305;k bir ders vermektedir. Denizde gerileyen bir yar&#305;mada devleti, karada da stratejik derinlik kaybeder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mavi Vatan bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca bug&#252;n&#252;n deniz yetki alanlar&#305; m&#252;cadelesinin ad&#305; de&#287;ildir. Be&#351; as&#305;rl&#305;k tarihsel tecr&#252;beden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lan stratejik bir sonu&#231;tur. Preveze&#8217;ye yaln&#305;zca ge&#231;mi&#351;imizle &#246;v&#252;nmek i&#231;in de&#287;il, gelece&#287;imizi &#351;ekillendirmek i&#231;in bakmal&#305;y&#305;z. Barbaros&#8217;un miras&#305; kad&#305;rgalar&#305; de&#287;ildir, Barbaros&#8217;un as&#305;l miras&#305; &#231;a&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlamak ve &#231;a&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; devlet g&#252;c&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmektir. Piri Reis&#8217;in miras&#305; yaln&#305;zca &#231;izdi&#287;i haritalar de&#287;ildir, bilgiyi stratejik g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmektir. Atat&#252;rk&#8217;&#252;n miras&#305; yaln&#305;zca Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305;n&#305; yeniden in&#351;a etmek de&#287;ildir, akl&#305;, bilimi ve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305; devletin pusulas&#305; haline getirmektir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n gelece&#287;i de ayn&#305; anlay&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizcile&#351;mesi yaln&#305;zca daha fazla sava&#351; gemisine sahip olmak anlam&#305;na gelmez. Donanma deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n vazge&#231;ilmez ve silahl&#305; unsurudur, ancak denizcilik g&#252;c&#252; donanmadan daha geni&#351; bir kavramd&#305;r. Tersaneler, limanlar, ticaret filosu, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;, bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;k, deniz bilimleri, o&#351;inografi, deniz hukuku, deniz teknolojileri, deniz taban&#305; kaynaklar&#305;, enerji, kutuplar, uzay ve okyanuslar ayn&#305; stratejik b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;n par&#231;alar&#305;d&#305;r. Bir devletin ger&#231;ek denizcilik g&#252;c&#252;, milletinin denizle kurdu&#287;u ekonomik, asker&#238;, bilimsel, teknolojik, hukuki ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel ili&#351;kinin toplam&#305;ndan do&#287;ar. Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n nihai hedefi de deniz yetki alanlar&#305;n&#305; savunman&#305;n &#246;tesinde, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi b&#252;t&#252;n boyutlar&#305;yla denizcile&#351;tirmektir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Preveze&#8217;nin temelinde de bu ger&#231;ek vard&#305;. Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n temelinde de ayn&#305; ger&#231;ek vard&#305;r. Aradan 488 y&#305;l ge&#231;ti. Bu uzun tarihsel s&#252;re&#231;te T&#252;rkler denize y&#246;neldikleri d&#246;nemlerde b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;ler; denizden uzakla&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; d&#246;nemlerde Anadolu&#8217;ya do&#287;ru geri &#231;ekildiler. Cumhuriyet, &#246;zellikle Atat&#252;rk d&#246;neminde bu tarihsel y&#246;neli&#351;i yeniden denize &#231;evirdi. Bug&#252;n Mavi Vatan, Cumhuriyetin denizcile&#351;me s&#252;recini 21&#8217;inci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n jeopolitik ve teknolojik &#351;artlar&#305; i&#231;inde yeni bir a&#351;amaya ta&#351;&#305;yan d&#252;&#351;&#252;nsel &#231;er&#231;evedir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anadolu bir yar&#305;madad&#305;r. Yar&#305;mada co&#287;rafyas&#305; ise ancak denizle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ti&#287;inde b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; co&#287;rafyas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. Fakat co&#287;rafya tek ba&#351;&#305;na kader de&#287;ildir. Co&#287;rafyay&#305; g&#252;ce d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmenin &#351;art&#305; d&#252;n neyse bug&#252;n de ayn&#305;d&#305;r. Ak&#305;l, bilim, teknoloji, liyakat, &#252;retim ve denizcilik k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252; bunun ana parametreleridir. Preveze&#8217;den 488 y&#305;l sonra T&#252;rklerin &#246;n&#252;ndeki tarihsel g&#246;rev, denizle yeniden bulu&#351;mak de&#287;il, bu kez bir daha denizden kopmamakt&#305;r. Unutulamamal&#305;d&#305;r ki bug&#252;nk&#252; konjonkt&#252;rde deniz g&#252;c&#252;m&#252;zde de&#287;il gerileme, duraksamaya dahi yer yoktur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">T&#252;rklerin uzun d&#246;nemler boyunca denizden uzak kalm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305;, Osmanl&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n son y&#252;zy&#305;llar&#305;ndan Cumhuriyet d&#246;nemine uzanan g&#252;&#231;l&#252; karac&#305; devlet gelene&#287;i ve denizcilerin devletin y&#252;ksek karar mekanizmalar&#305;nda s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; temsil edilmesi, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin deniz jeopoliti&#287;inde yeniden g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir doktrin geli&#351;tirmesini daha da dikkat &#231;ekici hale getirmektedir. Bug&#252;n rakiplerimizin kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda yaln&#305;zca b&#252;y&#252;yen ve teknolojik olarak d&#246;n&#252;&#351;en bir T&#252;rk Donanmas&#305; de&#287;il, denizi ekonomik, asker&#238;, hukuki, bilimsel ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel boyutlar&#305;yla yeniden ke&#351;fetmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;an bir T&#252;rkiye vard&#305;r. Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n &#246;n&#252;nde ve arkas&#305;nda, T&#252;rk milletini denizlerde temsil eden Cumhuriyet Donanmas&#305; bulunmaktad&#305;r, fakat onu kal&#305;c&#305; k&#305;lacak esas g&#252;&#231; T&#252;rk milletinin denizcile&#351;mesidir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mavi Vatan&#8217;&#305;n esas ama&#231;lar&#305;ndan birisi de T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin kendi co&#287;rafyas&#305;yla bar&#305;&#351;mas&#305;d&#305;r. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin denizcile&#351;mesi ge&#231;ici bir d&#305;&#351; politika tercihi de&#287;il, co&#287;rafyan&#305;n ve tarihsel tecr&#252;benin dayatt&#305;&#287;&#305; uzun vadeli bir zorunluluktur. Devlet politikalar&#305; zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;ebilir, h&#252;k&#252;metler gelip ge&#231;ebilir, uluslararas&#305; sistem farkl&#305; bi&#231;imler alabilir, ancak Anadolu&#8217;nun yar&#305;mada niteli&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;meyecektir. Tarihin ak&#305;&#351;&#305; durdurulamaz. T&#252;rkiye, jeopoliti&#287;inin ve sosyolojisinin gere&#287;i olarak denizcile&#351;ecektir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bu uzun tarihsel yolculu&#287;u, 17&#8217;nci y&#252;zy&#305;lda T&#252;rklerin deniz g&#252;c&#252; potansiyeline d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan bakan bir Avrupal&#305;n&#305;n &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; g&#246;zlemiyle bitirmek anlaml&#305;d&#305;r. Britanya b&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;isi Ricaut de la Marlini&#232;re&#8217;in T&#252;rkler hakk&#305;nda y&#252;zy&#305;llar &#246;nce dile getirdi&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce, bug&#252;n dahi &#252;zerinde durulmay&#305; hak etmektedir:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8220;T&#252;rkler ihmallerini &#246;rtmek ve bu konuda kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;klar&#305; &#252;zerlerinden atmak i&#231;in, Tanr&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n denizleri H&#305;ristiyanlara, karalar&#305; da M&#252;sl&#252;manlara verdi&#287;ini s&#246;ylerler. Hristiyanlar&#305;n ortak &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; i&#231;in onlar&#305;n bu derin uykudan hi&#231;bir zaman uyanmamalar&#305;n&#305; dileriz, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; T&#252;rkler, g&#252;n&#252;n birinde denizde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; olmay&#305; ak&#305;llar&#305;na koyarlarsa ve gerekti&#287;i gibi &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rlarsa, b&#252;t&#252;n cihan&#305;n &#246;nlerinde e&#287;ilece&#287;inden kimsenin ku&#351;kusu olmas&#305;n.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Preveze&#8217; den Mavi Vatan&#8217;a uzanan 488 y&#305;ll&#305;k tarihsel &#231;izginin bize s&#246;yledi&#287;i de budur.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://mavivatan.substack.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Mavi Vatan Geopolitics&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmavivatan.substack.com%2F%3Futm_source%3Dsubstack%26amp%3Butm_medium%3Demail%26amp%3Butm_content%3Dshare%26amp%3Baction%3Dshare"><span>Share Mavi Vatan Geopolitics</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[From 1453 to 2026: As the West’s 500-Year World System Comes to an End ]]></title><description><![CDATA[As the post-colonial era ends, the key question is no longer how the West will rule the world, but how it will live in a world it cannot rule alone.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-1453-to-2026-as-the-wests-500</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-1453-to-2026-as-the-wests-500</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2026 08:12:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21iCWG%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21iCWG%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCWG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCWG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCWG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCWG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e1f9036-90a5-416f-b91b-d9b5b36797fe_944x556.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Certain turning points in world history produce consequences that extend far beyond the periods in which they occur. The capture of Istanbul by our ancestors in 1453 was one such turning point. Historians generally describe 1453 as marking the end of the Byzantine Empire, the close of the Middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern era. Yet the historical rupture that occurred was far greater in scope. The conquest of Istanbul initiated a much broader process whose consequences have continued for nearly 500 years, extending into the present day. The conquest of Istanbul, followed by the expansion of Ottoman rule across the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, and the Red Sea, constituted an important threshold in the transformation of the old geoeconomic order between Europe and Asia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>For centuries, the wealth of Asia, particularly that of China and India, had been transported westward along the Silk and Spice Routes. Istanbul and the Eastern Mediterranean were important nodes within this system. Maritime republics such as Venice and Genoa had accumulated considerable wealth from the Mediterranean segment of this trade. The new geopolitical conditions, however, prompted Europeans to search for alternative routes to Asia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>For Christian Europe, which had repeatedly confronted the Turks during the Crusades that began after 1095 and continued for approximately two centuries, the Turkish capture of Istanbul in 1453 caused a major geopolitical and psychological shock. The fall of the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire under Ottoman rule represented not merely the end of an empire; from the European perspective, it also signified a fundamental transformation in the balance of power along the traditional trade routes extending through the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea toward Asia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of the West&#8217;s responses to this transformation was geographical. The objective was to reach Asia through alternative maritime routes that would bypass the areas under Ottoman control. Certainly, the conquest of Istanbul was not the sole reason for Europe&#8217;s expansion into the oceans. Advances in navigation and shipbuilding technology, capital accumulation, the extraordinary profitability of the spice trade, and competition among European states also contributed to this transformation. Nevertheless, the growing weight of Ottoman power in the Eastern Mediterranean and along the traditional East&#8211;West trade routes became one of the significant geopolitical factors accelerating the search for alternative routes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Portuguese advanced southward along the African coast, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and reached India through the Indian Ocean. The Spanish, sailing westward in their attempt to reach Asia, instead arrived in the Americas. Europe&#8217;s economic and military horizons thus expanded beyond the confines of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This was followed by the establishment of the foundations of colonial empires, while, over the course of several centuries, the center of gravity of the world economy gradually began to shift from the Mediterranean toward the Atlantic.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Atlantic System and the Rise of the West</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This transformation did not merely signify the discovery of new trade routes. While Portugal and Spain established the first major oceanic empires, the Netherlands, in the seventeenth century, integrated trade, maritime activity, insurance, and finance into a far more sophisticated system. Amsterdam became one of the principal centers of global trade and finance. The accumulated expertise in commerce, credit, insurance, and maritime affairs that had developed in the maritime republics of the Mediterranean was integrated within the Atlantic world into larger-scale structures of state power and capital. At a later stage, as the center shifted to London, Britain emerged as the dominant power in the world system. In the twentieth century, the system&#8217;s center of gravity moved across the Atlantic to New York and Washington.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>During the era of mercantilism, the state, the merchant, and the navy complemented one another. The navy protected trade routes and, when necessary, opened them; capital penetrated new regions; and the state supported this economic expansion through political and military power, particularly naval power. The Industrial Revolution carried this mechanism much further. As European industry&#8217;s demand for raw materials, energy, and markets increased, capitalism became integrated with imperialism. In the nineteenth century, Britain stood at the center of this order. The Royal Navy was not merely a fleet protecting the British coastline; it was a global force that ensured the security of international trade routes and, when necessary, exercised control over them. London&#8217;s financial system, insurance networks, ports, maritime transportation routes, coaling stations, and strategic straits became components of the same global architecture.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The foundations were thus laid for a Western-centered world order that would endure for approximately five centuries. The state occupying the center of the system changed over time. First Portugal and Spain, then the Netherlands, Britain, France, and ultimately the United States came to the forefront. Yet the essential nature of the system remained largely unchanged. Within this system, access to maritime routes, capital accumulation, technological superiority, and military power provided extraordinary advantages to the states controlling the center of the world economy. The fact that both industrial revolutions took place in the West, combined with the transition in maritime propulsion from sail to coal and from coal to oil&#8212;which enabled control over access to every continent through the oceans and seas&#8212;accelerated the historical process extending from mercantilism to capitalism, from imperialism to globalization.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>1945: Colonialism Ended, but the Hierarchy Continued</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>While the two world wars exhausted the power of </span><em><span>Pax Britannica</span></em><span>, the United States emerged as the new center of the Western system. During the same period, the classical colonial empires began to dissolve. From India to Indonesia, from Algeria to much of Africa, dozens of countries gained their independence. Political independence, however, did not always mean economic and strategic independence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>As colonial governors withdrew, direct rule was replaced by new mechanisms of influence and dependency. U.S.-led military alliances, the global network of military bases, NATO, the Bretton Woods system, the dollar-centered financial system, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank became the principal institutions of the new order. While the United Nations embodied the principle of sovereign equality, the veto system of the Security Council reflected the actual hierarchy among the great powers.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The year 1945 also marked the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. While the two superpowers avoided direct confrontation, their rivalry unfolded through wars, coups, and proxy struggles extending from Korea to Vietnam, from Laos and Cambodia to Afghanistan, Africa, and Latin America. In pursuit of its interests, the United States employed not only military interventions but also regime-change operations, covert intelligence activities, and support for local forces. Millions of people lost their lives in the Korean and Indochina wars alone; when other conflicts affected by Cold War rivalry are included, the human toll becomes considerably greater.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In short, classical colonialism came to an end, but great-power politics did not disappear; it changed form. Direct rule was replaced by spheres of influence, military bases, alliances, financial dependency, and proxy wars. For approximately half a century, the Soviet Union constituted a military and ideological counterweight to the Western system. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, this balance would disappear, and the world would enter an entirely different era.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Post-Cold War Era: The New American Century</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States attained an unprecedented degree of military, economic, and technological superiority, with no remaining power capable of balancing it on a global scale. The end of the Cold War, however, was not followed by a new era of peace. Neoconservative circles that rose to prominence during the 1990s and later became influential under the George W. Bush administration advocated the use of American military power not for the purpose of securing consent but as an instrument of coercion, with the aim not only of preserving American supremacy but also of advancing Israel&#8217;s geopolitical objectives. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC), founded in 1997 by leading neoconservatives, explicitly identified the preservation of American global leadership and the maintenance of U.S. military superiority as strategic objectives.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The new era that began with the 1991 Gulf War continued with the interventions in Yugoslavia and Kosovo, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq following the September 11 attacks, and subsequently military operations in Libya, Syria, Yemen, and across a broader geographical area. September 11, in particular, constituted a major turning point that expanded the scope for the use of American military power on a global scale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Between 2001 and 2023, more than 940,000 people were killed directly by wartime violence in the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, and Pakistan, of whom more than 432,000 were civilians. When an estimated 3.6&#8211;3.8 million indirect deaths resulting from the collapse of healthcare systems, economies, and infrastructure, as well as the mass displacement of refugees, are also taken into account, the total human toll is estimated to have reached at least 4.5&#8211;4.7 million. Despite all these attacks, the United States failed to bring peace and stability to the places in which it intervened. With the exception of the First Gulf War, it failed to achieve military victory. In most cases, as in Vietnam, it ultimately withdrew. Its only success was the expansion of NATO among European countries.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Throughout this destructive strategy, U.S. superiority did not derive solely from military power. Its global military presence was combined with the central position of the dollar, the financial system, technology, capital, and its network of alliances. For this reason, unlike Vietnam, even the strategic failures in Iraq and Afghanistan did not initially undermine the foundations of the system. The United States could lose wars while continuing to preserve its central position within the world system. This was the fundamental source of strength behind the New American Century.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Difference Between Vietnam and Today</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In comparing the transformation taking place today with the defeat in Vietnam, it is necessary to analyze the fundamental difference between the two periods. The United States largely ended its direct military role in Vietnam in 1973, while Saigon fell in 1975. Nevertheless, the United States retained its position at the center of the world economy, the dollar continued to dominate the international financial system, and the Western alliance remained intact. The Soviet Union was a military and ideological rival, but it could not provide an alternative to the U.S.-centered global economic system on the same scale. Vietnam represented the loss of a war; it did not represent the loss of the American-centered world system.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This is where the difference with the present becomes apparent. At a time when the capacity of American military power to produce political outcomes is being tested, the center of gravity of the world economy has shifted toward Asia. In 1945, the picture was almost the reverse of what it is today. At the end of the Second World War, the United States accounted for 27 percent of global national income and 50 percent of global manufacturing. The corresponding figures for China were 5 percent and 2 percent, respectively.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>By 2026, however, these figures had changed fundamentally. China accounts for approximately 32 percent of global manufacturing value added, compared with approximately 18 percent for the United States. China has moved far ahead of the United States in the production of steel, electricity, automobiles, machine tools, industrial robots, and intermediate industrial goods. It also possesses a clear advantage in engineering, scientific publications, and the number of STEM graduates. China additionally enjoys a significant demographic advantage in terms of its male population of military age. Taken together, these indicators demonstrate that China&#8217;s advantage vis-&#224;-vis the United States is not confined merely to the size of its economy. China possesses a very strong material foundation in industrial production, energy, steel, machinery, engineering, and human resources&#8212;the capacities that would underpin a prolonged great-power competition and a potential war of attrition.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, the emerging network of relations among China, Russia, India, and other rising powers; the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS; initiatives to conduct trade in national currencies; and the development of alternative financial institutions are narrowing the room for maneuver of the unipolar order that emerged after the Cold War.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The issue, therefore, is not merely whether the United States can achieve its military objectives in Iran, the Strait of Hormuz, or on another front. The fundamental historical rupture lies in the fact that the erosion of American military power&#8217;s capacity to produce political outcomes is occurring at the same time as economic, industrial, and technological weight is shifting beyond the West. During the Vietnam era, a war had been lost, but the system remained strong; today, what is at issue is the transformation of the system itself.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Epic Fury and the Changing Balance of Power</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The war with Iran and the U.S. Operation Epic Fury are of particular significance in this context. The military capabilities that the United States can deploy against Iran remain formidable. However, the employment of military power on such a scale no longer guarantees that the political will of the adversary will be broken or that the war will end on Washington&#8217;s preferred terms. An analysis released by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Defense in September 2026, containing data on the cost of the war and ammunition expenditure, reveals that Epic Fury has cost more than $42 billion, has generated shortfalls in strategic munition stockpiles, and has resulted in particularly high consumption rates of air- and missile-defense interceptor munitions. Moreover, the report concludes that the United States entered the war without adequate planning or foresight. The report officially acknowledges a strategic error and, indirectly, demonstrates how difficult it has become for the United States to sustain modern high-intensity warfare.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Here, the difference between Vietnam and the present once again becomes apparent. During the Vietnam War, the United States was one of the world&#8217;s foremost industrial, financial, and military centers and retained this position despite losing the war. Today, however, the costs and ammunition expenditure generated by military operations are occurring alongside debates over the sustainability of U.S. industrial capacity and whether its global commitments can be met simultaneously. What has changed is not only the relative weakening of the U.S. military, but also the former decisiveness of that power within the global system&#8212;that is, its capacity to generate consent. Even today, the American military presence retains its position through an enormous defense budget and extensive military weapons and platforms; yet it is unable to produce the desired outcomes against actors capable of generating resistance in the economic, technological, and diplomatic domains.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Message from Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of the most striking indicators of this transformation is unfolding at sea. The West&#8217;s five-hundred-year rise was made possible to a considerable extent by its expansion into the oceans, its control over maritime trade routes, and its ability, when necessary, to impose its political will over those routes through naval power. Today, however, developments in the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, the Red Sea, and the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean reveal the limits of the same system. The military pressure exerted by Iran in Hormuz and by the Houthis (Ansarallah) in Bab el-Mandeb and the Red Sea should not be regarded merely as regional conflicts. Russia&#8217;s establishment of a new maritime transportation route across northern Eurasia (arctic NSR), and the inability of the United States to intervene in it, should be assessed separately. These developments bear the signs of a much broader transformation. Although the West still possesses extremely substantial naval and air power, it is becoming evident that this power can no longer ensure unrestricted freedom of action at critical maritime chokepoints. Missile technologies, unmanned systems, shore-based weapons, and relatively low-cost asymmetric capabilities are constraining the operational freedom of large and expensive naval forces.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The determining factor here is not how many aircraft carriers or submarines a state possesses. What matters is at what cost, for how long, and for what political outcome these forces can be employed. The presence of an aircraft carrier strike group in a region and the ability to exercise political and military control over a maritime route are no longer synonymous.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Developments in Hormuz are symbolic in this respect. Despite deploying substantial military power, the United States has been unable to eliminate entirely Iran&#8217;s pressure on maritime transportation in the region, particularly through the Strait of Hormuz. More importantly, although Washington has sought support from its NATO allies and traditional partners such as Canada, Japan, Australia, and South Korea in confronting the difficult strategic equation in Hormuz, these countries have not entered the war directly alongside the United States to open the Strait of Hormuz by military force.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At Bab el-Mandeb, a similar but, in this case, striking picture is emerging from the perspective of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh has been unable to secure the military support it expected from the United States and Europe in its confrontation with Yemen; the anticipated support from Britain has likewise not materialized. Despite the close security and alliance relationships it has developed with Pakistan and T&#252;rkiye, Saudi Arabia has largely been compelled to bear the strategic burden on the ground itself. Finding itself virtually isolated, Saudi Arabia has become dependent on Israeli support and is being subjected to pressure amounting to blackmail to join the Abraham Accords.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb are therefore becoming two distinct laboratories of the same historical transformation. In Hormuz, the United States, the world&#8217;s most powerful military state, and in Bab el-Mandeb, Saudi Arabia, one of the world&#8217;s largest energy exporters, are finding it difficult, despite their immense material power, to translate their political will into outcomes on the ground to the extent they desire. The traditional link between military superiority and the capacity to impose political will is weakening.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Economic and Financial Rise of the Global South</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It is insufficient to interpret the transformation of the post-colonial order solely through the military constraints confronting the West. The more fundamental transformation is taking place in the economic and financial domains. While emerging and developing economies, measured in terms of purchasing power parity, now account for the majority of global output, the quota, voting, and governance structures of institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank still largely reflect the distribution of power that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War. BRICS&#8217; demand for greater representation and the emergence of alternative institutions such as the New Development Bank are consequences of this shifting economic weight.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The defining characteristic of the new era is not necessarily that the Global South is becoming anti-Western, but rather that its dependence on the West is diminishing. While China offers alternatives in trade, industry, and finance, and Russia in energy and military technology, India is expanding its strategic autonomy. The Gulf states, meanwhile, are deepening their economic ties with Asia while maintaining their relations with the West. As a result, the space within which states can maneuver among different centers of power without remaining dependent on a single geopolitical and financial center is expanding.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This transformation is also evident in the financial system. Trade conducted in local currencies, alternative payment systems, and increasing gold purchases by central banks have not created a new system capable of replacing the dollar in the short term, but they are providing states with new options. In particular, the possibility that reserve assets may be used as instruments of sanctions has once again transformed gold into an instrument of financial security and sovereignty.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>China is one of the most striking examples of this trend. Its reduction of holdings in U.S. Treasury securities while increasing its gold reserves forms part of a broader trend toward reserve diversification. At the same time, the growing U.S. public debt, large budget deficits, and rising long-term bond yields are also increasing pressure on the dollar-centered system. The issue, therefore, is not the collapse of the dollar or the imminent disappearance of the American financial system. The fundamental historical change is that states increasingly possess alternatives that allow them to reduce their dependence on a single financial center. Gold purchases, BRICS initiatives involving local currencies, alternative payment systems, and reserve diversification are different manifestations of the same trend. The order established after 1945 remains powerful, but it is no longer without competitors or alternatives.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>From the Post-Colonial Order to Multipolarity</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The signs of global transformation can also be observed in Washington&#8217;s own strategic priorities. The greater emphasis placed by the United States on homeland security and the Western Hemisphere, together with the withdrawal of troops from Europe and West Asia, indicates that Washington is reassessing the costs of its global engagements. While China remains at the center of long-term strategic competition, Washington simultaneously faces the costs of containing Russia in Europe, maintaining military superiority in West Asia, constraining China in the Indo-Pacific, and carrying the burden of securing global maritime routes. The hegemonic power must now consider not only the capabilities of its rivals but also the limits of its own resources.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This process does not signify a new unipolar order in which China simply replaces the West. While the United States and Europe remain powerful actors, China, India, Russia, T&#252;rkiye, and other centers of the Global South are gaining greater room for maneuver. This is the true meaning of multipolarity: the emergence of a new equilibrium in which no single center can unilaterally shape the world system and power is distributed among a greater number of actors.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Israel Factor: The Legitimacy Crisis of American Hegemony</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It would be incomplete to explain the global decline of the United States, which has played a major role in the collapse of post-colonialism, solely through the rise of China, the strengthening of Russia, the erosion of the dollar-centered system, or the limitations of American military power. Particularly in the Global South, one of the factors accelerating this decline is Washington&#8217;s almost unconditional strategic relationship with Israel. This relationship, which deepened after 1973 and acquired a new dimension within the paradigm of the &#8220;War on Terror&#8221; following September 11, 2001, increasingly integrated American military, economic, and diplomatic power with Israel&#8217;s security priorities. For a long period, U.S. bases, air power, naval forces, sanctions, and financial system compelled regional states to act cautiously and often submissively toward Washington. Over time, however, consent to American leadership gave way to fear of American power. Yet hegemony cannot be sustained through fear alone; it also requires legitimacy and consent.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The massive humanitarian devastation in Gaza following October 7, 2023, together with developments in the West Bank and Lebanon, accelerated this legitimacy crisis on a global scale. The political costs of Israel&#8217;s actions were increasingly attributed to Washington as well, since Israel&#8217;s ability to conduct warfare on such a scale and with such continuity is directly linked to American weapons, ammunition, financial assistance, and diplomatic protection. Israel thus began to evolve from being merely a force multiplier for American power in the region into a growing burden on U.S. soft power and global legitimacy. Pro-Israel lobbying groups in U.S. domestic politics, the ideological support of Evangelical movements, and the institutionalized pro-Israel orientation within the media, think tanks, and foreign-policy elites also make it difficult for Washington to distance itself from this policy. At the same time, the genocide in Gaza has generated substantial public opposition to Israel both within the United States and around the world. At present, apart from its military operations, one of the most significant challenges facing the Israeli government is changing this image of Israel.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The war with Iran, which began on February 28, 2026, made the military limitations of this relationship more visible. Israel&#8217;s superiority based on advanced technology, intelligence, and particularly air power proved insufficient on its own to produce decisive political outcomes against a state such as Iran, with its vast geography, large population, missile capabilities, and strategic depth. Yemen provides a similar example. While Houthi pressure on the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb severely affected Eilat&#8217;s maritime trade, U.S. and Israeli air power failed to eliminate this threat. Both countries&#8217; excessive reliance on air power, long-range precision strikes, and technological superiority, combined with their avoidance of ground wars that could generate heavy casualties, limits the capacity of their military superiority to produce political outcomes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>This is where the real significance of the Israel factor in American decline becomes apparent. Israel, for many years the forward outpost and force multiplier of the United States in West Asia, is today becoming one of the important sources of Washington&#8217;s loss of legitimacy in the Global South. Some of the support extended to Iran derives not from an embrace of the ideology of the Iranian regime, but from the perception of Tehran as a power capable of resisting pressure from the Israel&#8211;U.S. axis. American hegemony is therefore approaching a dangerous threshold. First, consent eroded and was replaced by fear; now, as the examples of Iran and Yemen demonstrate, fear itself has begun to erode.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>As the 500-Year Era Draws to a Close</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of history&#8217;s striking ironies is that the rise of the West and the transformation taking place today once again intersect along maritime routes. Five hundred years ago, Europeans ventured beyond the Mediterranean and into the oceans to reach the wealth of Asia. Following Portugal and Spain, the Netherlands and Britain globalized maritime trade, while in the twentieth century the United States brought the same system to its zenith through the dollar, aircraft carriers, and a worldwide network of military bases.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today, as economic weight shifts once again toward Asia, the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, the Red Sea, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea, and the Western Pacific are becoming the principal arenas of geopolitical competition in world politics. The war with Iran, the Russia&#8211;Ukraine War, developments in the Black Sea, the Red Sea crisis, and tensions surrounding Taiwan are not entirely independent developments. They constitute the contact lines between the old order and the emerging distribution of power. Five hundred years ago, Europe&#8217;s fundamental question was how to reach Asia. Today, the fundamental question is whether the West can continue to manage the world system as it once did in the face of a rising Asia and an increasingly autonomous Global South.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Colonialism came to an end in the twentieth century. Now, the post-colonial hierarchy established in its aftermath is also beginning to unravel. This does not mean the collapse of the West or of the United States. The West is not disappearing, but it is losing its position as a privileged center standing above the rest of the world. The emerging world will have a more complex structure. The transition toward multipolarity may generate more crises, wars, and uncertainty. As the old order dissolves, the rules of the new order have yet to be written.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>When Istanbul fell in 1453, no one knew that this event would become one of the historical starting points of an Atlantic-centered period of Western predominance that would last for approximately five centuries. In 2026, we likewise do not know the final form that the new system will take. The direction, however, is becoming increasingly clear.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>As the era of post-colonialism draws to a close, the fundamental geopolitical question of the twenty-first century is no longer how the West will govern the world, but how it will live in a world that it can no longer govern on its own. As the five-century-old Western-centered order undergoes transformation, T&#252;rkiye once again finds itself at a critical crossroads, situated on the very geography that changed the course of world history in 1453.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s power derives not from any single factor, but from the combination of its geostrategic location, the Turkish Straits, its strong and deployable military capabilities, its developing defense industry, its extensive diplomatic network, its industrial base, its ties with the Turkic world, and its central position along energy and transportation corridors. T&#252;rkiye is therefore not merely a bridge between East and West, but a center capable of influencing the balances among the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Caucasus, the Eastern Mediterranean, West Asia, and Africa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Geopolitical influence alone, however, does not constitute enduring power. At present, economic instability, polarization, weaknesses in the parliamentary system&#8212;including the separation of powers and checks and balances&#8212;insufficient access to finance and capital, the politicization of the rule of law, income inequality, dependence on external sources for critical technologies, and challenges related to skilled human capital, energy, logistics, and institutional capacity constitute the principal constraints facing T&#252;rkiye. The defining question for T&#252;rkiye in the period ahead is whether it can overcome these challenges and transform its existing geopolitical weight into enduring state capacity. T&#252;rkiye, which today can produce military, diplomatic, and political outcomes across a broad geography, can sustain this influence over the long term only through a strong productive structure, a robust scientific and technological infrastructure, capital accumulation, highly qualified human resources, and resilient institutions.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[1453’ten 2026’ya: Batı’nın 500 Yıllık Dünya Sistemi Sona Ererken]]></title><description><![CDATA[Post kolonyalizm d&#246;nemi kapan&#305;rken 21.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n temel jeopolitik sorusu art&#305;k Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n d&#252;nyay&#305; nas&#305;l y&#246;netece&#287;i de&#287;il, tek ba&#351;&#305;na y&#246;netemedi&#287;i bir d&#252;nya ile nas&#305;l ya&#351;ayaca&#287;&#305;d&#305;r.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/1453ten-2026ya-batnn-500-yllk-dunya</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/1453ten-2026ya-batnn-500-yllk-dunya</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 19 Sep 2026 21:48:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%212_Gf%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Faff9a786-535d-49e9-a1ab-65f0d440d178_944x556.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%212_Gf%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Faff9a786-535d-49e9-a1ab-65f0d440d178_944x556.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>D&#252;nya tarihinin baz&#305; k&#305;r&#305;lma noktalar&#305;, ya&#351;and&#305;klar&#305; d&#246;nemin &#231;ok &#246;tesinde sonu&#231;lar yarat&#305;r. 1453&#8217;te &#304;stanbul&#8217;un atalar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n eline ge&#231;mesi bunlardan biridir. Tarih&#231;iler 1453&#8217;&#252; &#231;o&#287;unlukla Bizans &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun sonu, orta &#231;a&#287;&#305;n kapanmas&#305; ve yeni &#231;a&#287;&#305;n ba&#351;lamas&#305; olarak yazar. Oysa ya&#351;anan k&#305;r&#305;lma bundan &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. &#304;stanbul&#8217;un fethi sonu&#231;lar&#305; bug&#252;ne kadar neredeyse 500 y&#305;l devam eden &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;reci ba&#351;latt&#305;. &#304;stanbul&#8217;un fethi ve ard&#305;ndan Osmanl&#305; &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun Balkanlar, Karadeniz, Do&#287;u Akdeniz, M&#305;s&#305;r ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz &#252;zerindeki h&#226;kimiyetinin geni&#351;lemesi, Avrupa ile Asya aras&#305;ndaki eski jeoekonomik d&#252;zenin de&#287;i&#351;mesinde &#246;nemli bir e&#351;ik olu&#351;turdu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#199;in ve Hindistan ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginlikleri y&#252;zy&#305;llar boyunca &#304;pek ve Baharat yollar&#305; &#252;zerinden Bat&#305;&#8217;ya ta&#351;&#305;n&#305;yordu. &#304;stanbul ve Do&#287;u Akdeniz bu sistemin &#246;nemli d&#252;&#287;&#252;m noktalar&#305;yd&#305;. Venedik ve Ceneviz gibi denizci cumhuriyetler bu ticaretin Akdeniz aya&#287;&#305;ndan b&#252;y&#252;k zenginlik elde etmi&#351;lerdi. Yeni jeopolitik &#351;artlar ise Avrupal&#305;lar&#305; Asya&#8217;ya alternatif yollar aramaya y&#246;neltti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1095 sonras&#305;nda ba&#351;layan ve yakla&#351;&#305;k iki y&#252;zy&#305;l boyunca devam eden Ha&#231;l&#305; Seferleri s&#305;ras&#305;nda T&#252;rklerle defalarca kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya gelen Hristiyan Avrupa i&#231;in, T&#252;rklerin 1453&#8217;te &#304;stanbul&#8217;u ele ge&#231;irmesi b&#252;y&#252;k bir jeopolitik ve psikolojik sars&#305;nt&#305; yaratt&#305;. Do&#287;u Roma&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;kentinin Osmanl&#305; h&#226;kimiyetine girmesi yaln&#305;zca bir imparatorlu&#287;un sonu de&#287;ildi, Avrupa a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Do&#287;u Akdeniz, Karadeniz ve Asya&#8217;ya uzanan geleneksel ticaret yollar&#305;ndaki g&#252;&#231; dengesinin de k&#246;kl&#252; bi&#231;imde de&#287;i&#351;mesi anlam&#305;na geliyordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n bu de&#287;i&#351;ime verdi&#287;i cevaplardan biri co&#287;rafi oldu. Osmanl&#305; h&#226;kimiyet alanlar&#305;n&#305; a&#351;arak Asya&#8217;ya alternatif deniz yollar&#305;ndan ula&#351;mak hedeflendi. Ku&#351;kusuz Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n tek nedeni &#304;stanbul&#8217;un fethi de&#287;ildi. Denizcilik ve gemi teknolojisindeki ilerlemeler, sermaye birikimi, baharat ticaretinin ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; k&#226;rl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve Avrupa devletleri aras&#305;ndaki rekabet de bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; haz&#305;rlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ancak Osmanl&#305; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n Do&#287;u Akdeniz ve geleneksel do&#287;u-bat&#305; ticaret g&#252;zerg&#226;hlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305;, alternatif yollar aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zland&#305;ran &#246;nemli jeopolitik etkenlerden biri oldu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Portekizliler Afrika k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;ndan g&#252;neye ilerleyerek &#220;mit Burnu&#8217;nu a&#351;t&#305; ve Hint Okyanusu &#252;zerinden Hindistan&#8217;a ula&#351;t&#305;. Bat&#305;ya y&#246;nelen &#304;spanyollar ise Asya&#8217;ya ula&#351;mak isterken Amerika k&#305;tas&#305;na vard&#305;lar. B&#246;ylece Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n ekonomik ve asker&#238; ufku Akdeniz&#8217;in s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; a&#351;arak Atlantik ve Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;. Ard&#305;ndan s&#246;m&#252;rge imparatorluklar&#305;n&#305;n temelleri at&#305;ld&#305; ve d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi birka&#231; y&#252;zy&#305;ll&#305;k s&#252;re&#231; i&#231;inde Akdeniz&#8217;den Atlantik&#8217;e do&#287;ru kaymaya ba&#351;lad&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Atlantik Sistemi ve Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n Y&#252;kseli&#351;i</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m yaln&#305;zca yeni ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305;n bulunmas&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmiyordu. Portekiz ve &#304;spanya ilk b&#252;y&#252;k okyanus imparatorluklar&#305;n&#305; kurarken Hollanda, 17. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ticaret, denizcilik, sigorta ve finans&#305; &#231;ok daha geli&#351;mi&#351; bir sistem i&#231;inde birle&#351;tirdi. Amsterdam d&#252;nya ticaretinin ve finans&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;ca merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Akdeniz&#8217;in denizci cumhuriyetlerinde geli&#351;mi&#351; olan ticaret, kredi, sigorta ve denizcilik birikimi Atlantik d&#252;nyas&#305;nda daha b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli devlet ve sermaye yap&#305;lar&#305;yla b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ti. Sonraki a&#351;amada merkezin Londra&#8217;ya kaymas&#305;yla &#304;ngiltere d&#252;nya sisteminin ba&#351;at g&#252;c&#252; haline geldi. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ise sistemin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi Atlantik&#8217;in &#246;teki yakas&#305;na, New York ve Washington&#8217;a ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Merkantilizm d&#246;neminde devlet, t&#252;ccar ve donanma birbirini tamaml&#305;yordu. Donanma ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; koruyor ve gerekti&#287;inde a&#231;&#305;yor, sermaye yeni b&#246;lgelere giriyor, devlet ise bu ekonomik geni&#351;lemeyi siyasi ve donanma ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;le destekliyordu. Sanayi Devrimi bu mekanizmay&#305; &#231;ok daha ileri ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;. Avrupa sanayisinin hammaddeye, enerjiye ve pazarlara duydu&#287;u ihtiya&#231; artt&#305;k&#231;a kapitalizm emperyalizmle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;ti. 19.y&#252;zy&#305;lda &#304;ngiltere bu d&#252;zenin merkezindeydi. Kraliyet Donanmas&#305; yaln&#305;zca Britanya k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; koruyan bir donanma de&#287;il, k&#252;resel ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;ini ve gerekti&#287;inde denetimini sa&#287;layan d&#252;nya &#231;ap&#305;nda bir g&#252;&#231;t&#252;. Londra finans&#305;, sigorta sistemi, limanlar, deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma rotalar&#305;, k&#246;m&#252;r istasyonlar&#305; ve stratejik bo&#287;azlar ayn&#305; k&#252;resel mimarinin par&#231;alar&#305; haline geldi. B&#246;ylece yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;l s&#252;recek Bat&#305; merkezli d&#252;nya d&#252;zeninin temelleri at&#305;ld&#305;. Sistemin merkezindeki devlet zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;ti. &#214;nce Portekiz ve &#304;spanya, ard&#305;ndan Hollanda, &#304;ngiltere, Fransa ve nihayet Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Fakat sistemin &#246;z&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ayn&#305; kald&#305;. Bu sistemde deniz yollar&#305;na eri&#351;im, sermaye birikimi, teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k ve asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;, d&#252;nya ekonomisinin merkezini kontrol eden devletlere ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; avantaj sa&#287;lad&#305;. Sanayi devrimlerinin her ikisinin de bat&#305;da ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilmesi ve &#246;zellikle gemilerde yelkenden, k&#246;m&#252;re; k&#246;m&#252;rden petrole ge&#231;erek t&#252;m k&#305;talara okyanus ve denizden eri&#351;imi kontrol edebilmenin de sa&#287;lanmas&#305; ile merkantilizmden kapitalizme, emperyalizmden k&#252;reselle&#351;meye uzanan s&#252;re&#231; h&#305;zland&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>1945: S&#246;m&#252;rgecilik Bitti, Hiyerar&#351;i Devam Etti</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;ki d&#252;nya sava&#351;&#305; Pax Britannica&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; t&#252;ketirken ABD, Bat&#305; sisteminin yeni merkezine yerle&#351;ti. Ayn&#305; d&#246;nemde klasik s&#246;m&#252;rge imparatorluklar&#305; &#231;&#246;z&#252;lmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;. Hindistan&#8217;dan Endonezya&#8217;ya, Cezayir&#8217;den Afrika&#8217;n&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;ne kadar onlarca &#252;lke ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kazand&#305;. Ancak siyasi ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;k her zaman ekonomik ve stratejik ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;k anlam&#305;na gelmedi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>S&#246;m&#252;rge valileri &#231;ekilirken do&#287;rudan y&#246;netimin yerini yeni n&#252;fuz ve ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k mekanizmalar&#305; ald&#305;. ABD &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;ndeki asker&#238; ittifaklar, k&#252;resel &#252;s a&#287;&#305;, NATO, Bretton Woods d&#252;zeni, dolar merkezli finans sistemi, IMF ve D&#252;nya Bankas&#305; yeni d&#252;zenin temel kurumlar&#305; oldu. Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler egemen e&#351;itlik ilkesini temsil ederken G&#252;venlik Konseyi&#8217;nin veto sistemi b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;ler aras&#305;ndaki ger&#231;ek hiyerar&#351;iyi yans&#305;t&#305;yordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1945 ayn&#305; zamanda ABD ile Sovyetler Birli&#287;i aras&#305;ndaki So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;yd&#305;. &#304;ki s&#252;per g&#252;&#231; do&#287;rudan kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya gelmekten ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;rken rekabet Kore&#8217;den Vietnam&#8217;a, Laos ve Kambo&#231;ya&#8217;dan Afganistan&#8217;a, Afrika ve Latin Amerika&#8217;ya kadar yay&#305;lan sava&#351;lar, darbeler ve vek&#226;let m&#252;cadeleleri &#252;zerinden y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;ld&#252;. ABD de &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; korumak amac&#305;yla asker&#238; m&#252;dahalelerin yan&#305; s&#305;ra rejim de&#287;i&#351;iklikleri, &#246;rt&#252;l&#252; istihbarat operasyonlar&#305; ve yerel g&#252;&#231;lere destek y&#246;ntemlerini kulland&#305;. Yaln&#305;zca Kore ve Hindi&#231;in sava&#351;lar&#305;nda milyonlarca insan hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetti; So&#287;uk Sava&#351; rekabetinin etkiledi&#287;i di&#287;er &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar eklendi&#287;inde insan bilan&#231;osu &#231;ok daha a&#287;&#305;rla&#351;t&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>K&#305;sacas&#305; klasik s&#246;m&#252;rgecilik sona erdi ancak b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; siyaseti ortadan kalkmad&#305;; bi&#231;im de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Do&#287;rudan y&#246;netimin yerini n&#252;fuz alanlar&#305;, asker&#238; &#252;sler, ittifaklar, finansal ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k ve vek&#226;let sava&#351;lar&#305; ald&#305;. Sovyetler Birli&#287;i yakla&#351;&#305;k yar&#305;m y&#252;zy&#305;l boyunca Bat&#305; sistemine asker&#238; ve ideolojik bir kar&#351;&#305; a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k olu&#351;turdu. 1991&#8217;de Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305;yla bu denge ortadan kalkacak ve d&#252;nya bamba&#351;ka bir d&#246;neme girecekti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>So&#287;uk Sava&#351; Sonras&#305;: Yeni Amerikan Y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305;yla ABD, kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte dengeleyici bir g&#252;&#231; kalmayan benzersiz bir asker&#238;, ekonomik ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e ula&#351;t&#305;. Ancak So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n sona ermesini yeni bir bar&#305;&#351; d&#246;nemi izlemedi. 1990&#8217;larda y&#252;kselen ve daha sonra George W. Bush y&#246;netiminde etkili olan neocon &#231;evreler, sadece Amerikan &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n korunmas&#305; de&#287;il ayn&#305; zamanda &#304;srail&#8217;in jeopolitik hedeflerinin geli&#351;tirilmesi amac&#305;na y&#246;nelik olarak Amerikan asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n r&#305;za i&#231;in de&#287;il zorlama i&#231;in kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; savundu. 1997&#8217;de &#246;nde gelen neoconlar taraf&#305;ndan kurulan Project for the New American Century (PNAC), Amerikan k&#252;resel liderli&#287;inin korunmas&#305; ve ABD asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lmesini a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a stratejik hedef olarak tan&#305;ml&#305;yordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1991 K&#246;rfez Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;yla ba&#351;layan yeni d&#246;nem, Yugoslavya ve Kosova m&#252;dahaleleri, 11 Eyl&#252;l sonras&#305;nda Afganistan ve Irak sava&#351;lar&#305;, ard&#305;ndan Libya, Suriye, Yemen ve daha geni&#351; co&#287;rafyadaki asker&#238; operasyonlarla devam etti. &#214;zellikle 11 Eyl&#252;l, Amerikan asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n kullan&#305;m alan&#305;n&#305; k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte geni&#351;leten b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;r&#305;lma oldu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>2001&#8211;2023 aras&#305;nda Irak, Afganistan, Suriye, Yemen ve Pakistan&#8217;daki sava&#351;larda 940 binden fazla insan do&#287;rudan sava&#351; &#351;iddeti nedeniyle &#246;ld&#252;, bunlar&#305;n 432 binden fazlas&#305; sivildi. Sa&#287;l&#305;k sistemlerinin, ekonomilerin ve altyap&#305;n&#305;n &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252;nden ve ayr&#305;ca m&#252;ltecilerin toplu g&#246;&#231; hareketlerinden kaynaklanan 3,6&#8211;3,8 milyon dolayl&#305; &#246;l&#252;m de hesaba kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda toplam insan kayb&#305;n&#305;n en az 4,5&#8211;4,7</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>milyona ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; tahmin ediliyor. ABD, t&#252;m bu sald&#305;r&#305;lara ra&#287;men m&#252;dahale etti&#287;i yerlere bar&#305;&#351; ve huzur getiremedi. Birinci K&#246;rfez sava&#351;&#305; hari&#231; askeri zafer elde edemedi. &#199;o&#287;unda Vietnam&#8217;da oldu&#287;u gibi geri &#231;ekildi. Tek ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; Avrupa &#252;lkeleri i&#231;inde NATO&#8217;yu geni&#351;letmek oldu. Bu s&#252;re&#231;te y&#305;k&#305;c&#305; stratejide ABD&#8217;nin &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;nden kaynaklanm&#305;yordu. K&#252;resel asker&#238; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;; dolar&#305;n merkez&#238; konumu, finans sistemi, teknoloji, sermaye ve ittifak a&#287;&#305;yla birle&#351;iyordu. Bu nedenle Vietnam&#8217;dan farkl&#305; olarak Irak ve Afganistan&#8217;daki stratejik ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;klar dahi ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta sistemin temelini sarsmad&#305;. ABD sava&#351;lar&#305; kaybedebiliyor, fakat d&#252;nya sistemindeki merkez&#238; konumunu koruyabiliyordu. Yeni Amerikan Y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n as&#305;l g&#252;c&#252; de buradayd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Vietnam ile Bug&#252;n Aras&#305;ndaki Fark</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;nk&#252; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; Vietnam yenilgisiyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;rken temel fark&#305; analiz etmek gerekir. ABD, Vietnam&#8217;daki do&#287;rudan asker&#238; rol&#252;n&#252; 1973&#8217;te b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de sona erdirdi; Saygon ise 1975&#8217;te d&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Buna ra&#287;men ABD d&#252;nya ekonomisinin merkezindeki konumunu koruyor, dolar uluslararas&#305; finans sistemine h&#226;kim olmaya devam ediyor ve Bat&#305; ittifak&#305; ayakta duruyordu. Sovyetler Birli&#287;i asker&#238; ve ideolojik bir rakipti, ancak Amerikan merkezli k&#252;resel ekonomik sisteme ayn&#305; &#246;l&#231;ekte alternatif olu&#351;turam&#305;yordu. Vietnam bir sava&#351;&#305;n kaybedilmesiydi, Amerikan merkezli d&#252;nya sisteminin kaybedilmesi de&#287;ildi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;n&#252;n fark&#305; burada ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Amerikan asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n siyasi sonu&#231; &#252;retme kapasitesinin s&#305;nand&#305;&#287;&#305; bir d&#246;nemde d&#252;nya ekonomisinin a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi Asya&#8217;ya kayd&#305;. 1945&#8217;te tablo bug&#252;n&#252;n neredeyse tersiydi. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n sonunda ABD milli geliri d&#252;nya toplam&#305;n&#305;n %27&#8217;sine ve imalat pay&#305; %50&#8217;sine denk geliyordu. Bu de&#287;erler &#199;in i&#231;in % 5ve %2 idi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>2026&#8217;ya gelindi&#287;inde ise de&#287;erler k&#246;kten de&#287;i&#351;ti. &#199;in d&#252;nya imalat katma de&#287;erinin yakla&#351;&#305;k 32&#8217;sini, ABD ise yakla&#351;&#305;k %18&#8217;ini &#252;retmektedir. &#199;in, &#231;elik, elektrik, otomobil, tak&#305;m tezg&#226;h&#305;, sanayi robotu ve ara sanayi mallar&#305; &#252;retiminde ABD&#8217;nin &#231;ok &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;mi&#351; durumda. M&#252;hendislik, bilimsel yay&#305;nlarda ve STEM mezunu say&#305;s&#305;nda da belirgin bir &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e sahip. &#199;in ayr&#305;ca askerlik &#231;a&#287;&#305;ndaki erkek n&#252;fusu bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemli bir demografik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e sahip. B&#252;t&#252;n bu g&#246;stergeler birlikte de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;inde &#199;in&#8217;in ABD&#8217;ye kar&#351;&#305; avantaj&#305;n&#305;n yaln&#305;zca ekonomik b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kten ibaret olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. &#199;in, &#246;zellikle uzun s&#252;reli bir b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; rekabetinin ve muhtemel bir y&#305;pratma sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n temelini olu&#351;turacak sanayi &#252;retimi, enerji, &#231;elik, makine, m&#252;hendislik ve insan g&#252;c&#252; kapasitesinde &#231;ok g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir maddi tabana sahip.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Di&#287;er yandan &#199;in, Rusya, Hindistan ve di&#287;er y&#252;kselen g&#252;&#231;lerin olu&#351;turdu&#287;u yeni ili&#351;kiler a&#287;&#305;; &#350;&#304;&#214; ve BRICS&#8217;in geni&#351;lemesi, ulusal paralarla ticaret giri&#351;imleri ve alternatif finans kurumlar&#305;n&#305;n geli&#351;mesi, So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tek merkezli d&#252;zenin hareket alan&#305;n&#305; daralt&#305;yor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla mesele yaln&#305;zca ABD&#8217;nin &#304;ran&#8217;da, H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;de veya ba&#351;ka bir cephede asker&#238; hedeflerine ula&#351;&#305;p ula&#351;amamas&#305; de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l tarihsel k&#305;r&#305;lma, Amerikan asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n siyasi sonu&#231; &#252;retme kapasitesindeki a&#351;&#305;nman&#305;n, ekonomik, sanayi ve teknolojik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n Bat&#305; d&#305;&#351;&#305;na kayd&#305;&#287;&#305; ayn&#305; d&#246;neme rastlamas&#305;d&#305;r. Vietnam d&#246;neminde sava&#351; kaybedilmi&#351;ti ama sistem g&#252;&#231;l&#252;yd&#252;, bug&#252;n tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lan, sistemin kendisinin d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;d&#252;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Epic Fury ve De&#287;i&#351;en G&#252;&#231; Dengesi</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;ran sava&#351;&#305; ve ABD&#8217;nin Epic Fury harek&#226;t&#305; bu a&#231;&#305;dan &#246;zel &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yor. ABD&#8217;nin &#304;ran kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda kullanabildi&#287;i asker&#238; yetenek h&#226;l&#226; b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. Ancak bu &#246;l&#231;ekte bir asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n kullan&#305;lmas&#305;, kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n siyasi iradesinin k&#305;r&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; veya sava&#351;&#305;n Washington&#8217;un istedi&#287;i &#351;artlarda sonu&#231;lanaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; art&#305;k garanti etmiyor. ABD Savunma Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; Denetleme Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305; taraf&#305;ndan Eyl&#252;l 2026 i&#231;inde a&#231;&#305;klanan analizdeki, sava&#351; maliyeti ve m&#252;himmat t&#252;ketimine ili&#351;kin veriler Epic Fury&#8217;nin 42 milyar dolar&#305; a&#351;an maliyetini, stratejik m&#252;himmat stoklar&#305;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan a&#231;&#305;klar&#305; ve &#246;zellikle hava ve f&#252;ze savunma &#246;nleme m&#252;himmat&#305;ndaki y&#252;ksek t&#252;ketim seviyelerini a&#231;&#305;&#287;a &#231;&#305;kar&#305;yor. Daha da &#246;te rapor Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri&#8217;nin bu sava&#351;a yeterli planlama veya &#246;ng&#246;r&#252; olmaks&#305;z&#305;n girdi&#287;ini sonucuna var&#305;yor. Rapor stratejik bir yanl&#305;&#351;&#305; resmen kabul ediyor ve dolayl&#305; olarak modern y&#252;ksek yo&#287;unluklu sava&#351;&#305;n ABD a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ne kadar zor s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir hale geldi&#287;ini g&#246;steriyor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Burada Vietnam ile bug&#252;n aras&#305;ndaki fark bir kez daha ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Vietnam Sava&#351;&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda ABD d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k sanayi, finans ve asker&#238; merkezlerinden biriydi ve sava&#351;&#305; kaybetmesine ra&#287;men bu konumunu korudu. Bug&#252;n ise asker&#238; operasyonlar&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; maliyet ve m&#252;himmat t&#252;ketimi, Amerikan sanayi kapasitesinin s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;i ve k&#252;resel y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;klerin ayn&#305; anda kar&#351;&#305;lan&#305;p kar&#351;&#305;lanamayaca&#287;&#305; tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;yla birlikte ya&#351;an&#305;yor. De&#287;i&#351;en &#351;ey Amerikan ordusunun g&#252;&#231;s&#252;zle&#351;mesi kadar, bu g&#252;c&#252;n k&#252;resel sistem &#252;zerindeki eski belirleyicili&#287;i yani r&#305;za &#252;retme yetene&#287;idir. Bug&#252;n de Amerikan askeri varl&#305;&#287;&#305; devasa savunma b&#252;t&#231;esi ve harp silah ara&#231;lar&#305; ile yerini koruyor, fakat ekonomik, teknolojik ve diplomatik m&#252;cadele alan&#305;nda diren&#231; &#252;retenlere kar&#351;&#305; sonu&#231; &#252;retemiyor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>H&#252;rm&#252;z ve Bab &#220;l Mendeb &#8217;in Verdi&#287;i Mesaj</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n en dikkat &#231;ekici g&#246;stergelerinden biri denizlerde ya&#351;an&#305;yor. Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k y&#252;kseli&#351;i b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;, deniz ticaret yollar&#305;n&#305; kontrol etmesi ve gerekti&#287;inde donanma g&#252;c&#252;yle bu yollar &#252;zerindeki siyasi iradesini kabul ettirmesi sayesinde ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;ti. Bug&#252;n ise H&#252;rm&#252;z, Bab &#220;l Mendeb, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de ve Arktik Okyanusunda Kuzey Deniz Rotas&#305;nda ya&#351;anan geli&#351;meler ayn&#305; sistemin s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor. &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;de, Husi (Ensarallah)&#8217;&#305;n ise Bab &#220;l Mendeb ve K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de olu&#351;turdu&#287;u asker&#238; bask&#305; yaln&#305;zca b&#246;lgesel &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar olarak de&#287;erlendirilmemelidir. Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrasya&#8217;n&#305;n kuzeyinde a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; yeni deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rma rotas&#305;na ABD&#8217;nin m&#252;dahale edememesi ayr&#305; de&#287;erlendirilmelidir. Bunlar &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir de&#287;i&#351;imin i&#351;aretlerini ta&#351;&#305;yor. Bat&#305; h&#226;l&#226; son derece b&#252;y&#252;k deniz ve hava g&#252;c&#252;ne sahip olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men bu g&#252;c&#252;n kritik deniz ge&#231;itlerinde s&#305;n&#305;rs&#305;z hareket serbestisi sa&#287;layamad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. F&#252;ze teknolojileri, insans&#305;z sistemler, k&#305;y&#305; konu&#351;lu silahlar ve g&#246;rece d&#252;&#351;&#252;k maliyetli asimetrik yetenekler, b&#252;y&#252;k ve pahal&#305; deniz kuvvetlerinin hareket alan&#305;n&#305; daralt&#305;yor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Burada belirleyici olan ka&#231; u&#231;ak gemisine veya denizalt&#305;ya sahip olundu&#287;u de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l olan bu kuvvetlerin hangi maliyetle, ne kadar s&#252;reyle ve hangi siyasi sonucu elde etmek amac&#305;yla kullan&#305;labildi&#287;idir. Bir u&#231;ak gemisi darbe g&#246;rev grubunun b&#246;lgede bulunmas&#305; ile deniz yolunu siyasi ve asker&#238; olarak kontrol edebilmesi art&#305;k ayn&#305; &#351;ey de&#287;ildir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;de ya&#351;ananlar bu a&#231;&#305;dan semboliktir. ABD b&#252;y&#252;k bir asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; konu&#351;land&#305;rmas&#305;na ra&#287;men &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n ba&#351;ta H&#252;rm&#252;z Bo&#287;az&#305; olmak &#252;zere b&#246;lgedeki deniz ula&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305; &#252;zerindeki bask&#305;s&#305;n&#305; tamamen ortadan kald&#305;ram&#305;yor. Daha da &#246;nemlisi Washington, s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; H&#252;rm&#252;z denkleminde NATO m&#252;ttefikleri ile Kanada, Japonya, Avustralya ve G&#252;ney Kore gibi geleneksel ortaklar&#305;ndan destek aramas&#305;na ra&#287;men, bu &#252;lkeler H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;&#252; asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;le a&#231;mak &#252;zere ABD&#8217;nin yan&#305;nda do&#287;rudan sava&#351;a girmiyor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bab &#220;l Mendeb&#8217;de ise benzer fakat bu kez Suudi Arabistan a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; bir tablo ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Riyad Yemen kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda ABD ve Avrupa&#8217;dan bekledi&#287;i asker&#238; deste&#287;i alam&#305;yor; &#304;ngiltere&#8217;den bekledi&#287;i destek de gelmiyor. Pakistan ve T&#252;rkiye ile geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i yak&#305;n g&#252;venlik ve ittifak ili&#351;kilerine ra&#287;men sahadaki stratejik y&#252;k&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de kendisi ta&#351;&#305;mak zorunda kal&#305;yor. Adeta yaln&#305;z kalan Suudlar &#304;srail&#8217;in deste&#287;ine muhta&#231; hale gelerek Abraham Anla&#351;mas&#305;na taraf olmalar&#305; i&#231;in &#351;antaja u&#287;ruyorlar. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla H&#252;rm&#252;z ile Bab &#220;l Mendeb ayn&#305; tarihsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n iki ayr&#305; laboratuvar&#305; haline geliyor. H&#252;rm&#252;z&#8217;de d&#252;nyan&#305;n en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; asker&#238; devleti ABD, Bab &#220;l Mendeb&#8217;de ise d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k enerji ihracat&#231;&#305;lar&#305;ndan Suudi Arabistan, sahip olduklar&#305; muazzam maddi g&#252;ce ra&#287;men siyasi iradelerini istedikleri &#246;l&#231;&#252;de sahaya yans&#305;tmakta zorlan&#305;yorlar. Asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k ile siyasi irade dayatma kapasitesi aras&#305;ndaki eski ba&#287; zay&#305;fl&#305;yor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;in Ekonomik ve Finansal Y&#252;kseli&#351;i</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Post-kolonyal d&#252;zenin d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n&#252; yaln&#305;zca Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; asker&#238; s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar &#252;zerinden okumak yeterli de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l b&#252;y&#252;k de&#287;i&#351;im ekonomik ve finansal alanda ya&#351;an&#305;yor. Sat&#305;n alma g&#252;c&#252; paritesine g&#246;re y&#252;kselen ve geli&#351;mekte olan ekonomiler art&#305;k d&#252;nya &#252;retiminin &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unu ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirirken IMF ve D&#252;nya Bankas&#305; gibi kurumlar&#305;n kota, oy ve y&#246;netim yap&#305;lar&#305; h&#226;l&#226; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305;ndaki g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n izlerini ta&#351;&#305;yor. BRICS&#8217;in daha fazla temsil talebi ve Yeni Kalk&#305;nma Bankas&#305; gibi alternatif kurumlar&#305;n ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; bu de&#287;i&#351;en ekonomik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n sonucudur.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yeni d&#246;nemin temel &#246;zelli&#287;i K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;in mutlaka Bat&#305; kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; hale gelmesi de&#287;il, Bat&#305;&#8217;ya ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n azalmas&#305;d&#305;r. &#199;in ticaret, sanayi ve finansmanda; Rusya enerji ve asker&#238; teknolojide alternatifler sunarken Hindistan stratejik &#246;zerkli&#287;ini geni&#351;letiyor. K&#246;rfez &#252;lkeleri ise Bat&#305; ile ili&#351;kilerini korurken Asya ile ekonomik ba&#287;lar&#305;n&#305; derinle&#351;tiriyor. B&#246;ylece devletlerin tek bir jeopolitik ve finansal merkeze ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kalmadan farkl&#305; g&#252;&#231; merkezleri aras&#305;nda hareket edebilecekleri alan geni&#351;liyor. Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m finans sisteminde de g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. Yerel paralarla ticaret, alternatif &#246;deme sistemleri ve merkez bankalar&#305;n&#305;n artan alt&#305;n al&#305;mlar&#305; dolar&#305;n k&#305;sa vadede yerini alacak yeni bir sistem yaratm&#305;&#351; de&#287;ildir, ancak devletlere yeni se&#231;enekler sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle rezerv varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n yapt&#305;r&#305;mlarda kullan&#305;labilmesi, alt&#305;n&#305; yeniden bir finansal g&#252;venlik ve egemenlik arac&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#199;in bunun en dikkat &#231;ekici &#246;rneklerinden biridir. Amerikan Hazine tahvillerindeki varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; azalt&#305;rken alt&#305;n rezervlerini art&#305;rmas&#305;, rezervlerin &#231;e&#351;itlendirilmesi y&#246;n&#252;ndeki daha geni&#351; e&#287;ilimin par&#231;as&#305;d&#305;r. Ayn&#305; d&#246;nemde ABD&#8217;nin b&#252;y&#252;yen kamu borcu, y&#252;ksek b&#252;t&#231;e a&#231;&#305;klar&#305; ve uzun vadeli tahvil faizlerindeki y&#252;kseli&#351; de dolar merkezli sistem &#252;zerindeki bask&#305;y&#305; art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla mesele dolar&#305;n &#231;&#246;kmesi veya Amerikan finans sisteminin yak&#305;n zamanda ortadan kalkmas&#305; de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l tarihsel de&#287;i&#351;im, devletlerin tek bir finansal merkeze ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; azaltabilecek alternatiflere giderek daha fazla sahip olmalar&#305;d&#305;r. Alt&#305;n al&#305;mlar&#305;, BRICS&#8217;in yerel para giri&#351;imleri, alternatif &#246;deme sistemleri ve rezerv &#231;e&#351;itlendirmesi ayn&#305; e&#287;ilimin farkl&#305; par&#231;alar&#305;d&#305;r. 1945 sonras&#305;nda kurulan d&#252;zen h&#226;l&#226; g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r; ancak art&#305;k rakipsiz ve alternatifsiz de&#287;ildir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Post-Kolonyal D&#252;zenden &#199;ok Kutuplulu&#287;a</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>K&#252;resel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n izleri Washington&#8217;un kendi stratejik &#246;nceliklerinde de g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. ABD&#8217;nin anakara g&#252;venli&#287;i ve Bat&#305; Yar&#305;mk&#252;reye daha fazla a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k vermesi, Avrupa ve Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;dan asker &#231;ekmesi, k&#252;resel angajmanlar&#305;n&#305;n maliyetini yeniden de&#287;erlendirdi&#287;ini g&#246;steriyor. &#199;in uzun vadeli stratejik rekabetin merkezinde kal&#305;rken Washington, ayn&#305; anda Avrupa&#8217;da Rusya&#8217;y&#305; &#231;evrelemenin, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; s&#252;rd&#252;rmenin, Hint-Pasifik&#8217;te &#199;in&#8217;i s&#305;n&#305;rlaman&#305;n ve k&#252;resel deniz yollar&#305;n&#305;n g&#252;venlik y&#252;k&#252;n&#252; ta&#351;&#305;man&#305;n maliyetleriyle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya bulunuyor. Hegemonik g&#252;&#231; art&#305;k yaln&#305;z rakiplerinin kapasitesini de&#287;il, kendi kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; da hesaba katmak zorunda.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu nedenle ya&#351;ananlar&#305; yaln&#305;zca Amerikan hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n gerilemesi olarak g&#246;rmek eksiktir. 15. y&#252;zy&#305;l sonlar&#305;ndan itibaren geli&#351;en Bat&#305; merkezli sistem, 1945 sonras&#305;nda klasik s&#246;m&#252;rgecili&#287;in yerini alan post-kolonyal d&#252;zende de asker&#238;, finansal ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de korudu. Bug&#252;n ise sanayi &#252;retiminin Asya&#8217;ya kaymas&#305;, teknolojinin &#231;ok merkezli hale gelmesi, finansal alternatiflerin &#231;o&#287;almas&#305; ve Bat&#305; d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki devletlerin asker&#238; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305; bu yap&#305;y&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tiriyor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu s&#252;re&#231; Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n yerine &#199;in&#8217;in ge&#231;ti&#287;i yeni bir tek kutupluluk anlam&#305;na gelmiyor. ABD ve Avrupa g&#252;&#231;l&#252; akt&#246;rler olmaya devam ederken &#199;in, Hindistan, Rusya, T&#252;rkiye ve K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;in di&#287;er merkezleri daha geni&#351; hareket alan&#305; kazan&#305;yor. &#199;ok kutuplulu&#287;un ger&#231;ek anlam&#305; da budur. Tek bir merkezin d&#252;nya sistemine tek ba&#351;&#305;na y&#246;n veremedi&#287;i, g&#252;c&#252;n daha fazla akt&#246;r aras&#305;nda da&#287;&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; yeni bir denge d&#252;zeninin ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#304;srail Fakt&#246;r&#252;: Amerikan Hegemonyas&#305;n&#305;n Me&#351;ruiyet Krizi</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Post Kolonyalizmin &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252;nde b&#252;y&#252;k rol&#252; olan ABD&#8217;nin k&#252;resel gerilemesini yaln&#305;zca &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;&#231;lenmesi, dolar sistemindeki a&#351;&#305;nma veya Amerikan asker&#238; g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; &#252;zerinden a&#231;&#305;klamak eksik kal&#305;r. &#214;zellikle K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;de bu gerilemeyi h&#305;zland&#305;ran fakt&#246;rlerden biri Washington&#8217;un &#304;srail ile kurdu&#287;u neredeyse ko&#351;ulsuz stratejik ili&#351;kidir. 1973 sonras&#305;nda derinle&#351;en, 11 Eyl&#252;l 2001&#8217;den sonra ise &#8220;ter&#246;rle sava&#351;&#8221; paradigmas&#305; i&#231;inde yeni bir boyut kazanan bu ili&#351;ki, Amerikan asker&#238;, ekonomik ve diplomatik g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; &#304;srail&#8217;in g&#252;venlik &#246;ncelikleriyle giderek daha fazla b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;tirdi. ABD&#8217;nin &#252;sleri, hava g&#252;c&#252;, donanmas&#305;, yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; ve finans sistemi uzun s&#252;re b&#246;lge devletlerini Washington kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda ihtiyatl&#305; ve &#231;o&#287;u zaman itaatk&#226;r davranmaya zorlad&#305;. Ancak Amerikan liderli&#287;ine duyulan r&#305;za zamanla yerini Amerikan g&#252;c&#252;nden duyulan korkuya b&#305;rakt&#305;. Oysa hegemonya yaln&#305;z korkuyla de&#287;il, me&#351;ruiyet ve r&#305;zayla s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>7 Ekim 2023 sonras&#305;nda Gazze&#8217;de ya&#351;anan b&#252;y&#252;k insani y&#305;k&#305;m, Bat&#305; &#350;eria ve L&#252;bnan&#8217;daki geli&#351;meler bu me&#351;ruiyet krizini k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte h&#305;zland&#305;rd&#305;. &#304;srail&#8217;in eylemlerinin siyasi faturas&#305; giderek Washington&#8217;a da yaz&#305;ld&#305;, zira &#304;srail&#8217;in bu &#246;l&#231;ekte ve s&#252;reklilikte sava&#351;abilmesi Amerikan silahlar&#305;, m&#252;himmat&#305;, mali deste&#287;i ve diplomatik korumas&#305;yla do&#287;rudan ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305;d&#305;r. B&#246;ylece &#304;srail, Amerikan g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n b&#246;lgede yaln&#305;zca bir kuvvet &#231;arpan&#305; olmaktan &#231;&#305;karak ABD&#8217;nin yumu&#351;ak g&#252;c&#252; ve k&#252;resel me&#351;ruiyeti &#252;zerinde b&#252;y&#252;yen bir y&#252;ke d&#246;n&#252;&#351;meye ba&#351;lad&#305;. ABD i&#231; siyasetindeki &#304;srail yanl&#305;s&#305; lobiler, Evanjelik hareketlerin ideolojik deste&#287;i ve medya, d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce kurulu&#351;lar&#305; ve d&#305;&#351; politika elitleri i&#231;inde kurumsalla&#351;m&#305;&#351; &#304;srail yanl&#305;s&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;m da Washington&#8217;un bu politikadan uzakla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; zorla&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Di&#287;er yandan Gazze&#8217;de ya&#351;anan soyk&#305;r&#305;m ABD kamuoyu ve d&#252;nyada &#304;srail aleyhinde &#231;ok ciddi kamuoyu olu&#351;mu&#351;tur. &#350;u an i&#231;in &#304;srail y&#246;netiminin askeri harekat d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda en b&#252;y&#252;k sorunu s&#246;z konusu &#304;srail imaj&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirmektir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>28 &#350;ubat 2026&#8217;da ba&#351;layan &#304;ran sava&#351;&#305; ise bu ili&#351;kinin asker&#238; s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; daha g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale getirdi. &#304;srail&#8217;in y&#252;ksek teknoloji, istihbarat ve &#246;zellikle hava g&#252;c&#252;ne dayanan &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, &#304;ran gibi b&#252;y&#252;k co&#287;rafyaya, n&#252;fusa, f&#252;ze kapasitesine ve stratejik derinli&#287;e sahip bir devlet kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda tek ba&#351;&#305;na belirleyici siyasi sonu&#231; &#252;retmeye yetmedi. Yemen de benzer bir &#246;rnek olu&#351;turdu. Husilerin K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz ve B&#226;b &#252;l Mendeb &#252;zerindeki bask&#305;s&#305; Eilat&#8217;&#305;n deniz ticaretini a&#287;&#305;r bi&#231;imde etkilerken, ABD ve &#304;srail hava g&#252;c&#252; bu tehdidi ortadan kald&#305;ramad&#305;. Her iki &#252;lkenin de hava g&#252;c&#252;, uzun menzilli hassas vuru&#351; ve teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;e a&#351;&#305;r&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;k kay&#305;plar yaratabilecek kara sava&#351;lar&#305;ndan ka&#231;&#305;nmalar&#305;yla birle&#351;ince asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n siyasi sonu&#231; &#252;retme kapasitesi s&#305;n&#305;rlanmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;srail fakt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;n Amerikan gerilemesindeki as&#305;l &#246;nemi burada ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Uzun y&#305;llar ABD&#8217;nin Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;daki ileri karakolu ve kuvvet &#231;arpan&#305; olan &#304;srail, bug&#252;n Washington&#8217;un K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;deki me&#351;ruiyet kayb&#305;n&#305;n &#246;nemli kaynaklar&#305;ndan birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mektedir. &#304;ran&#8217;a verilen deste&#287;in bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; de &#304;ran rejiminin ideolojisinin benimsenmesinden de&#287;il, Tahran&#8217;&#305;n &#304;srail&#8211;ABD ekseninin bask&#305;s&#305;na direnebilen bir g&#252;&#231; olarak g&#246;r&#252;lmesinden kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r. B&#246;ylece Amerikan hegemonyas&#305; tehlikeli bir e&#351;i&#287;e gelmektedir. &#214;nce r&#305;za a&#351;&#305;nd&#305; ve yerini korku ald&#305;, &#351;imdi &#304;ran ve Yemen &#246;rnekleriyle korku da a&#351;&#305;nmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>500 Y&#305;ll&#305;k D&#246;nem Kapan&#305;rken</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tarihin dikkat &#231;ekici ironisi, Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n y&#252;kseli&#351;i ile bug&#252;nk&#252; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n yeniden deniz yollar&#305;nda kesi&#351;mesidir. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Avrupal&#305;lar Asya&#8217;n&#305;n zenginliklerine ula&#351;abilmek i&#231;in Akdeniz&#8217;in d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;karak okyanuslara a&#231;&#305;ld&#305;lar. Portekiz ve &#304;spanya&#8217;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan Hollanda ve &#304;ngiltere deniz ticaretini k&#252;reselle&#351;tirdi, ABD ise 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ayn&#305; sistemi dolar, u&#231;ak gemileri ve d&#252;nya &#231;ap&#305;ndaki &#252;s a&#287;&#305;yla zirveye ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;n ekonomik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k yeniden Asya&#8217;ya y&#246;nelirken H&#252;rm&#252;z, Bab &#220;l Mendeb, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz, Karadeniz, Hint Okyanusu, G&#252;ney &#199;in Denizi ve Bat&#305; Pasifik d&#252;nya siyasetinin ba&#351;l&#305;ca jeopolitik rekabet alanlar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. &#304;ran sava&#351;&#305;, Ukrayna Rusya Sava&#351;&#305;, Karadeniz, K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz krizi ve Tayvan &#231;evresindeki gerilimler birbirinden tamamen ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z geli&#351;meler de&#287;ildir. Bunlar eski d&#252;zen ile ortaya &#231;&#305;kmakta olan g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n temas hatlar&#305;d&#305;r. Be&#351; y&#252;z y&#305;l &#246;nce Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n temel sorusu Asya&#8217;ya nas&#305;l ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305;yd&#305;. Bug&#252;n temel soru Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n y&#252;kselen Asya ve giderek &#246;zerkle&#351;en K&#252;resel G&#252;ney kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda d&#252;nya sistemini eskisi gibi y&#246;netip y&#246;netemeyece&#287;idir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>S&#246;m&#252;rgecilik 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda sona ermi&#351;ti. &#350;imdi onun ard&#305;ndan kurulan post-kolonyal hiyerar&#351;i de &#231;&#246;z&#252;lmeye ba&#351;l&#305;yor. Bu, Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n veya ABD&#8217;nin &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252; anlam&#305;na gelmiyor. Bat&#305; ortadan kalkm&#305;yor, fakat d&#252;nyan&#305;n geri kalan&#305;n&#305;n &#252;zerinde yer alan ayr&#305;cal&#305;kl&#305; merkez konumunu kaybediyor. Ortaya &#231;&#305;kacak d&#252;nya daha karma&#351;&#305;k yap&#305;da olacakt&#305;r. &#199;ok kutuplulu&#287;a ge&#231;i&#351; d&#246;nemi daha fazla kriz, sava&#351; ve belirsizlik &#252;retebilir. Eski d&#252;zen &#231;&#246;z&#252;l&#252;rken yeni d&#252;zenin kurallar&#305; hen&#252;z yaz&#305;lmad&#305;. 1453&#8217;te &#304;stanbul d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;nde kimse bunun Atlantik merkezli ve yakla&#351;&#305;k be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;l s&#252;recek bir Bat&#305; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n tarihsel ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; noktalar&#305;ndan biri olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; bilmiyordu. 2026&#8217;da da yeni sistemin nihai bi&#231;imini bilmiyoruz. Ancak y&#246;n giderek belirginle&#351;iyor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Sonu&#231;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Post kolonyalizm d&#246;nemi kapan&#305;rken 21.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n temel jeopolitik sorusu art&#305;k Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n d&#252;nyay&#305; nas&#305;l y&#246;netece&#287;i de&#287;il, tek ba&#351;&#305;na y&#246;netemedi&#287;i bir d&#252;nya ile nas&#305;l ya&#351;ayaca&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. Be&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;ll&#305;k Bat&#305; merkezli d&#252;zen d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;rken T&#252;rkiye, 1453&#8217;te d&#252;nya tarihinin y&#246;n&#252;n&#252; de&#287;i&#351;tiren co&#287;rafyan&#305;n &#252;zerinde yeniden kritik bir kav&#351;akta bulunmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin g&#252;c&#252; tek bir unsurdan de&#287;il; jeostratejik konumu, Bo&#287;azlar, g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve kullan&#305;labilir asker&#238; kapasitesi, geli&#351;en savunma sanayii, geni&#351; diplomatik a&#287;&#305;, sanayi taban&#305;, T&#252;rk d&#252;nyas&#305;yla ba&#287;lar&#305; ve enerji-ula&#351;t&#305;rma koridorlar&#305;ndaki merkezi konumunun birle&#351;iminden kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca Do&#287;u ile Bat&#305; aras&#305;nda bir k&#246;pr&#252; de&#287;il, Balkanlar, Karadeniz, Kafkasya, Do&#287;u Akdeniz, Bat&#305; Asya ve Afrika aras&#305;ndaki dengeleri etkileyebilen merkez niteli&#287;indedir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ancak jeopolitik etkinlik tek ba&#351;&#305;na kal&#305;c&#305; g&#252;&#231; anlam&#305;na gelmez. Bug&#252;n i&#231;in ekonomik istikrars&#305;zl&#305;k, kutupla&#351;ma, parlamenter sistemdeki zafiyetler (kuvvetler ayr&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, kontrol ve denge) finansman ve sermaye yetersizli&#287;i, hukukun siyasalla&#351;mas&#305;, gelir da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m e&#351;itsizli&#287;i, kritik teknolojilerde d&#305;&#351;a ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k, nitelikli insan sermayesi, enerji, lojistik ve kurumsal birikim sorunlar&#305; T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin &#246;n&#252;ndeki temel s&#305;n&#305;rlamalard&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye i&#231;in &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki d&#246;nemin belirleyici sorusu, bu sorunlar&#305; atlat&#305;p sahip oldu&#287;u jeopolitik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n kal&#305;c&#305; bir devlet kapasitesine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;p d&#246;n&#252;&#351;meyece&#287;idir. Bug&#252;n geni&#351; bir co&#287;rafyada asker&#238;, diplomatik ve siyasi sonu&#231;lar yaratabilen T&#252;rkiye, bu etkinli&#287;i ancak g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#252;retim yap&#305;s&#305;, bilim ve teknoloji altyap&#305;s&#305;, sermaye birikimi, nitelikli insan kayna&#287;&#305; ve sa&#287;lam kurumlarla uzun vadeye ta&#351;&#305;yabilir.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FROM GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY TO SANCTIONS ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Yesterday, the warship was the most effective ambassador in grey. Today, when the warship puts to sea, economic and legal power sail with it.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-gunboat-diplomacy-to-sanctions</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/from-gunboat-diplomacy-to-sanctions</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2026 19:14:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21rvAr%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21rvAr%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21rvAr%21%2Cw_1456%2Cc_limit%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rvAr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915b534d-5a0c-46ce-90ff-da3309013c84_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Throughout history, sea power has been one of the most effective instruments not only for winning wars, but also for achieving political objectives without going to war. From the age of sail to the age of steam, and from dreadnoughts to aircraft carriers, powerful navies have often been able to alter the decisions of governments without employing their firepower. The dictum attributed to the English republican Oliver Cromwell, &#8220;A warship is the best ambassador,&#8221; expresses this understanding with remarkable simplicity. This concept would reach its maturity within the British tradition of sea power after Nelson and become one of the principal instruments of the imperial foreign policy of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the United States inherited and employed the same method on a global scale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Gunboat diplomacy is the employment of sea power as an instrument of coercive diplomacy in times of crisis. It carries with it a clearly perceptible willingness to employ firepower if necessary. Throughout history, gunboat diplomacy has therefore remained one of the most flexible instruments available to states in the conduct of foreign and security policy.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Naval forces possess a unique combination of flexibility, endurance, sustainable firepower, self-sufficiency and mobility. They can operate freely on the high seas and, unlike land and air forces, their deployment to a crisis area does not normally depend upon obtaining transit permission from third countries. These characteristics make naval forces among the most effective and flexible instruments that can be employed from the very outset of a crisis.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No permission is required for deployment or passage on the high seas. Through the regimes of innocent passage and transit passage, naval forces may also navigate through foreign territorial seas, international straits and relevant waterways in accordance with international law. Warships can emerge from beyond the horizon and, through their physical presence and imposing appearance alone, generate a profound psychological effect upon both governments and public opinion. Once their mission has been accomplished, they can rapidly withdraw beyond the horizon and disappear from public view. Yet even when they remain over the horizon, the knowledge of their presence can continue to influence the psychology and calculations of governments and societies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Gunboat diplomacy, generated by both the tangible and intangible presence of a warship, involves the limited employment&#8212;or threat of employment&#8212;of naval forces short of war, with the purpose of bringing an international or domestic dispute to a conclusion favorable to one&#8217;s own state, or of preventing, limiting or delaying the material and political consequences that might otherwise arise from such a dispute.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The modern theoretical framework of this method was developed by the British diplomat and naval strategist Sir James Cable. In his 1971 work </span><em><span>Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Applications of Limited Naval Force</span></em><span>, Cable defined gunboat diplomacy as the use, or threat of use, of limited naval force short of war to secure advantage or avert loss in an international dispute. For Cable, the essential issue was not necessarily the actual opening of fire. The central point was that the warship itself could become the visible, mobile and credible embodiment of political will.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>According to Cable, sea power could be employed to create a </span><em><span>fait accompli</span></em><span> or to reverse an existing one; to compel an adversary to alter its behavior or policy; to generate additional options during an escalating crisis, thereby gaining time while maintaining forces in the area capable of intervening in subsequent developments; and, finally, to demonstrate political resolve and strategic intent through the visible presence of warships. The essence of all these functions can be reduced to a single strategic principle: to compel without going to war.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Maritime Coercion in the Age of Empires</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The nineteenth century was replete with classic examples of gunboat diplomacy. The Don Pacifico Affair of 1850 began after Greece refused to compensate Don Pacifico, a Jewish businessman and British subject whose house in Athens had been ransacked by a fanatical Orthodox Greek mob. Britain responded by employing its naval power to blockade Piraeus. Prime Minister Lord Palmerston defended the principle that a British subject, wherever he might be in the world, should enjoy the protection of British power, invoking the famous formula </span><em><span>Civis Romanus sum</span></em><span>. Despite objections from France and Russia, Britain ultimately forced Greece to retreat from its position. The crisis became a classic example of gunboat diplomacy in which British naval superiority was transformed, without a declaration of war, into economic pressure and ultimately into a diplomatic outcome.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another prominent example came in 1853&#8211;1854, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived with his fleet of &#8220;Black Ships&#8221; and compelled isolationist Japan to open its doors to trade with the United States. Similarly, in 1902, Britain, Germany and Italy imposed a naval blockade on Venezuela after the country defaulted on its foreign debts. Venezuelan warships were seized and ports blockaded, eventually compelling Caracas to reach arrangements concerning repayment. This became another classic example of gunboat diplomacy: the use of sea power for debt enforcement and political coercion. In essence, the targeted state was confronted with a stark choice&#8212;either accept the political demands imposed upon it or face the consequences that superior naval power operating off its coast could inflict.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The fundamental condition that made this system effective was the military asymmetry between the great power and the targeted state. Most coastal states possessed neither a navy capable of challenging an adversary on the high seas nor long-range coastal-defense systems, precision-guided missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, submarines or sophisticated mine-warfare capabilities. The warship was therefore not merely a military platform; it was the armed, visible and mobile embodiment of political will.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Cold War and Aircraft Carrier Diplomacy</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>After the Second World War, gunboat diplomacy changed its form rather than disappearing. The advent of nuclear weapons made direct military confrontation between the great powers extraordinarily dangerous, yet crises, proxy wars and limited conflicts continued across the geopolitical periphery. It was precisely within this environment that naval forces became highly effective instruments for political pressure, signaling and demonstrations of power through conventional military capabilities. The deployment of a carrier strike group (CSG) to a crisis zone, the movement of an amphibious force towards a hostile coastline, or the deployment of nuclear-powered submarines into a region could convey a powerful political and strategic message.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Taiwan Strait crises of the 1950s, the 1958 Lebanon crisis, the maritime quarantine imposed during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the deployment of the USS </span><em><span>Enterprise</span></em><span> task group to the Bay of Bengal during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, and the dispatch of two US aircraft carrier groups to the region during the 1995&#8211;1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis were different manifestations of the same tradition. Even throughout the proxy wars of the Cold War, gunboat diplomacy remained very much alive.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What had changed was principally the scale and technological character of the instrument. The gunboats and cruisers of the imperial age had increasingly given way to aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered submarines, amphibious forces and long-range naval aviation. Yet the underlying strategic logic remained unchanged: to translate the presence and potential firepower of naval forces into political influence without crossing the threshold into full-scale war.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>T&#252;rkiye and Cyprus, 1974</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation also constitutes an important example of the ability of sea power to generate political outcomes. Here, however, the boundary established by Cable&#8217;s definition must be drawn carefully. Once the operation entered the actual phases of amphibious landing and combat, it moved beyond gunboat diplomacy in the classical sense and became a direct military operation. Prior to that threshold, however, the deployment of naval forces, the assembly of the amphibious force and the presence of the Turkish Navy around the island corresponded closely to Cable&#8217;s concept of limited naval force employed as an instrument of political pressure and as a demonstration of political resolve. Indeed, Cable would later discuss the 1974 Cyprus intervention alongside the Falklands case when examining the impact of limited naval force upon political decision-making. From T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s perspective, the fundamental lesson of Cyprus was clear: sea power could be employed not only to fight at sea, but also to alter the political outcome on land.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Unipolar Era and the Golden Autumn of Gunboat Diplomacy</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The unipolar era that emerged following the dissolution of the Soviet Union opened a new and exceptionally favorable strategic space for gunboat diplomacy. American aircraft carriers no longer faced a Soviet Navy capable of challenging them on a comparable global scale. From the Adriatic to the Persian Gulf, and from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, US naval power enjoyed an extraordinary degree of freedom of maneuver. The approach of an American carrier strike group towards the coast of a targeted state was a major political event. This was because the aircraft carrier carried not only combat aircraft, but also the political will of the United States. Yet this era was not destined to last indefinitely.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Arming of the Littorals and the End of the Era of Cost-Free Approach</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of the most significant military transformations of the twenty-first century has taken place not so much aboard warships as along the littorals themselves. Long-range anti-ship missiles, ballistic and cruise missiles, quiet diesel-electric submarines, naval mines, unmanned aerial vehicles, loitering munitions, unmanned surface vessels, satellite reconnaissance systems, and network-centric detection, tracking and targeting capabilities have provided coastal states&#8212;many of which were previously extremely vulnerable&#8212;with the means to threaten the highly expensive platforms of major naval powers.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Therefore, the traditional asymmetry in the cost of armed conflict and warfare has begun to reverse. A warship worth billions of dollars can now be threatened by a missile, UAV or unmanned system costing hundreds or even thousands of times less. The privilege of approaching an adversary&#8217;s coast with relative impunity&#8212;the psychological foundation upon which classical gunboat diplomacy largely rested&#8212;has therefore begun to erode.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The area-denial and anti-access capabilities employed by Iran in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, and by the Houthis in the Red Sea, provide striking contemporary examples of this transformation. In and around the Strait of Hormuz, distributed force structures combining shore-based missiles, UAVs, naval mines and small attack craft have constrained the freedom of maneuver of major surface combatants. The Russia&#8211;Ukraine War in the Black Sea has produced similar results. Despite lacking a powerful conventional navy, Ukraine has been able to impose significant constraints on the freedom of maneuver of the Russian Black Sea Fleet through the employment of coastal missile systems, unmanned surface vessels and long-range UAVs. The strategic implication is profound. In the littoral battlespace of the twenty-first century, command of the sea and the ability to approach an adversary&#8217;s coast without prohibitive cost are no longer synonymous.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Sanctions Join the Gunboat</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>As the operational cost of classical gunboat diplomacy and maritime coercion has increased, another mechanism of coercion has progressively moved to the forefront. This system, which may be described as sanctions diplomacy, differs considerably from its predecessor. In the past, a warship would be dispatched off the port of the targeted state. Today, a tanker carrying that state&#8217;s oil may, without authorization from the UN Security Council, be labelled part of a &#8220;shadow fleet,&#8221; deprived of insurance coverage, excluded from financial systems, denied access to ports, prevented from obtaining services from classification societies, and placed&#8212;together with its owning or operating companies&#8212;on sanctions lists. In this manner, some of the functions once performed by a physical naval blockade are increasingly being exercised through instruments of financial and legal blockade.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The sanctions regimes imposed against Russia and Iran constitute the largest contemporary laboratories of this transformation. Hundreds of vessels have been placed on Western sanctions lists on the grounds that they transport Russian oil. In response, Russia and the actors continuing to trade with it have developed alternative insurance, flagging, corporate and payment mechanisms, creating a vast maritime transportation network commonly described as the &#8220;shadow fleet.&#8221; As a result, a sanctions confrontation that initially took place primarily within the financial and legal domains has gradually begun to return to the physical maritime domain.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>From Sanctions to Physical Interdiction</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The year 2026 marked an important threshold in the progressive transformation of unilateral economic sanctions into physical coercion at sea. During the wars involving Ukraine and Iran, merchant vessels placed on sanctions lists by the United States, the United Kingdom and certain European states faced not only restrictions involving ports, insurance and financing, but also the prospect of being stopped, inspected and boarded with the support of warships and military helicopters. Vessels alleged to have links with Russia and Iran&#8212;and described in Western terminology as belonging to &#8220;shadow fleets&#8221;&#8212;became principal targets of these practices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The fundamental legal issue is that the inclusion of a vessel on a sanctions list maintained by the United States, the European Union or the United Kingdom does not create a legal authority to interfere with a foreign-flagged merchant vessel on the high seas. These measures are not universal sanctions adopted by the UN Security Council, but unilateral or regional measures deriving from the domestic or collective legal frameworks of the states concerned. Consequently, the mere presence of a vessel on such a sanctions list does not automatically confer upon third states the right to stop and board that vessel on the high seas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Article 110 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is therefore of particular importance. On the high seas, the fundamental principle is the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. The right of a foreign warship to visit a merchant vessel is confined to a limited number of circumstances, including piracy, the slave trade, unauthorized broadcasting, statelessness, or situations involving false claims of nationality. Being a &#8220;sanctioned vessel&#8221; or a vessel belonging to a so-called &#8220;shadow fleet&#8221; is not among the grounds for the right of visit enumerated in Article 110.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The fact that Western states, rather than relying solely upon their sanction&#8217;s designations, have sought to justify certain interdictions by invoking statelessness, invalid registration or questionable flag status is itself an implicit recognition of this legal reality. Interference on the high seas with a validly flagged foreign merchant vessel solely because it appears on a US, EU or UK sanctions list therefore raises serious questions under international law. Any contrary approach would effectively transform unilateral sanctions regimes into a form of global maritime law-enforcement authority.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The military consequences of this development have already begun to emerge. Russia has started providing naval escorts to certain sanctioned merchant vessels, using warships to offer protection against potential Western interdiction attempts. The issue of economic sanctions is thereby moving directly into the sphere of military interaction between states. When a warship seeking to enforce sanctions encounters the warship of another state protecting a merchant vessel, an economic sanctions dispute can rapidly escalate into a serious maritime crisis. The transformation of unilateral sanctions lacking UN Security Council authorization into physical interdiction on the high seas&#8212;through an expansive interpretation of the limited exceptions provided under UNCLOS&#8212;risks eroding both the freedom of the high seas and the principle of exclusive flag-state jurisdiction. Methods employed today against Russia or Iran may tomorrow be invoked by other states for entirely different purposes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of the major struggles of the coming era will therefore take place not merely between ships at sea, but over a much more fundamental question: under whose rules, and according to which body of law, will the high seas be governed?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Conclusion: The New Order of Maritime Coercion in the Twenty-First Century</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Viewed across nearly two centuries of historical evolution, the instruments of maritime coercion have not disappeared. On the contrary, they have changed form and become increasingly complex. In the nineteenth century, the appearance of a warship off the coast of a targeted state could by itself be sufficient to influence political decision-making. In the twentieth century, carrier strike groups assumed the same function on a vastly greater scale. In the first quarter of the twenty-first century, however, sea power is becoming part of a new coercive mechanism integrating naval forces with sanctions lists, financial systems, insurance regimes, port restrictions, satellite surveillance and, when required, military forces capable of physical interdiction at sea.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Gunboat diplomacy itself has not disappeared either. China&#8217;s large-scale military exercises around Taiwan and the persistent naval presence of the United States and its allies in the Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean and Persian Gulf are contemporary manifestations of the same strategic tradition. Yet gunboat diplomacy is no longer exercised merely through the visible presence of warships. The declaration of extensive exercise areas through NAVTEX and similar navigational and safety notifications, the establishment of danger areas, the creation of maritime zones that vessels are temporarily advised to avoid or whose practical accessibility is restricted, and the use of intensive air and naval exercises to exert pressure upon the commercial and military use of particular maritime spaces have all become part of the modern repertoire of maritime coercion. Although such measures do not legally constitute a blockade or a declaration of sovereignty, depending upon their duration, geographical extent and the degree to which they are supported by military force, they can become instruments for creating </span><em><span>faits accomplis</span></em><span> at sea and conveying political messages.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, the overwhelming superiority upon which the old model depended has been eroded. Littoral regions are no longer as defenseless as they were during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Long-range anti-ship missiles, ballistic and hypersonic systems, submarines, unmanned platforms and shore-based sensor networks mean that while the approach of an aircraft carrier or major surface combatant towards an adversary&#8217;s coast continues to convey a powerful political message, it simultaneously generates an increasingly serious operational&#8212;and potentially strategic&#8212;risk. Particularly for Western naval powers, the center of gravity of coercion is therefore shifting from sinking the ship to preventing it from trading; from destroying the port to denying access to it; and from classical naval blockade to financial, legal and technological blockade.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yet the boundary between economic and legal coercion on the one hand and the physical employment of naval power on the other is also becoming increasingly blurred. As demonstrated during the wars involving Ukraine and Iran, the stopping or boarding of merchant vessels placed on unilateral sanctions lists, supported by warships and military helicopters, represents the most dangerous stage of this transformation. The conversion of sanctions lacking UN Security Council authorization into physical interdiction on the high seas directly engages the principles of freedom of the high seas and the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. Of particular importance is the fact that Article 110 of UNCLOS contains no independent category granting a right of visit merely because a vessel is &#8220;sanctioned&#8221; or belongs to a so-called &#8220;shadow fleet.&#8221; Russia&#8217;s decision to provide naval escorts to certain merchant vessels further demonstrates how dramatically the distance between economic sanctions and direct military encounters between states has narrowed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today, the gunboat is still at sea, but it no longer sails alone. Alongside it sail the bank, the insurance company, the satellite, the sanctions list, the port state and the lawyer, while NAVTEX notifications delineate exercise and danger areas across the maritime domain. The gunboat diplomacy of the nineteenth century is thus evolving into a multilayered system of maritime coercion in the twenty-first century, in which economic, legal, technological and military instruments are employed in combination.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yesterday, the warship was the most effective ambassador in grey. Today, when the warship puts to sea, economic and legal power sail with it.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[GANBOT DİPLOMASİSİNDEN YAPTIRIMLARA]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#252;n sava&#351; gemisi en etkili gri renkli bir b&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;iydi. Bug&#252;n ise sava&#351; gemisi sefere &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, ekonomik ve hukuki g&#252;&#231; de ona refakat etmektedir.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/ganbot-diplomasisinden-yaptirimlara</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/ganbot-diplomasisinden-yaptirimlara</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2026 07:37:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="iframe.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstackcdn.com%2Fimage%2Ffetch%2F%24s_%21d5i8%21%2Cf_auto%2Cq_auto%3Agood%2Cfl_progressive%3Asteep%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%252Fpublic%252Fimages%252Fd4711665-cb42-4ed8-9c2a-7d09a1d89742_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Deniz g&#252;c&#252; tarih boyunca yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; kazanman&#305;n de&#287;il, sava&#351;madan siyasi sonu&#231; elde etmenin de en etkili ara&#231;lar&#305;ndan biri oldu. Yelken &#231;a&#287;&#305;ndan buhar &#231;a&#287;&#305;na, dretnotlardan u&#231;ak gemilerine kadar b&#252;y&#252;k donanmalar gerekti&#287;inde ate&#351; g&#252;&#231;lerini kullanmadan ba&#351;kentlerin kararlar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirebildiler. &#304;ngiliz Cumhuriyet&#231;i Oliver Cromwell&#8217;e atfedilen &#8220;Bir sava&#351; gemisi en iyi b&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;idir&#8221; s&#246;z&#252; bu anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; son derece yal&#305;n bi&#231;imde ifade eder. Bu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce &#304;ngiliz deniz g&#252;c&#252; gelene&#287;inde Nelson sonras&#305;nda zirveye ula&#351;acak, 19. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n emperyal sisteminin temel d&#305;&#351; politika ara&#231;lar&#305;ndan birine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ecekti. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ise ABD ayn&#305; y&#246;ntemi k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte devrald&#305;. Ganbot diplomasisi, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n bir kriz ortam&#305;nda zorlay&#305;c&#305; diplomasi arac&#305; olarak kullan&#305;m&#305;d&#305;r. Ganbot diplomasisinde ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252; kullan&#305;m niyeti a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r. Tarih boyunca ganbot diplomasisi, devletlerin en esnek d&#305;&#351; politika ve g&#252;venlik politikas&#305; arac&#305; olmu&#351;tur.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Donanmalar sahip olduklar&#305; esneklik, uzun s&#252;reli harek&#226;t yetene&#287;i, idame edilebilir ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252;, kendi kendine yeterlilik, hareketlilik, a&#231;&#305;k denizleri serbest&#231;e kullanabilme, kriz alanlar&#305;na intikal i&#231;in kara ve hava &#252;lkelerinden ge&#231;i&#351; izni gibi k&#305;s&#305;tlamalara tabi olmama &#246;zellikleri sayesinde bir krizde ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;tan itibaren en etkin ve esnek &#351;ekilde kullan&#305;labilen kuvvetlerdir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Denizlerde konu&#351;lanma ve ge&#231;i&#351;ler i&#231;in izin almaya gerek yoktur. Zarars&#305;z ge&#231;i&#351; ve transit ge&#231;i&#351;ler ile yabanc&#305; &#252;lke karasular&#305; ile bo&#287;az ve kanallar&#305;ndan ge&#231;i&#351; yap&#305;labilir. Donanma unsurlar&#305;, ufkun &#246;tesinden &#231;&#305;k&#305;p gelmeleri ve etkileyici g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;&#351;leri ile kamuoylar&#305;nda ve h&#252;k&#252;metler &#252;zerinde derin psikolojik etki yaratabilirler. Hedeflerine eri&#351;tikten sonra bir anda ufuk hatt&#305;n&#305;n gerisine &#231;ekilip; kamuoyunun g&#246;z&#252; &#246;n&#252;nden kaybolabilirler. Ancak ufuk &#246;tesindeki varl&#305;klar&#305; dahi, her an halk&#305;n ve h&#252;k&#252;metlerin psikolojisini etkileyebilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sava&#351; gemisinin maddi ve soyut varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;turdu&#287;u Ganbot diplomasisi bir uluslararas&#305; veya i&#231; sorunun kendi devletimiz lehinde sonu&#231;lanmas&#305; ya da bu sorun nedeniyle olu&#351;abilecek maddi veya manevi zararlar&#305;n geciktirilmesi maksad&#305;yla sava&#351; zaman&#305; kullan&#305;m&#305; hari&#231;, deniz kuvvetlerinin k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde kullan&#305;m&#305; veya kullan&#305;m tehdidini i&#231;erir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu y&#246;ntemin modern teorisini ortaya koyan isim &#304;ngiliz diplomat ve deniz stratejisti Sir James Cable oldu. Cable, 1971 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;mlanan Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Applications of Limited Naval Force adl&#305; eserinde ganbot diplomasisini, sava&#351; seviyesine varmadan s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; deniz kuvvetinin kullan&#305;lmas&#305; veya kullan&#305;lmas&#305; tehdidi yoluyla bir uluslararas&#305; uyu&#351;mazl&#305;kta avantaj sa&#287;lamak ya da kayb&#305; &#246;nlemek &#351;eklinde tan&#305;mlad&#305;. Cable a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan mesele mutlaka ate&#351; a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305; de&#287;ildi. As&#305;l mesele sava&#351; gemisinin siyasi iradenin g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r ve hareketli temsilcisine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesiydi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cable&#8217;a g&#246;re deniz g&#252;c&#252; bir emrivaki yaratmak veya mevcut bir emrivakiyi ortadan kald&#305;rmak i&#231;in; kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; veya politikas&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirmeye zorlamak i&#231;in; t&#305;rman&#305;&#351;a ge&#231;en kriz s&#305;ras&#305;nda se&#231;enek yaratmak ve b&#246;ylece zaman kazanmak ve geli&#351;melere m&#252;dahale edebilecek kuvveti b&#246;lgede haz&#305;r tutmak i&#231;in ve son olarak da siyasi kararl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ve niyeti sava&#351; gemilerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;zerinden g&#246;stermek i&#231;in kullan&#305;labilirdi. Hepsinin &#246;zeti ise sava&#351;madan zorlamak idi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#304;mparatorluklar &#199;a&#287;&#305;n&#305;n Denizden Zorlamas&#305;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>19.y&#252;zy&#305;l ganbot diplomasisinin klasik &#246;rnekleriyle doludur. 1850 Don Pacifico Krizi, Atina&#8217;da evi fanatik ortodoks Yunan halk&#305; taraf&#305;ndan ya&#287;malanan &#304;ngiliz tebaas&#305; Yahudi i&#351;adam&#305; Don Pacifico&#8217;nun tazminat talebini Yunanistan&#8217;&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;lamamas&#305; &#252;zerine &#304;ngiltere&#8217;nin donanmay&#305; kullanarak Pire&#8217;yi abluka alt&#305;na almas&#305;yla ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ba&#351;bakan Lord Palmerston, &#304;ngiliz vatanda&#351;&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;nyan&#305;n her yerinde &#304;ngiliz g&#252;c&#252; taraf&#305;ndan korunaca&#287;&#305; &#8220;Civis Romanus sum&#8221; anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; savundu. Fransa ve Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n itirazlar&#305;na ra&#287;men Yunanistan&#8217;a geri ad&#305;m att&#305;rd&#305;. Kriz, &#304;ngiliz deniz &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n sava&#351; ilan etmeden ekonomik bask&#305;ya ve diplomatik sonuca d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; klasik ganbot diplomasi &#246;rne&#287;i idi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1853&#8211;1854&#8217;te Amerikal&#305; Amiral Matthew Perry&#8217;nin &#8220;Kara Gemiler (Black Ships)&#8221; filosuyla korumac&#305; Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n ABD ile ticaret i&#231;in kap&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;maya zorlamas&#305; di&#287;er bir &#246;rnektir. 1902&#8217;de &#304;ngiltere, Almanya ve &#304;talya&#8217;n&#305;n, d&#305;&#351; bor&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;demeyen Venezuela&#8217;ya kar&#351;&#305; deniz ablukas&#305; ba&#351;latmalar&#305; ve sava&#351; gemilerine el koyarak limanlar&#305;n&#305; kapatmalar&#305; sonucu bor&#231;lar&#305;n &#246;denmesinin sa&#287;lanmas&#305; deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n bor&#231; tahsilat&#305; ve siyasi bask&#305; amac&#305;yla kullan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; klasik &#8220;ganbot diplomasi&#8217;&#8217; &#246;rneklerinden biri oldu. Hedefe koyulan devletin kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;na esas itibar&#305;yla siyasi talebi kabul etmek veya k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;ndaki &#252;st&#252;n deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yaratabilece&#287;i sonu&#231;lar&#305; g&#246;ze almak se&#231;ene&#287;i sunuluyordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu sistemin &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan temel unsur b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; ile hedef devlet aras&#305;ndaki asker&#238; asimetriydi. K&#305;y&#305; devletlerinin &#231;o&#287;unun a&#231;&#305;k denizde kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k verecek donanmas&#305;, uzun menzilli k&#305;y&#305; savunma sistemi, hassas g&#252;d&#252;ml&#252; f&#252;zesi, insans&#305;z hava arac&#305;, denizalt&#305;s&#305; veya geli&#351;mi&#351; may&#305;n kapasitesi yoktu. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla sava&#351; gemisi yaln&#305;zca asker&#238; bir platform de&#287;il, siyasi iradenin silahl&#305; ve g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r temsilcisiydi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>So&#287;uk Sava&#351; ve U&#231;ak Gemisi Diplomasisi</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndan sonra ganbot diplomasisi bi&#231;im de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. N&#252;kleer silahlar&#305;n ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerin do&#287;rudan sava&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; son derece tehlikeli hale getirirken &#231;evre b&#246;lgelerde krizler, vek&#226;let sava&#351;lar&#305; ve s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar devam etti. Tam da bu ortamda donanmalar konvansiyonel ate&#351; g&#252;c&#252; &#252;zerinden siyasi bask&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; g&#246;sterisinin son derece kullan&#305;&#351;l&#305; ara&#231;lar&#305; haline geldi. Bir u&#231;ak gemisi darbe g&#246;rev grubunun (CSG) kriz b&#246;lgesine g&#246;nderilmesi, amfibi filonun k&#305;y&#305;ya yakla&#351;mas&#305; veya n&#252;kler denizalt&#305;lar&#305;n b&#246;lgeye intikali ba&#351;l&#305; ba&#351;&#305;na siyasi mesaj ta&#351;&#305;yordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1950&#8217;lerin Tayvan Bo&#287;az&#305; krizleri, 1958 L&#252;bnan krizi, 1962 K&#252;ba F&#252;ze Krizi&#8217;nde deniz karantinas&#305; uygulamas&#305;, 1971 Hint-Pakistan Sava&#351;&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda USS </span><em><span>Enterprise</span></em><span> g&#246;rev grubunun Bengal K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ne g&#246;nderilmesi ve 1995&#8211;1996 Tayvan Bo&#287;az&#305; Krizi&#8217;nde iki Amerikan u&#231;ak gemisi grubunun b&#246;lgeye sevk edilmesi bu gelene&#287;in farkl&#305; &#246;rnekleriydi. So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n vek&#226;let sava&#351;lar&#305;nda dahi ganbot diplomasisi ya&#351;amaya devam etti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>T&#252;rkiye ve 1974 K&#305;br&#305;s</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin 1974 K&#305;br&#305;s Bar&#305;&#351; Harek&#226;t&#305; da deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n siyasi sonu&#231; &#252;retmesinin &#246;nemli &#246;rneklerinden biridir. Burada Cable&#8217;&#305;n tan&#305;m&#305;ndaki s&#305;n&#305;r&#305; do&#287;ru &#231;izmek gerekir. Harek&#226;t&#305;n fiilen &#231;&#305;karma ve muharebe safhas&#305;na ge&#231;mesinden sonra olay klasik anlamda ganbot diplomasisinin &#246;tesine ge&#231;mi&#351; ve do&#287;rudan asker&#238; harek&#226;t haline gelmi&#351;tir. Ancak harek&#226;t &#246;ncesindeki deniz kuvveti intikali, &#231;&#305;karma g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n olu&#351;turulmas&#305; ve T&#252;rk Donanmas&#305;n&#305;n Ada &#231;evresindeki varl&#305;&#287;&#305;, Cable&#8217;&#305;n tarif etti&#287;i s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; deniz kuvvetinin siyasi bask&#305; ve kararl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;stergesi olarak kullan&#305;lmas&#305; mant&#305;&#287;&#305;yla b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mektedir. Nitekim Cable daha sonra 1974 K&#305;br&#305;s m&#252;dahalesini Falkland &#246;rne&#287;iyle birlikte ele al&#305;rken s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; deniz kuvvetinin siyasi karar mekanizmalar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisini tart&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan K&#305;br&#305;s &#246;rne&#287;inin ortaya koydu&#287;u temel ger&#231;ek, deniz g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n yaln&#305;zca denizde sava&#351;mak i&#231;in de&#287;il, karadaki siyasi sonucu de&#287;i&#351;tirmek amac&#305;yla da kullan&#305;labilece&#287;idir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Tek Kutuplu D&#246;nem ve Ganbot Diplomasisinin Alt&#305;n Sonbahar&#305;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305;yla ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tek kutuplu d&#246;nem ganbot diplomasisine yeni ve &#231;ok g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir alan a&#231;t&#305;. Amerikan u&#231;ak gemilerinin kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda art&#305;k k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte e&#351;de&#287;er bir Sovyet Donanmas&#305; yoktu. Adriyatik&#8217;ten Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ne, Akdeniz&#8217;den Hint Okyanusu&#8217;na kadar Amerikan deniz g&#252;c&#252; son derece geni&#351; bir hareket serbestisine sahipti. Bir u&#231;ak gemisi darbe grubunun bir devletin k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;na yakla&#351;mas&#305; ba&#351;l&#305; ba&#351;&#305;na siyasi olayd&#305;. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; u&#231;ak gemisi yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, Amerikan siyasi iradesini de ta&#351;&#305;yordu. Ancak bu d&#246;nem sonsuza kadar s&#252;rmedi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>K&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n Silahlanmas&#305; ve Cezas&#305;z Yakla&#351;ma D&#246;neminin Sonu</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yirmibirinci y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n en &#246;nemli asker&#238; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;mlerinden biri sava&#351; gemilerinden &#231;ok k&#305;y&#305;lar&#305;n silahlanmas&#305;d&#305;r. Uzun menzilli gemiye kar&#351;&#305; f&#252;zeler, balistik ve seyir f&#252;zeleri, sessiz dizel-elektrik denizalt&#305;lar, deniz may&#305;nlar&#305;, insans&#305;z hava ara&#231;lar&#305;, kamikaze dronlar, insans&#305;z deniz ara&#231;lar&#305;, uydu ke&#351;if sistemleri ve a&#287; merkezli hedef tespit, takip ve ayd&#305;nlatma kabiliyetleri, eskiden son derece zay&#305;f olan k&#305;y&#305; devletlerine b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerin pahal&#305; platformlar&#305;n&#305; tehdit edebilme imk&#226;n&#305; verdi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>B&#246;ylece silahl&#305; &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma ve sava&#351;&#305;n maliyet asimetrisi tersine d&#246;nmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;. Milyarlarca dolarl&#305;k bir sava&#351; gemisi art&#305;k kendisinden y&#252;zlerce, hatta binlerce kat ucuz bir f&#252;ze veya S&#304;HA taraf&#305;ndan tehdit edilebiliyordu. Bunun sonucunda ganbot diplomasisinin psikolojik temelini olu&#351;turan cezas&#305;z yakla&#351;abilme ayr&#305;cal&#305;&#287;&#305; a&#351;&#305;nmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n Basra K&#246;rfezi ve Arap denizinde; Husilerin K&#305;z&#305;ldeniz&#8217;de uygulad&#305;&#287;&#305; alan yasaklama ve eri&#351;imi engelleme yetenekleri (AD/A2) bunun g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rneklerinden biridir. H&#252;rm&#252;z ve &#231;evresindeki co&#287;rafyada k&#305;y&#305; konu&#351;lu f&#252;zeler, S&#304;HA&#8217;lar, may&#305;nlar ve k&#252;&#231;&#252;k h&#252;cumbotlardan olu&#351;an da&#287;&#305;t&#305;lm&#305;&#351; kuvvet yap&#305;s&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k su&#252;st&#252; platformlar&#305;n&#305;n hareket serbestisini k&#305;s&#305;tlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Karadeniz&#8217;deki Rusya-Ukrayna sava&#351;&#305; ise benzer sonu&#231;lar yaratm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. G&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir klasik donanmaya sahip olmayan Ukrayna, k&#305;y&#305; f&#252;zeleri, insans&#305;z deniz ara&#231;lar&#305; ve uzun menzilli S&#304;HA sistemleriyle Rus Karadeniz Filosunun hareket serbestisini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rabilmi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla 21. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n k&#305;y&#305; sava&#351; alan&#305;nda denize h&#226;kim olmak ile k&#305;y&#305;ya maliyetsiz yakla&#351;abilmek art&#305;k ayn&#305; anlama gelmemektedir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ganbotun Yan&#305;na Yapt&#305;r&#305;m Geldi</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Klasik anlamda denizden ganbot diplomasisi ile zorlaman&#305;n operasyonel maliyetinin y&#252;kselmesiyle birlikte ba&#351;ka bir zorlama mekanizmas&#305; giderek &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Yapt&#305;r&#305;m diplomasisi de diyebilece&#287;imiz bu sistem di&#287;erinden &#231;ok farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Eskiden hedef devletin liman&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne sava&#351; gemisi g&#246;nderilirken bug&#252;n devletin petrol&#252;n&#252; ta&#351;&#305;yan tanker BM yetkisi olmadan g&#246;lge filo ad&#305; alt&#305;nda damgalanabilmekte, sigortas&#305;z b&#305;rak&#305;labilmekte, finans sistemi d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kar&#305;labilmekte, limanlara giri&#351;i yasaklanabilmekte, klas kurulu&#351;lar&#305;ndan hizmet almas&#305; engellenebilmekte, &#351;irketleri ve gemileri yapt&#305;r&#305;m listelerine konulabilmektedir. B&#246;ylece fiziksel deniz ablukas&#305;n&#305;n baz&#305; fonksiyonlar&#305; giderek finansal ve hukuki abluka ara&#231;lar&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilmektedir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Rusya&#8217;ya ve &#304;ran&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; olu&#351;turulan yapt&#305;r&#305;m sistemi bunun g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki en b&#252;y&#252;k laboratuvar&#305;d&#305;r. Rus petrol&#252;n&#252; ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; gerek&#231;esiyle y&#252;zlerce gemi Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin yapt&#305;r&#305;m listelerine al&#305;nm&#305;&#351; durumdad&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k Rusya ve onunla ticaret yapan akt&#246;rler alternatif sigorta, bayrak, &#351;irket ve &#246;deme mekanizmalar&#305; kullanarak g&#246;lge filo ad&#305; alt&#305;nda b&#252;y&#252;k bir deniz ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; sistemi olu&#351;turmu&#351;tur. B&#246;ylece ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta finansal ve hukuki alanda y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len yapt&#305;r&#305;m m&#252;cadelesi yeniden fiziksel deniz alan&#305;na ta&#351;&#305;nmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Yapt&#305;r&#305;mdan Fiziki M&#252;dahaleye</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>2026 y&#305;l&#305;, tek tarafl&#305; ekonomik yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n denizlerde giderek fiziki zorlamaya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesi bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemli bir e&#351;ik olu&#351;turdu. Ukrayna ve &#304;ran sava&#351;lar&#305; s&#305;ras&#305;nda ABD, &#304;ngiltere ve baz&#305; Avrupa devletlerinin yapt&#305;r&#305;m listelerine al&#305;nan ticaret gemileri yaln&#305;zca liman, sigorta ve finansman k&#305;s&#305;tlamalar&#305;yla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;mad&#305;, sava&#351; gemileri ve askeri helikopterlerin deste&#287;inde durdurma, denetleme ve gemiye &#231;&#305;kma operasyonlar&#305; da g&#252;ndeme geldi. &#214;zellikle Rusya ve &#304;ran ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;u ileri s&#252;r&#252;len ve Bat&#305; literat&#252;r&#252;nde &#8220;g&#246;lge filo&#8217;&#8217; olarak tan&#305;mlanan gemiler bu uygulamalar&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;ca hedefleri haline geldi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Buradaki temel hukuki sorun, ABD, AB veya &#304;ngiltere taraf&#305;ndan yapt&#305;r&#305;m listesine al&#305;nm&#305;&#351; olman&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k denizde yabanc&#305; bayrakl&#305; bir ticaret gemisine m&#252;dahale yetkisi yaratmamas&#305;d&#305;r. Bunlar BM G&#252;venlik Konseyi taraf&#305;ndan kabul edilmi&#351; evrensel yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar de&#287;il, ilgili devletlerin kendi hukuklar&#305;ndan kaynaklanan tek tarafl&#305; veya b&#246;lgesel tedbirlerdir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bir geminin bu listelerde bulunmas&#305; &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; devletlere a&#231;&#305;k denizde o gemiyi durdurma ve gemiye &#231;&#305;kma konusunda kendili&#287;inden yetki vermez.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>BMDHS&#8217;in 110&#8217;uncu maddesi bu nedenle &#246;nemlidir. A&#231;&#305;k denizlerde temel kural bayrak devletinin m&#252;nhas&#305;r yetkisidir. Yabanc&#305; bir sava&#351; gemisinin ticaret gemisini ziyaret hakk&#305;, deniz haydutlu&#287;u, k&#246;le ticareti, izinsiz yay&#305;n, tabiyetsizlik veya sahte bayrak gibi s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; durumlara ba&#287;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#8220;Yapt&#305;r&#305;ml&#305; gemi&#8221; veya &#8216;&#8217;g&#246;lge&#8217;&#8217; filo gemisi olmak BMDHS 110&#8217;da say&#305;lan ziyaret hakk&#305; nedenlerinden biri de&#287;ildir. Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin m&#252;dahalelerinde yapt&#305;r&#305;m karar&#305;n&#305; tek ba&#351;&#305;na yeterli g&#246;rmeyerek geminin tabiyetsizli&#287;i veya bayra&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ge&#231;ersizli&#287;i gibi gerek&#231;elere ba&#351;vurmalar&#305; da asl&#305;nda bu hukuki ger&#231;e&#287;in kabul&#252;d&#252;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla ge&#231;erli bir bayra&#287;a sahip yabanc&#305; ticaret gemisine yaln&#305;zca ABD, AB veya &#304;ngiltere yapt&#305;r&#305;m listesinde bulundu&#287;u gerek&#231;esiyle a&#231;&#305;k denizde m&#252;dahale edilmesi ciddi bir uluslararas&#305; hukuk sorunu yarat&#305;r. Aksi yakla&#351;&#305;m, tek tarafl&#305; yapt&#305;r&#305;m kararlar&#305;n&#305;n fiilen k&#252;resel deniz kollu&#287;u yetkisine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi anlam&#305;na gelir. Bu geli&#351;menin askeri sonucu da ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Rusya, yapt&#305;r&#305;m uygulanan baz&#305; ticaret gemilerine sava&#351; gemileriyle refakat etmeye ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;, Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin m&#252;dahale giri&#351;imlerine kar&#351;&#305; denizde askeri koruma sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. B&#246;ylece ekonomik yapt&#305;r&#305;m meselesi do&#287;rudan devletler aras&#305; askeri temas alan&#305;na ta&#351;&#305;nmaktad&#305;r. Bir tarafta yapt&#305;r&#305;m&#305; uygulamak isteyen sava&#351; gemisi, di&#287;er tarafta ticaret gemisini koruyan ba&#351;ka bir devletin sava&#351; gemisi bulundu&#287;unda, ekonomik yapt&#305;r&#305;m kolayl&#305;kla ciddi bir deniz krizine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>BM G&#252;venlik Konseyi karar&#305; bulunmayan tek tarafl&#305; yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n BMDHS&#8217;in s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; istisnalar&#305; geni&#351;letilerek a&#231;&#305;k denizlerde fiziki m&#252;dahaleye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi, a&#231;&#305;k denizlerin serbestli&#287;i ve bayrak devletinin m&#252;nhas&#305;r yetkisi ilkelerini a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Bug&#252;n Rusya veya &#304;ran&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; kullan&#305;lan bu y&#246;ntem yar&#305;n ba&#351;ka devletler taraf&#305;ndan ba&#351;ka gerek&#231;elerle kullan&#305;labilir. &#214;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki d&#246;nemin &#246;nemli m&#252;cadelelerinden biri bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca denizdeki gemiler aras&#305;nda de&#287;il, a&#231;&#305;k denizlerin hangi hukuk kurallar&#305;na g&#246;re y&#246;netilece&#287;i konusunda ya&#351;anacakt&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Sonu&#231;: 21. Y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n Yeni Denizden Zorlama D&#252;zeni</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yakla&#351;&#305;k iki y&#252;z y&#305;ll&#305;k geli&#351;im dikkate al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda denizden zorlama ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n ortadan kalkmad&#305;&#287;&#305;, aksine bi&#231;im de&#287;i&#351;tirerek daha karma&#351;&#305;k hale geldi&#287;i g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda hedef devletin k&#305;y&#305;s&#305;nda bir sava&#351; gemisinin g&#246;r&#252;nmesi siyasi iradeyi etkilemeye yetebiliyordu. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ayn&#305; i&#351;levi &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekte u&#231;ak gemisi g&#246;rev gruplar&#305; &#252;stlendi. 21. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n ilk &#231;eyre&#287;inde ise deniz g&#252;c&#252;, yapt&#305;r&#305;m listeleri, finans sistemi, sigorta rejimi, liman yasaklar&#305;, uydu g&#246;zetlemesi ve gerekti&#287;inde denizde fiziki m&#252;dahalede bulunabilecek asker&#238; kuvvetle b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;mi&#351; yeni bir zorlama mekanizmas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;yor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ganbot diplomasisi de ortadan kalkm&#305;&#351; de&#287;ildir. &#199;in&#8217;in Tayvan &#231;evresindeki geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; tatbikatlar&#305; ile ABD ve m&#252;ttefiklerinin Bat&#305; Pasifik, Do&#287;u Akdeniz ve Basra K&#246;rfezi&#8217;ndeki s&#252;rekli deniz varl&#305;&#287;&#305; bunun g&#252;ncel &#246;rnekleridir. Ancak art&#305;k ganbot diplomasisi yaln&#305;zca sava&#351; gemisinin g&#246;r&#252;nmesiyle uygulanmamaktad&#305;r. NAVTEX ve benzeri seyir/emniyet duyurular&#305; &#252;zerinden geni&#351; tatbikat sahalar&#305;n&#305;n ilan edilmesi, tehlikeli sahalar olu&#351;turulmas&#305;, ge&#231;ici olarak ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmas&#305; istenen veya fiilen eri&#351;imi s&#305;n&#305;rlanan deniz alanlar&#305;n&#305;n yarat&#305;lmas&#305; ve yo&#287;un hava-deniz tatbikatlar&#305;yla belirli b&#246;lgelerin ticari ve asker&#238; kullan&#305;m&#305; &#252;zerinde bask&#305; kurulmas&#305; da modern denizden zorlama repertuvar&#305;n&#305;n par&#231;alar&#305; haline gelmi&#351;tir. Bunlar hukuken abluka veya egemenlik ilan&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmese de s&#252;releri, kapsamlar&#305; ve asker&#238; kuvvetle desteklenme bi&#231;imleri &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252;nde denizde fiil&#238; durum yaratman&#305;n ve siyasi mesaj vermenin ara&#231;lar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Di&#287;er taraftan eski modelin mutlak &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; k&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. K&#305;y&#305;lar art&#305;k 19. ve 20. y&#252;zy&#305;llardaki kadar savunmas&#305;z de&#287;ildir. Uzun menzilli gemiye kar&#351;&#305; f&#252;zeler, balistik ve hipersonik sistemler, denizalt&#305;lar, insans&#305;z sistemler ve k&#305;y&#305; konu&#351;lu sens&#246;r a&#287;lar&#305; sayesinde bir u&#231;ak gemisinin veya b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351; gemisinin k&#305;y&#305;ya yakla&#351;mas&#305; g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir siyasi mesaj ta&#351;&#305;maya devam ederken ayn&#305; zamanda giderek b&#252;y&#252;yen bir operasyonel ve hatta stratejik risk yaratmaktad&#305;r. Bu nedenle &#246;zellikle Bat&#305;l&#305; deniz g&#252;&#231;leri a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan zorlaman&#305;n a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi, gemiyi bat&#305;rmaktan geminin ticaret yapmas&#305;n&#305; engellemeye, liman&#305; imha etmekten limana giri&#351; hakk&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmaya, klasik deniz ablukas&#305;ndan finansal, hukuki ve teknolojik ablukaya do&#287;ru kaymaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ancak ekonomik ve hukuki zorlama ile fiziki deniz g&#252;c&#252; aras&#305;ndaki s&#305;n&#305;r da giderek belirsizle&#351;mektedir. Ukrayna ve &#304;ran sava&#351;lar&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; &#252;zere tek tarafl&#305; yapt&#305;r&#305;m listelerindeki ticaret gemilerinin sava&#351; gemileri ve asker&#238; helikopterlerle durdurulmas&#305; veya gemilere &#231;&#305;k&#305;lmas&#305;, bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n en tehlikeli a&#351;amas&#305;d&#305;r. BM G&#252;venlik Konseyi karar&#305; bulunmayan yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k denizlerde fiziki m&#252;dahaleye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi, a&#231;&#305;k denizlerin serbestli&#287;i ve bayrak devletinin m&#252;nhas&#305;r yetkisi ilkelerini do&#287;rudan ilgilendirmektedir. BMDHS 110 kapsam&#305;nda &#8220;yapt&#305;r&#305;ml&#305; gemi&#8221; veya &#8220;g&#246;lge filo gemisi&#8221; &#351;eklinde ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir ziyaret hakk&#305; kategorisinin bulunmamas&#305; &#246;zellikle &#246;nemlidir. Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n baz&#305; ticaret gemilerine sava&#351; gemileriyle refakat etmeye ba&#351;lamas&#305; ise ekonomik yapt&#305;r&#305;m ile devletler aras&#305; asker&#238; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;ma aras&#305;ndaki mesafenin ne kadar k&#305;sald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;n sava&#351; gemisi (ganbot) h&#226;l&#226; denizdedir, ancak art&#305;k yaln&#305;z de&#287;ildir. Yan&#305;nda banka, sigorta &#351;irketi, uydu, yapt&#305;r&#305;m listesi, liman devleti, hukuk&#231;u ile NAVTEX&#8217;ler &#252;zerinden ilan edilmi&#351; tatbikat ve tehlikeli sahalar bulunmaktad&#305;r. 19. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n ganbot diplomasisi b&#246;ylece 21. y&#252;zy&#305;lda ekonomik, hukuki, teknolojik ve asker&#238; ara&#231;lar&#305;n birlikte kullan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;ok katmanl&#305; bir denizden zorlama d&#252;zenine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mektedir. D&#252;n sava&#351; gemisi en etkili gri renkli bir b&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;iydi. Bug&#252;n ise sava&#351; gemisi sefere &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, ekonomik ve hukuki g&#252;&#231; de ona refakat etmektedir.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Are a New Helsinki Process in Europe and a New Westphalian Process in West Asia Possible?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Lasting security arrangements arise not from shared values, but from the recognition by the parties that they cannot eliminate one another.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/are-a-new-helsinki-process-in-europe</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/are-a-new-helsinki-process-in-europe</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2026 18:33:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Enduring security arrangements in the international system have often emerged not from the strengthening of the ideal of peace, but from the realities of power imposing themselves upon the parties concerned. When neither side is capable of eliminating the other politically or militarily, when the cost of pursuing absolute superiority becomes unsustainable, and when the continuation of war begins to generate risks greater than the potential gains, diplomacy once again becomes the language of the balance of power. Although separated by more than three centuries, both the Westphalian order of 1648 and the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 were, despite emerging under profoundly different historical circumstances, products of this fundamental reality.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 did not eliminate the confessional differences that had divided Europe during the devastating Catholic-Protestant wars. Catholics remained Catholic and Protestants remained Protestant. What changed was the recognition of a simple reality: allowing theological divisions to keep the European state system in a condition of perpetual warfare was no longer sustainable. Sovereignty, raison d&#8217;&#233;tat, and the balance of power gradually took precedence over confessional affiliation. The historical significance of Westphalia therefore lay not merely in bringing the Thirty Years&#8217; War to an end, but in opening the way for an order in which states with different political and religious identities could coexist within the same international system by accepting one another&#8217;s continued existence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Helsinki Final Act of 1975 represented the application of a similar reality of power to European security. During the Cold War, the ideological and geopolitical struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union had by no means ended. NATO and the Warsaw Pact remained arrayed against one another, while nuclear weapons made the consequences of any major war potentially uncontrollable. Yet Washington was in no position to remove Moscow from the European security equation, just as Moscow could not remove Washington. Helsinki was therefore not a project of friendship, but a strategic accommodation based on the mutual recognition of power. The willingness of both sides to take into account each other&#8217;s existence, borders, and certain security concerns made it possible to place the military competition in Europe within an agreed framework of rules.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today, the international system is once again approaching such a historical threshold. As the unipolar order of the post-Cold War era erodes, the rise of China, Russia&#8217;s military and geopolitical resilience, Iran&#8217;s regional weight, and the Global South&#8217;s growing pursuit of strategic autonomy are altering the distribution of power. In Europe, the security order between Russia and the Collective West has effectively collapsed with the war in Ukraine. In West Asia, meanwhile, Israel&#8217;s steadily expanding use of military force is reshaping the security calculations of Iran, T&#252;rkiye, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and other regional states, moving them&#8212;at least to some extent&#8212;away from traditional theological divisions, such as the Sunni-Shia divide, and back towards the realities of geopolitics.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>For different reasons, therefore, the same fundamental question is emerging in both regions: will security once again be constructed around the pursuit of hegemonic supremacy, or will new balances emerge based on the mutual recognition of powers that are incapable of eliminating one another? From this perspective, what Europe may require is a new Helsinki approach&#8212;one that recognizes Russia as a permanent component of the European security system and once again places military competition within an agreed framework of rules.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The requirement in West Asia is different. The objective here should not be to eliminate the Sunni-Shia divide or the region&#8217;s historical, ethnic, and ideological differences, but rather to develop a new political understanding that prevents these divisions from taking precedence over state sovereignty, security, and shared geopolitical interests. In other words, the question confronting Europe is whether a new Helsinki is possible, while the question confronting West Asia is whether a new Westphalia can emerge. Behind both searches lies the same global transformation: the erosion of hegemonic supremacy and the re-emergence of the balance of power as one of the principal determinants of international politics.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Foundations of Helsinki: Mutual Recognition of Power</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Helsinki process was not founded on the expectation that the parties would come to like one another, narrow their ideological differences, or converge around a common worldview. On the contrary, the fundamental condition that made the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) possible was the recognition by the United States and the Soviet Union that neither could remove the other from the European security system. The Soviet Union, acting through the Warsaw Pact, was in no position to eliminate the American military presence in Western Europe or dismantle NATO. Nor could the United States and NATO disregard the Soviet Union&#8217;s military and political weight in Eastern Europe. The preparatory talks that began in 1972 and the negotiations conducted between 1973 and 1975 therefore developed based on this balance of power. At the strategic level, this conventional balance was complemented by the nuclear deterrence equilibrium between the United States and the Soviet Union. The existence of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), which raised the cost of direct war between the superpowers to unacceptable levels, did not eliminate strategic competition in Europe; rather, it made it necessary to manage that competition within an agreed framework of rules and confidence-building mechanisms.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The </span><strong><span>Helsinki Final Act of 1975</span></strong><span> brought together within a single political framework such principles as the inviolability of frontiers, the sovereign equality of states, the non-use of force, non-intervention in internal affairs, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and respect for human rights. European security was thus anchored not merely in military deterrence, but also in a political conception of equilibrium that required each side to consider the existence and security concerns of the other. The continuation of the CSCE process through the subsequent meetings in Belgrade, Madrid, and Vienna further demonstrated that Helsinki was not conceived as a one-off diplomatic accommodation, but as a long-term process for managing strategic competition in Europe.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Charter of Paris and the CFE Treaty</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>With the end of the Cold War, this architecture entered a new phase. The </span><strong><span>Charter of Paris for a New Europe</span></strong><span>, adopted in November 1990 following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the East-West division, adapted the principles of Helsinki to the emerging strategic environment. Based on the understanding that the &#8220;era of confrontation and division of Europe&#8221; had ended, it envisaged a common European security space founded on democracy, peace, and cooperation, while also paving the way for the institutionalization of the CSCE.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The </span><strong><span>Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)</span></strong><span>, developed during the same historical period as the Charter of Paris, constituted the military-strategic pillar of this political accommodation. Signed in November 1990 by 22 member states of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the treaty imposed extensive limitations on conventional military forces across the vast geographical area stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals. Overall ceilings were established for the two blocs in five principal categories of armaments&#8212;battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, artillery systems, combat aircraft, and attack helicopters&#8212;while regional and sub-regional limits were introduced to prevent excessive concentrations of forces in particular areas. Of direct importance to T&#252;rkiye were the </span><strong><span>&#8220;flank&#8221; provisions</span></strong><span>, designed to restrict excessive force concentrations on Europe&#8217;s northern and southern flanks.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The purpose of the CFE Treaty was not merely to reduce the overall number of weapons. Its principal strategic objective was to diminish the ability of either side to rapidly concentrate major forces and thereby launch a surprise attack or large-scale offensive operation. To achieve this, numerical ceilings were supplemented by detailed exchanges of information, notifications concerning military formations and equipment, on-site inspections, and verification mechanisms. As a result of the treaty&#8217;s implementation, tens of thousands of heavy weapon systems were destroyed or withdrawn from service. The political conception of security that had emerged at Helsinki was thus reinforced by a measurable and verifiable military balance under the CFE framework.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The CFE regime, however, had been constructed upon the </span><strong><span>two-bloc military balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact</span></strong><span>. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and NATO&#8217;s subsequent eastward enlargement fundamentally transformed the strategic geography upon which the treaty had been based. Consequently, the </span><strong><span>Adapted CFE Treaty</span></strong><span> was signed at the 1999 OSCE Istanbul Summit to replace bloc-based ceilings with national and territorial limitations. The new arrangement, however, never entered into force for all parties, and the CFE regime gradually underwent serious erosion.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Meanwhile, the institutionalization of the CSCE continued, and on </span><strong><span>1 January 1995</span></strong><span> it became the </span><strong><span>Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</span></strong><span>. The process that had begun in Helsinki was thereby transformed into a more permanent institutional structure equipped with standing institutions, conflict-prevention activities, confidence- and security-building measures, field missions, and election-observation mechanisms.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Post-Cold War Disruption of the Balance of Power</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 fundamentally altered the balance of power upon which this system had rested. Although the Russian Federation was, in legal terms, the principal successor state to the Soviet Union, during the 1990s it had lost a significant part of the economic, military, and political capacity that had underpinned Soviet great-power status. From the perspective of the United States, the emergence of a unipolar environment also diminished the perceived need to recognize Russia as one of the major powers carrying equal weight within the European security architecture. Yet the 1990 Charter of Paris and the end of the Cold War could have provided an opportunity to replace the bloc-based division between NATO and the Warsaw Pact with a more inclusive European security order extending from Vancouver to Vladivostok. Instead, during the period that followed, particularly under the presidencies of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, US policy became increasingly influenced by a powerful neoconservative agenda and expanded the NATO-centered security architecture in line with a strategic vision aimed first at containing Russia and ultimately at fragmenting it. Therefore, the OSCE, whose foundations rested upon the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, evolved from a potential central mechanism of the European balance of power into an institution primarily concerned with political norms, elections, human rights, crisis management, and confidence-building measures.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>From Yugoslavia to NATO&#8217;s Eastward Enlargement</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Yugoslav crisis constituted an important turning point in the Russian perception of this transformation. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia, and particularly NATO&#8217;s 1999 military operation against Yugoslavia, conducted without explicit authorisation from the United Nations Security Council, reinforced the view in Moscow that the emerging post-Cold War international system rested increasingly upon Western military superiority. The fragmentation of Yugoslavia also substantially increased the geopolitical weight of the United States in the Balkans, while weakening Russia&#8217;s historical sphere of influence and its geopolitical links towards the Adriatic. From Moscow&#8217;s perspective, therefore, the Yugoslav crisis became more than a Balkan conflict; it emerged as one of the clearest indications that the European balance of power was being reconfigured to Russia&#8217;s disadvantage in the post-Cold War era.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>During the same period, NATO&#8217;s eastward enlargement&#8212;first through the accession of former Warsaw Pact members and subsequently through the incorporation of the Baltic states&#8212;significantly reduced the strategic depth separating Russia from NATO. Western governments interpreted this enlargement primarily through the right of sovereign states to determine their own security alignments. Moscow, by contrast, perceived the same process, particularly the 2004 accession of the Baltic and Black Sea states to NATO, as the strategic encirclement of Russia and the exploitation of the weakness it had experienced following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Any attempt to understand the subsequent crises of the European security order must therefore take these two fundamentally different security perceptions into account.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Following the intervention in Yugoslavia, the geographical center of gravity of Western military power gradually shifted towards West Asia and North Africa. After 11 September 2001, the growing influence of neoconservative and Zionist approaches on US foreign and security policy culminated in the 2003 intervention in Iraq. In the following period, Libya and Syria likewise became central theatres of external intervention and regime-change policies. From the perspective of Israel&#8217;s regional security geopolitics, this process also resulted in the weakening of regional powers such as Iraq and Syria, as well as pressure on Iran&#8212;states capable of constituting a counterweight to Israel&#8212;and contributed to the emergence of a belt of failed or severely weakened states around Israel. The process that had begun with the contraction of Russia&#8217;s geopolitical space in the Balkans thus continued in West Asia through the transformation of existing regional balances of power increasingly in Israel&#8217;s favor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The growing number and scope of military interventions by the United States and other Western states in West Asia and North Africa further hardened Russia&#8217;s assessment of the West&#8217;s use of military power. In particular, the association of concepts such as regime change, humanitarian intervention, and democratization with military intervention deepened distrust in Moscow and contributed to the gradual hardening of Russian foreign and security policy. Russia increasingly ceased to interpret developments in its own near abroad as isolated regional crises. Instead, Moscow began to view them as components of a broader geopolitical transformation extending from Yugoslavia and Iraq to NATO&#8217;s eastward enlargement, which it increasingly perceived as ultimately directed towards the containment and fragmentation of Russia. By the second half of the 2000s, it had become clear that Moscow no longer regarded the post-Cold War European security order as acceptable.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The 2008 Georgia War: Russia&#8217;s First Geopolitical Brake</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>From this perspective, the 2008 Georgia War represented an important turning point. At the NATO Bucharest Summit in April 2008, the declaration that Ukraine and Georgia would eventually become members of NATO was perceived by Russia as a strategic development directly affecting its own security sphere. Following Georgia&#8217;s military operation against South Ossetia and Tskhinvali on the night of 7&#8211;8 August 2008, Russia launched a large-scale military intervention. The ensuing war was significant because, for the first time since the end of the Cold War, Moscow demonstrated that it was prepared to use military force to resist the further expansion of Western and NATO influence into the former Soviet space.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Russian intervention had serious consequences for Georgia&#8217;s sovereignty and territorial integrity, but it also foreshadowed a broader shift in the balance of power within the European security system. Moscow was signaling that the era of the weak Russia of the 1990s was coming to an end and that it was prepared, when necessary, to respond with military means to unilateral changes in the security balance within its near abroad. In this sense, the August 2008 war can be regarded as the first serious military and geopolitical brake applied by Russia against the expansion of the Western geopolitical sphere in the post-Cold War era.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The 2014 Ukraine Crisis and the Erosion of the Helsinki Order</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Maidan events that began in Kyiv against the government of Viktor Yanukovych in 2014, the involvement of the United States and the European Union, and the subsequent overthrow of the government, followed by Russia&#8217;s annexation of Crimea, cannot be considered independently of the 2008 crisis. While Western governments interpreted the fall of the Yanukovych government as the outcome of a democratic popular movement and the Ukrainian public&#8217;s political orientation towards Europe, Moscow regarded the process as a Western-supported change of government, actively backed by the United States and other Western states, with the geopolitical objective of separating Ukraine from Russia&#8217;s sphere of influence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The 2014 crisis also exposed the growing tension between two conceptions of security that had existed within the broader Helsinki framework. The West emphasized Ukraine&#8217;s sovereignty and its right to determine its own foreign-policy orientation, whereas Russia regarded NATO&#8217;s expansion towards its borders and the prospect of Ukraine&#8217;s incorporation into the Western security system as a strategic threat to its own security. One side therefore emphasized sovereignty and the freedom to choose alliances, while the other stressed the indivisibility of security and the preservation of the strategic balance in its immediate neighborhood.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Europe consequently entered a period in which both sides accused one another of violating the principles of Helsinki, while simultaneously losing the common security mechanisms capable of managing the tensions between those principles. Following the failure of the Minsk processes, the Russia-Ukraine war that began in 2022 can therefore be understood not merely as a regional war arising from the developments that followed 2014, but also as the military collapse of a European security architecture that had been eroding for many years. The mutual recognition of power and the management of competing security concerns that had underpinned Helsinki in 1975 had given way to a new and considerably more dangerous era, in which each side increasingly sought to achieve its own security through the strategic weakening of the other.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Defining Factor in the New Equation: China</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>One of the most important factors distinguishing the present strategic environment from that of 1975 is the economic, technological, and military power that China has attained within the global system. At the time of the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, the military-strategic balance of the international system was essentially structured around the United States and the Soviet Union. Today, however, while the United States seeks to contain and strategically weaken Russia in Europe, it is simultaneously engaged in an increasingly intense strategic competition with a rising China in the Indo-Pacific and is attempting to preserve an Israel-centered military and political order in West Asia. Unlike during the Cold War, Washington is therefore compelled to allocate power and resources simultaneously across several major geopolitical fronts.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the same time, Russia&#8217;s exclusion from the European security system and the contraction of its economic relations with the West have further deepened Moscow&#8217;s relationship with Beijing. The growing China-Russia alignment in energy, trade, military technology, diplomacy, and transportation networks across Eurasia raises the prospect of a degree of Eurasian geopolitical integration on a scale that the United States did not confront during the Cold War. Iran&#8217;s expanding political, economic, and military relations with both Russia and China reinforce this trend, making it increasingly difficult to treat the geopolitical struggles unfolding in Europe, West Asia, and the Indo-Pacific as separate from one another.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The China factor is therefore becoming increasingly decisive in determining the prospects for a new Helsinki process in Europe. If China increasingly emerges as Washington&#8217;s principal strategic competitor, an important question will arise as to whether the continued exclusion of Russia from the European security system is driving Moscow further towards Beijing and thereby contributing to the formation of a broad concentration of Eurasian power opposed to the United States. One of the principal geopolitical variables that could open the way for a new Helsinki process may therefore be a reassessment in Washington of the long-term strategic costs of turning Russia into China&#8217;s permanent strategic partner.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Is a New Helsinki Possible in Europe?</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a new Helsinki process can emerge will depend to a considerable extent on a change in Washington&#8217;s geopolitical assessment of Russia. If the United States continues to regard Russia as a power that should be excluded from the European security system or strategically neutralized over the long term, the establishment of a new Helsinki order will remain extremely difficult. Conversely, if the rise of China becomes the overriding priority of American strategy, and if Washington concludes that Russia&#8217;s complete transformation into a strategic partner of China would impose a greater geopolitical cost on the United States, this could open the way for a different approach to European security.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Such an approach would neither require the acceptance of all Russian demands nor imply that the sovereignty and security concerns of Ukraine or the states of Eastern Europe should be disregarded. Nor should a new Helsinki be conceived as a new division of spheres of influence between the United States and Russia imposed upon the rest of Europe. Rather, the objective should be to establish an equilibrium capable of reconciling the reality that Russia is a permanent component of the European security system with the sovereign rights and legitimate security concerns of other European states. The essence of a new Helsinki, as in 1975, would lie in the recognition by all parties that they cannot eliminate one another and that none can build its own absolute security upon the absolute insecurity of the other.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Such a European security architecture would necessarily have to encompass a broad range of issues, from Ukraine&#8217;s post-war status and Black Sea security to NATO-Russia lines of contact, intermediate- and longer-range missiles, the forward deployment of nuclear weapons, and large-scale military exercises. Yet simply reproducing the security mechanisms of 1975 or 1990 would not be sufficient. Hypersonic weapons, long-range precision-strike systems, unmanned aerial and combat aerial vehicles, and increasingly sophisticated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities have made the military balance in Europe considerably more complex than it was in previous decades. A new security architecture would therefore have to address these emerging military capabilities alongside traditional limitations on conventional forces.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Within this framework, the experience of the CFE Treaty could provide a useful foundation for limiting conventional forces and, in particular, excessive force concentrations along lines of contact; establishing reciprocal notification of military activities; providing advance notice of large-scale exercises; restoring on-site inspection and verification mechanisms; and developing new confidence- and security-building measures. A new Helsinki could thereby become not merely a political declaration, but a security architecture founded upon a measurable and verifiable military balance.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The purpose of a new Helsinki, therefore, should not be to reproduce the institutions of the Cold War or to divide Europe once again into spheres of influence. It should instead be to establish an equilibrium that recognizes the existing distribution of power, acknowledges Russia as a permanent component of the European security system, and re-institutionalizes the principle that the security of no state can be built upon the absolute insecurity of another.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Changing Geopolitical Landscape in West Asia</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>West Asia is also witnessing the possibility of a different, yet equally significant, transformation. Throughout the region&#8217;s modern history, sectarian, ethnic, and ideological divisions have been continuously intertwined with interstate rivalry, while the struggle between Iran and Saudi Arabia has long been interpreted as the geopolitical manifestation of the Sunni-Shia divide. Extra-regional powers have exploited and encouraged these divisions, conducted false-flag operations, co-opted political leaders, and thereby strengthened their influence and military presence in West Asia. In recent years, however, important signs have emerged suggesting that this structure may be beginning to change.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Israel&#8217;s emergence after 1973 as a central actor in US geopolitics facilitated the strategic management of both the wealthy Gulf states and the strategically vital Suez Canal. In this process, eschatology, through Zionism, was also transformed into a shared geopolitical instrument of the United States and Israel. Israel&#8217;s progressively expanding use of military force and its strategy of preserving regional military superiority consequently became major factors reshaping the security perceptions of West Asian states. The US-Israeli attack on Iran on 28 February 2026 constituted a major strategic warning in this process. The critical transformation, however, lies in the declining ability of theological and ideological differences to determine the security and geopolitical interests of states. While the pressure generated by Israel&#8217;s aggressive and genocidal military policies has accelerated this tendency, shared interests such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, and strategic autonomy are increasingly coming to the forefront.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The restoration of diplomatic relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia through Chinese mediation, the diversification of the Gulf states&#8217; relations with China and Russia, and T&#252;rkiye&#8217;s normalization processes with regional states demonstrate that ideological and sectarian differences do not necessarily have to take precedence over state interests. These developments do not yet signify the emergence of a common regional security architecture. They do, however, provide an increasingly important foundation for the possible reorganization of West Asian politics around state sovereignty, national interest, and the balance of power rather than sectarian affiliation.</span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Israel Factor and the Geopolitical Transformation of the Sunni-Shia Divide</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Israel&#8217;s aggressive and genocidal use of military force across a broad geography extending from Gaza and Lebanon to Syria and Iran, together with its policies aimed at maintaining regional military superiority, is accelerating the transformation of traditional threat perceptions in West Asia. T&#252;rkiye, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt do not share identical policies towards Israel, security priorities, or relationships with extra-regional powers; nor should they be expected to develop a common political or military vision in the immediate future. Nevertheless, the geographical expansion of Israel&#8217;s use of military force, the unresolved Palestinian question, and the decisive role of extra-regional powers in the West Asian security architecture may increasingly encourage regional states&#8212;many of which have long regarded one another as rivals or even threats&#8212;to seek regional means of providing for their own security. Such a process would not eliminate sectarian divisions, but it could enable the emergence of new areas of geopolitical convergence based on state sovereignty and shared security concerns that transcend those divisions.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The </span><strong><span>Mecca Mutual Defence Treaty</span></strong><span>, signed by T&#252;rkiye, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan on 7 August 2026, represents one of the earliest yet potentially highly significant indications of this transformation. The treaty&#8217;s principle that an armed attack against one party shall be regarded as an attack against the others signifies more than the deepening of military cooperation among the three states. More importantly, it strengthens the idea that regional security need not remain dependent exclusively on security umbrellas provided by extra-regional powers, particularly the United States, but can instead be organized around the military, economic, and technological capabilities of the regional states themselves. The fact that the treaty does not identify any particular state as a threat, Ankara&#8217;s explicit emphasis that it is not directed against Iran or any other country, and the perception of Egypt as a natural potential future participant all raise the possibility that the Mecca Entente could evolve beyond a narrowly defined Sunni bloc into a broader regional security architecture.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>If this emerging structure centered on T&#252;rkiye, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and potentially Egypt can, over time, evolve towards a broader conception of security that does not exclude Iran, it could form the nucleus of a transition in West Asia from alliance systems shaped by external hegemons towards a regional balance-of-power system constructed by the regional states themselves. Indeed, some official statements from Iran have also interpreted the Mecca Treaty as an indication of a new approach capable of reducing the region&#8217;s dependence on external powers for its security.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What is at stake, therefore, is not the formation of a new ideological unity between the Sunni and Shia worlds. A more realistic possibility is that states may cooperate around shared interests such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, and strategic autonomy despite the persistence of theological and sectarian differences. If such a transformation takes place, the Sunni-Shia divide will not disappear, but it could gradually lose its traditional role as a divisive geopolitical fault line repeatedly exploited and encouraged by the Collective West in its approach to West Asia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>From this perspective, the principal strategic significance of the Mecca Entente lies not merely in its character as a defense agreement among three states, but in the fact that, for the first time, it gives an institutional framework to the possibility that </span><strong><span>West Asian security could evolve from an externally managed hegemonic order towards a new architecture based on a regional balance of power.</span></strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The Convergence of Helsinki and Westphalia in the New Multipolar Order</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Westphalian order of 1648 did not eliminate the theological differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, but it opened the way for the European state system to operate increasingly based on sovereignty, state interest, and the balance of power rather than confessional affiliation. If a comparable development were to take place in West Asia, Iran would retain its Shia character, Saudi Arabia its position within the Sunni world, while T&#252;rkiye and Egypt would continue to preserve their own historical and strategic identities. What could change is not the existence of these differences, but their role as the defining axis of regional geopolitics. The fundamental objective in this context should be to restrain Israel&#8217;s aggressive conduct and achieve a peaceful and just settlement in Palestine.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The foundation of a new Westphalia in West Asia could therefore be the reassertion of state sovereignty rather than theological reconciliation. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states, the transformation of Israel into a norm-abiding state that respects international law, the limitation of external interventions aimed at regime change, the prevention of sectarian and ethnic differences from being used as instruments of interference in the internal affairs of other states, and the shaping of regional security, to the greatest extent possible, by the states of the region themselves could constitute the principal foundations of such an order. In this sense, a new Westphalia would not require West Asian states to unite around the same ideological or political orientation, but rather to recognize one another&#8217;s continued existence and legitimate security interests despite their differences.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Israel&#8217;s increasing military pressure could, meanwhile, become a geopolitical catalyst accelerating such a transformation. T&#252;rkiye, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, which have competed with one another for extended periods, need not develop identical strategic visions or policies towards Israel. The West Asian search for a new Westphalia should therefore not be understood as an attempt to create a new alliance or bloc. The fundamental transformation would instead begin when regional states increasingly seek to construct their security not through sectarian alignments or the protection of extra-regional powers, but through a balance of power among sovereign states and the mutual recognition of interests.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Conclusion: From Hegemony to the Balance of Power</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The fundamental dynamic that could make both a new Helsinki and a new Westphalia possible is the changing distribution of power within the international system. The unipolar era that emerged after the Cold War was itself the product of a particular historical balance of power, and that balance is now receding into the past. The central question for the coming period is therefore not whether multipolarity will emerge, but to what extent, and through what mechanisms, the existing international order will recognize the new distribution of power that is already taking shape. </span><strong><span>The transition from hegemony to the balance of power has already begun.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>For Europe, the most important consequence of this transformation is the necessity of redefining Russia&#8217;s place within the European security architecture. An order based on the permanent exclusion of Russia from the European security system not only drives Moscow closer to Beijing but also perpetuates military tension across the European continent. For the United States in particular, the growing priority of long-term strategic competition with China may, over time, make the costs of this policy increasingly apparent. It is precisely here that the foundations of a new Helsinki could emerge.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The issue is neither the acceptance of all Russian demands nor the renewed division of Europe into spheres of influence. Rather, it is the need to recall the fundamental reality that made the Helsinki process of 1975 possible. If neither side can eliminate the other from the European security equation, security cannot be built upon the absolute insecurity of the opposing side; it must instead rest upon the mutual recognition of power and a verifiable equilibrium. Europe therefore does not require a new era of friendship, but a new security architecture capable of managing competition, defining limits on the use of military power, making armaments subject to verification, maintaining crisis-management and communication channels, and narrowing the pathways that could lead to direct war. The contemporary value of Helsinki lies not in reproducing the institutions of the past, but in restoring the strategic realism that rested upon the mutual recognition of power.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In West Asia, the same transformation is unfolding on a different historical and geopolitical terrain. The prerequisite for a new Westphalia is neither the disappearance of the Sunni-Shia division nor the unification of regional states under a common ideological identity. The fundamental transformation could instead begin when sectarian differences cease to constitute the principal geopolitical axis shaping the security policies of states. Israel&#8217;s expanding aggressive and genocidal use of military force, the continuing absence of a settlement to the Palestinian question, and the shared security concerns generated by extra-regional interventions are making principles such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, strategic autonomy, and the limitation of external intervention increasingly important for states whose interests otherwise differ considerably. The historical significance of emerging regional security initiatives such as the Mecca Entente should also be assessed within this framework.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A new Westphalia in West Asia would therefore mean the creation not so much of an alliance system as of a new </span><strong><span>regional order of conduct</span></strong><span>. If states move away from attempts to change one another&#8217;s regimes, exploit internal fault lines, or eliminate regional rivals, and instead mutually recognize each other&#8217;s sovereignty and legitimate security interests, the region&#8217;s dependence on external hegemonic intervention could also diminish. It is precisely here that the Westphalian analogy acquires its meaning: what matters is not the possession of identical values, but the acceptance of rules that make coexistence possible despite profound differences.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>From this perspective, a new Helsinki in Europe and a new Westphalia in West Asia should not be regarded as two independent processes. Both are regional manifestations of a broader historical transformation in which hegemonic supremacy is eroding, and the balance of power is returning to the center of international politics. Helsinki could represent the mutual recognition of power in Europe, while Westphalia could represent the mutual recognition of sovereign existence among West Asian states despite Israeli pressure. The former would require security to be pursued not by encircling the opposing power but by taking its continued existence into account; the latter would require regional order to be constructed not by fragmenting rival states under US-Israeli pressure, but by recognizing their sovereignty.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The fundamental reality revealed by historical experience has not changed. Enduring security orders are built not upon states liking one another or sharing the same values, but upon their recognition that they cannot eliminate one another. This was the strategic realism represented, under very different historical conditions, by the Westphalia of 1648 and the Helsinki of 1975.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Avrupa’da Yeni Helsinki, Batı Asya’da Yeni Westphalia Süreçleri Mümkün mü?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kal&#305;c&#305; g&#252;venlik d&#252;zenleri ortak de&#287;erlerden de&#287;il, taraflar&#305;n birbirlerini tasfiye edemeyeceklerini kabul etmelerinden do&#287;ar. 1648 Westphalia ve 1975 Helsinki&#8217;nin stratejik ger&#231;ek&#231;ilik buydu.]]></description><link>https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/avrupada-yeni-helsinki-bat-asyada</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://mavivatan.substack.com/p/avrupada-yeni-helsinki-bat-asyada</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[CEM GURDENİZ]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 09:07:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Uluslararas&#305; sistemde kal&#305;c&#305; g&#252;venlik d&#252;zenleri &#231;o&#287;u zaman bar&#305;&#351; idealinin g&#252;&#231;lenmesinden de&#287;il, g&#252;&#231; ger&#231;ekli&#287;inin taraflara kendisini kabul ettirmesinden do&#287;mu&#351;tur. Taraflardan hi&#231;biri di&#287;erini siyasi veya asker&#238; olarak tasfiye edemedi&#287;inde, mutlak &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n maliyeti s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez hale geldi&#287;inde ve sava&#351;&#305;n devam&#305; elde edilebilecek kazan&#231;tan daha b&#252;y&#252;k riskler &#252;retmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda diplomasi yeniden g&#252;&#231; dengesinin dili haline gelir. Aralar&#305;nda 3 as&#305;r zaman fark&#305; olsa da 1648 Westphalia d&#252;zeni de 1975 Helsinki Nihai Senedi de birbirinden &#231;ok farkl&#305; &#351;artlarda ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351; olmalar&#305;na ra&#287;men bu temel ger&#231;ekli&#287;in &#252;r&#252;nleriydi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1648 Westphalia, Avrupa&#8217;y&#305; t&#252;keten Katolik-Protestan sava&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan mezhepsel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmad&#305;. Katolikler Katolik, Protestanlar Protestan kald&#305;lar. Buradaki salt ger&#231;ek de&#287;i&#351;en, teolojik ayr&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n devletler sistemini s&#252;rekli sava&#351; halinde tutmas&#305;n&#305;n s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lemez oldu&#287;unun anla&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;yd&#305;. Egemenlik, devlet &#231;&#305;kar&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; dengesi giderek mezhepsel aidiyetlerin &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;ti. Westphalia&#8217;n&#305;n tarihsel &#246;nemi bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca Otuz Y&#305;l Sava&#351;lar&#305;&#8217;n&#305; sona erdirmesinde de&#287;il, farkl&#305; siyasi ve dinsel kimliklerin birbirlerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kabul ederek ayn&#305; devletler sistemi i&#231;inde ya&#351;ayabilecekleri bir d&#252;zenin &#246;n&#252;n&#252; a&#231;mas&#305;ndayd&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1975 Helsinki Nihai Senedi ise benzer bir g&#252;&#231; ger&#231;ekli&#287;inin Avrupa g&#252;venli&#287;ine yans&#305;mas&#305;yd&#305;. So&#287;uk sava&#351; d&#246;neminde ABD ile Sovyetler Birli&#287;i aras&#305;ndaki ideolojik ve jeopolitik m&#252;cadele sona ermemi&#351;ti. NATO ile Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; birbirlerinin kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda duruyor, n&#252;kleer silahlar ise herhangi bir b&#252;y&#252;k sava&#351;&#305;n sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; kontrol edilemez hale getiriyordu. Ancak Washington Moskova&#8217;y&#305;, Moskova da Washington&#8217;u Avrupa g&#252;venlik denkleminden &#231;&#305;karabilecek durumda de&#287;ildi. Helsinki bu nedenle bir dostluk projesi de&#287;il, kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; g&#252;&#231; kabul&#252;ne dayanan bir stratejik uzla&#351;mayd&#305;. Taraflar&#305;n birbirlerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; ve belirli g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; hesaba katmas&#305; Avrupa&#8217;daki asker&#238; rekabetin kurallara ba&#287;lanmas&#305;na imk&#226;n verdi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;n uluslararas&#305; sistem yeniden b&#246;yle bir tarihsel e&#351;i&#287;e yakla&#351;maktad&#305;r. So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;n&#305;n tek kutuplu d&#252;zeni a&#351;&#305;n&#305;rken &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;i, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n asker&#238; ve jeopolitik direnci, &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n b&#246;lgesel a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve K&#252;resel G&#252;ney&#8217;in artan stratejik &#246;zerklik aray&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirmektedir. Avrupa&#8217;da Rusya ile Kolektif Bat&#305; aras&#305;ndaki g&#252;venlik d&#252;zeni Ukrayna sava&#351;&#305;yla fiilen &#231;&#246;kerken, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da &#304;srail&#8217;in giderek geni&#351;leyen asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305; &#304;ran, T&#252;rkiye, Suudi Arabistan, M&#305;s&#305;r ve di&#287;er b&#246;lge devletlerinin g&#252;venlik hesaplar&#305;n&#305; en az&#305;ndan geleneksel teolojik kutupla&#351;malardan (&#350;ii -S&#252;nni Ayr&#305;m&#305; gibi) &#231;&#305;kar&#305;p yeniden jeopolitik ger&#231;ekler paralelinde &#351;ekillendirmektedir. Her iki co&#287;rafyada da farkl&#305; nedenlerle ayn&#305; temel soru ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. G&#252;venlik yeniden hegemonik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k aray&#305;&#351;&#305; &#252;zerinden mi kurulacakt&#305;r, yoksa birbirini tasfiye edemeyen g&#252;&#231;lerin kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kabul etti&#287;i yeni dengeler mi ortaya &#231;&#305;kacakt&#305;r? Bu a&#231;&#305;dan Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n ihtiyac&#305;, Rusya&#8217;y&#305; Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminin kal&#305;c&#305; bir unsuru olarak kabul eden ve asker&#238; rekabeti yeniden kurallara ba&#287;layan yeni bir Helsinki anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; olabilir. Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da ise ihtiya&#231; farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Burada ama&#231; &#350;ii-S&#252;nni ayr&#305;m&#305;n&#305; veya b&#246;lgenin tarihsel, etnik ve ideolojik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmak de&#287;il, bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n devletlerin egemenlik, g&#252;venlik ve ortak jeopolitik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;mesini engelleyecek yeni bir siyasi anlay&#305;&#351; geli&#351;tirmektir. Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ndeki soru yeni bir Helsinki&#8217;nin, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ndeki soru ise yeni bir Westphalia&#8217;n&#305;n m&#252;mk&#252;n olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. Her iki aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n arkas&#305;nda ise ayn&#305; k&#252;resel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m bulunmaktad&#305;r: Hegemonik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n a&#351;&#305;nmas&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; dengesinin uluslararas&#305; siyasetin temel belirleyicilerinden biri olarak yeniden &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Helsinki&#8217;nin Temeli: Kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; G&#252;&#231; Kabul&#252;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Helsinki s&#252;recinin temelinde taraflar&#305;n birbirlerini sevmeleri, ideolojik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; azaltmalar&#305; veya ortak bir d&#252;nya g&#246;r&#252;&#351;&#252;ne ula&#351;malar&#305; bulunmuyordu. Tam tersine, Avrupa G&#252;venlik ve &#304;&#351; birli&#287;i Konferans&#305;&#8217;n&#305; (AG&#304;K) m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lan temel unsur, ABD ile Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin birbirlerini Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminden &#231;&#305;karamayacaklar&#305;n&#305; kabul etmeleriydi. Sovyetler Birli&#287;i, Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; &#252;zerinden Bat&#305; Avrupa&#8217;daki Amerikan asker&#238; varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve NATO&#8217;yu ortadan kald&#305;rabilecek durumda de&#287;ildi. ABD ve NATO da Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin Do&#287;u Avrupa&#8217;daki asker&#238; ve siyasi a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yok sayam&#305;yordu. 1972&#8217;de ba&#351;layan haz&#305;rl&#305;k g&#246;r&#252;&#351;meleri ve 1973-1975 aras&#305;ndaki m&#252;zakereler bu g&#252;&#231; dengesi &#252;zerinde geli&#351;ti. Bu konvansiyonel g&#252;&#231; dengesi, stratejik d&#252;zeyde ABD ile Sovyetler Birli&#287;i aras&#305;nda olu&#351;an n&#252;kleer cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k dengesiyle tamamlan&#305;yordu. Kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; Garantilenmi&#351; &#304;mha (MAD) kapasitesinin b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;ler aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan sava&#351;&#305;n maliyetini kabul edilemez seviyeye &#231;&#305;karmas&#305;, Avrupa&#8217;daki rekabetin ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, belirli kurallar ve g&#252;ven art&#305;r&#305;c&#305; mekanizmalar i&#231;inde y&#246;netilmesini gerekli k&#305;l&#305;yordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>1975 Helsinki Nihai Senedi ile s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n dokunulmazl&#305;&#287;&#305;, devletlerin egemen e&#351;itli&#287;i, kuvvet kullanmama, i&#231;i&#351;lerine m&#252;dahale etmeme, uyu&#351;mazl&#305;klar&#305;n bar&#305;&#351;&#231;&#305; yollarla &#231;&#246;z&#252;m&#252; ve insan haklar&#305; ayn&#305; siyasi &#231;er&#231;eve i&#231;inde ele al&#305;nd&#305;. B&#246;ylece Avrupa g&#252;venli&#287;i yaln&#305;z asker&#238; cayd&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;a de&#287;il, kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n ve g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n hesaba kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; bir siyasi denge anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;na ba&#287;land&#305;. AG&#304;K s&#252;recinin sonraki y&#305;llarda Belgrad, Madrid ve Viyana toplant&#305;lar&#305;yla devam etmesi de Helsinki&#8217;nin tek seferlik bir diplomatik uzla&#351;ma de&#287;il, Avrupa&#8217;daki stratejik rekabeti y&#246;netmeye y&#246;nelik uzun vadeli bir s&#252;re&#231; olarak tasarland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyordu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paris &#350;art&#305; ve AKKA</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n sona ermesiyle bu mimari yeni bir a&#351;amaya ge&#231;ti. Kas&#305;m 1990&#8217;da kabul edilen Yeni Bir Avrupa &#304;&#231;in Paris &#350;art&#305; (Charter) , Berlin Duvar&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n y&#305;k&#305;lmas&#305; ve Do&#287;u-Bat&#305; b&#246;l&#252;nmesinin sona ermesi sonras&#305;nda Helsinki ilkelerini yeni d&#246;neme uyarlad&#305;. &#8220;B&#246;l&#252;nm&#252;&#351; Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n sona erdi&#287;i&#8221; anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; &#252;zerine demokrasi, bar&#305;&#351; ve i&#351; birli&#287;ine dayal&#305; ortak bir Avrupa g&#252;venlik alan&#305; hedeflenirken, AG&#304;K&#8217;in kurumsalla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n da &#246;n&#252; a&#231;&#305;ld&#305;. Paris &#350;art&#305; ile ayn&#305; tarihsel d&#246;nemde olu&#351;turulan Avrupa Konvansiyonel Kuvvetler Antla&#351;mas&#305; (AKKA/CFE) ise bu siyasi uzla&#351;man&#305;n asker&#238;-stratejik aya&#287;&#305;n&#305; meydana getiriyordu. Kas&#305;m 1990&#8217;da NATO ve Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; &#252;yesi 22 devlet taraf&#305;ndan imzalanan antla&#351;ma, Atlantik&#8217;ten Urallara kadar uzanan geni&#351; co&#287;rafyada konvansiyonel asker&#238; kuvvetlere kapsaml&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar getirdi. Be&#351; temel silah kategorisinde (tanklar, z&#305;rhl&#305; muharebe ara&#231;lar&#305;, top&#231;u sistemleri, sava&#351; u&#231;aklar&#305; ve taarruz helikopterleri) iki blok i&#231;in toplam tavanlar belirlenirken kuvvetlerin belirli b&#246;lgelerde a&#351;&#305;r&#305; yo&#287;unla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; &#246;nleyen b&#246;lgesel ve alt-b&#246;lgesel s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar da olu&#351;turuldu. &#214;zellikle Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n kuzey ve g&#252;ney kanatlar&#305;nda a&#351;&#305;r&#305; kuvvet y&#305;&#287;&#305;na&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlayan &#8220;kanat (Flank) d&#252;zenlemeleri</span><strong><span>&#8221;</span></strong><span> T&#252;rkiye a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan da do&#287;rudan &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yordu. AKKA&#8217;n&#305;n amac&#305; yaln&#305;zca toplam silah say&#305;s&#305;n&#305; azaltmak de&#287;ildi. As&#305;l stratejik hedef, taraflardan herhangi birinin k&#305;sa s&#252;rede b&#252;y&#252;k bir kuvvet yo&#287;unlu&#287;u olu&#351;turarak s&#252;rpriz sald&#305;r&#305; veya geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; taarruz harek&#226;t&#305; ba&#351;latma kapasitesini azaltmakt&#305;. Bunun i&#231;in say&#305;sal tavanlar&#305;n yan&#305;nda ayr&#305;nt&#305;l&#305; bilgi de&#287;i&#351;imi, asker&#238; birlik ve te&#231;hizat bildirimleri, yerinde denetimler ve do&#287;rulama mekanizmalar&#305; olu&#351;turuldu. Antla&#351;man&#305;n uygulanmas&#305; sonucunda on binlerce a&#287;&#305;r silah sistemi imha edildi veya hizmet d&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;. B&#246;ylece Helsinki&#8217;de ortaya &#231;&#305;kan siyasi g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;, AKKA ile &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir ve denetlenebilir bir asker&#238; kuvvet dengesiyle desteklenmi&#351; oldu.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ancak AKKA&#8217;n&#305;n temelinde NATO-Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; aras&#305;ndaki iki bloklu asker&#238; denge bulunuyordu. Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n 1991&#8217;de da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305;, Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin ortadan kalkmas&#305; ve daha sonraki y&#305;llarda NATO&#8217;nun do&#287;uya do&#287;ru geni&#351;lemesi antla&#351;man&#305;n &#252;zerine kuruldu&#287;u stratejik co&#287;rafyay&#305; k&#246;kten de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Bu nedenle 1999 &#304;stanbul AG&#304;T Zirvesi&#8217;nde Uyarlanm&#305;&#351; AKKA Antla&#351;mas&#305; imzalanarak blok esasl&#305; tavanlar&#305;n yerine devlet ve b&#246;lge esasl&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlamalara ge&#231;ilmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;ld&#305;. Ancak yeni d&#252;zenleme hi&#231;bir zaman b&#252;t&#252;n taraflar bak&#305;m&#305;ndan y&#252;r&#252;rl&#252;&#287;e giremedi ve AKKA sistemi zaman i&#231;inde ciddi bi&#231;imde a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;. Bu arada AG&#304;K&#8217;in kurumsalla&#351;mas&#305; devam etti ve 1 Ocak 1995&#8217;ten itibaren Avrupa G&#252;venlik ve &#304;&#351; birli&#287;i Te&#351;kilat&#305; (AG&#304;T/OSCE) ad&#305;n&#305; ald&#305;. B&#246;ylece Helsinki&#8217;de ba&#351;layan s&#252;re&#231;, s&#252;rekli kurumlar&#305;, &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma &#246;nleme faaliyetleri, g&#252;ven ve g&#252;venlik art&#305;r&#305;c&#305; &#246;nlemleri, saha misyonlar&#305; ve se&#231;im g&#246;zlem mekanizmalar&#305; bulunan daha kal&#305;c&#305; bir yap&#305;ya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>So&#287;uk Sava&#351; Sonras&#305; G&#252;&#231; Dengesinin Bozulmas&#305;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin 1991&#8217;de da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305; bu sistemin dayand&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;&#231; dengesini k&#246;kl&#252; bi&#231;imde de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Rusya Federasyonu hukuken Sovyetler Birli&#287;i&#8217;nin temel ard&#305;l&#305; olmakla birlikte, 1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llarda ekonomik, asker&#238; ve siyasi bak&#305;mdan Sovyet d&#246;nemindeki b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231; kapasitesini &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de kaybetmi&#351;ti. ABD a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tek kutuplu ortam, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrupa g&#252;venlik mimarisinin e&#351;it a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;lerinden biri olarak kabul edilmesi y&#246;n&#252;ndeki ihtiyac&#305; da azaltt&#305;. Oysa 1990 Paris &#350;art&#305; ve So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n sona ermesi, NATO ile Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; aras&#305;ndaki blokla&#351;man&#305;n yerine Vancouver&#8217;dan Vladivostok&#8217;a uzanan daha kapsay&#305;c&#305; bir Avrupa g&#252;venlik d&#252;zeninin geli&#351;tirilmesine imk&#226;n verebilirdi. Bunun yerine takip eden d&#246;nemde ABD, &#246;zellikle Bill Clinton ve George Bush&#8217;un ba&#351;kanl&#305;klar&#305; d&#246;neminde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; neocon politikalara teslim oldu ve Rusya&#8217;y&#305; &#246;nce ku&#351;atacak ve sonra par&#231;alayacak vizyona y&#246;nelik olarak NATO merkezli g&#252;venlik mimarisini geni&#351;letti. B&#246;ylece temeli 1975Helsinki Nihai Senedine dayanan AG&#304;T, Avrupa g&#252;venli&#287;inin asli g&#252;&#231; dengesi mekanizmas&#305; olmaktan ziyade siyasi normlar, se&#231;imler, insan haklar&#305;, kriz y&#246;netimi ve g&#252;ven art&#305;r&#305;c&#305; &#246;nlemler alan&#305;nda faaliyet g&#246;steren bir kuruma d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Yugoslavya&#8217;dan NATO&#8217;nun Do&#287;uya Geni&#351;lemesine</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n Rusya a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan alg&#305;lan&#305;&#351;&#305;nda Yugoslavya krizi &#246;nemli bir e&#351;ik olu&#351;turdu. Yugoslavya&#8217;n&#305;n par&#231;alanmas&#305;, Bosna sava&#351;&#305; ve &#246;zellikle 1999 y&#305;l&#305;nda Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler G&#252;venlik Konseyi&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;k yetkilendirmesi olmaks&#305;z&#305;n ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen NATO&#8217;nun Yugoslavya harek&#226;t&#305;, Moskova&#8217;da So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda olu&#351;an yeni uluslararas&#305; sistemin Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne dayand&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#246;n&#252;ndeki kanaati g&#252;&#231;lendirdi. Yugoslavya&#8217;n&#305;n par&#231;alanmas&#305; ayn&#305; zamanda ABD&#8217;nin Balkanlar&#8217;daki jeopolitik a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; art&#305;r&#305;rken Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n tarihsel etki alan&#305;n&#305; ve Adriyatik&#8217;e y&#246;nelik jeopolitik ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de zay&#305;flatt&#305;. B&#246;ylece Moskova a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Yugoslavya krizi yaln&#305;zca bir Balkan &#231;at&#305;&#351;mas&#305; de&#287;il, So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda Avrupa&#8217;daki g&#252;&#231; dengesinin Rusya aleyhine yeniden &#351;ekillenmesinin &#246;nemli g&#246;stergelerinden biri haline geldi.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ayn&#305; d&#246;nemde NATO&#8217;nun do&#287;uya do&#287;ru geni&#351;lemesi, &#246;nce eski Var&#351;ova Pakt&#305; &#252;yelerinin, ard&#305;ndan Balt&#305;k devletlerinin &#304;ttifaka kat&#305;lmas&#305;yla Rusya ile NATO aras&#305;ndaki stratejik derinli&#287;i &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de azaltt&#305;. Bat&#305;l&#305; devletler bu geni&#351;lemeyi ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z devletlerin kendi g&#252;venlik tercihlerini yapma hakk&#305; &#231;er&#231;evesinde de&#287;erlendirirken Moskova ayn&#305; s&#252;reci &#246;zellikle 2004&#8217;te Balt&#305;k ve Karadeniz &#252;lkelerinin NATO&#8217;ya dahil olmas&#305; ile Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n &#231;evrelenmesi ve So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan zay&#305;fl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan yararlan&#305;lmas&#305; &#351;eklinde alg&#305;lad&#305;. Avrupa g&#252;venlik d&#252;zeninin sonraki krizlerini anlayabilmek i&#231;in bu iki farkl&#305; g&#252;venlik alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305; birlikte de&#287;erlendirmek gerekir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yugoslavya m&#252;dahalesinin ard&#305;ndan Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k merkezi giderek Bat&#305; Asya ve Kuzey Afrika&#8217;ya kayd&#305;. 11 Eyl&#252;l 2001 sonras&#305;nda ABD d&#305;&#351; ve g&#252;venlik politikas&#305;nda neocon ve Siyonist yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n g&#252;&#231; kazanmas&#305;yla 2003 Irak m&#252;dahalesi ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. Takip eden d&#246;nemde Libya ve Suriye de d&#305;&#351; m&#252;dahale ve rejim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i politikalar&#305;n&#305;n merkezindeki &#252;lkeler haline geldi. Bu s&#252;re&#231; ayn&#305; zamanda &#304;srail&#8217;in b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik jeopoliti&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan Irak, Suriye ve &#304;ran gibi &#304;srail&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; denge olu&#351;turabilecek b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231;lerin zay&#305;flat&#305;lmas&#305; ve &#304;srail etraf&#305;nda ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z devletler ku&#351;a&#287;&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;turulma sonucunu do&#287;urdu. B&#246;ylece Balkanlar&#8217;da Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n jeopolitik alan&#305;n&#305;n daralmas&#305;yla ba&#351;layan s&#252;re&#231;, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da mevcut b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231; dengelerinin &#304;srail lehine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesiyle devam etti.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>ABD liderli&#287;inde Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin Bat&#305; Asya ve Kuzey Afrika&#8217;daki artan asker&#238; m&#252;dahaleleri, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;na ili&#351;kin de&#287;erlendirmesini daha da sertle&#351;tirdi. &#214;zellikle rejim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i, insani m&#252;dahale ve demokratikle&#351;me kavramlar&#305;n&#305;n asker&#238; m&#252;dahalelerle birlikte kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n Moskova&#8217;da yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;vensizlik, Rus d&#305;&#351; ve g&#252;venlik politikas&#305;n&#305;n giderek daha sert bir &#231;izgiye y&#246;nelmesinde etkili oldu. Rusya kendi yak&#305;n &#231;evresindeki geli&#351;meleri de giderek m&#252;nferit b&#246;lgesel krizler olarak de&#287;il, Yugoslavya&#8217;dan Irak&#8217;a ve NATO&#8217;nun do&#287;uya geni&#351;lemesine kadar uzanan ve sonucunda Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n &#231;evrelenmesi ve par&#231;alanmas&#305; hedefli daha geni&#351; bir jeopolitik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n par&#231;alar&#305; olarak de&#287;erlendirmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;. 2000&#8217;lerin ikinci yar&#305;s&#305;ndan itibaren Moskova&#8217;n&#305;n So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda olu&#351;an Avrupa g&#252;venlik d&#252;zenini art&#305;k kabul edilebilir g&#246;rmedi&#287;i a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>2008 G&#252;rcistan Sava&#351;&#305;: Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n &#304;lk Jeopolitik Freni</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu a&#231;&#305;dan 2008 G&#252;rcistan Sava&#351;&#305; &#246;nemli bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305;d&#305;r. Nisan 2008&#8217;de ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen NATO B&#252;kre&#351; Zirvesi&#8217;nde Ukrayna ve G&#252;rcistan&#8217;&#305;n gelecekte NATO &#252;yesi olacaklar&#305;n&#305;n ilan edilmesi, Rusya taraf&#305;ndan do&#287;rudan kendi g&#252;venlik alan&#305;na y&#246;nelik stratejik bir geli&#351;me olarak alg&#305;land&#305;. G&#252;rcistan&#8217;&#305;n 7-8 A&#287;ustos 2008 gecesi G&#252;ney Osetya ve T&#351;hinvali&#8217;ye y&#246;nelik asker&#238; harek&#226;t&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; asker&#238; m&#252;dahalede bulunmas&#305;yla ba&#351;layan sava&#351;, Moskova&#8217;n&#305;n So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda ilk kez eski Sovyet co&#287;rafyas&#305;ndaki Bat&#305; ve NATO n&#252;fuzunun geni&#351;lemesine asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullanarak kar&#351;&#305; koymaya haz&#305;r oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermesi bak&#305;m&#305;ndan &#246;nemliydi. G&#252;rcistan&#8217;&#305;n egemenli&#287;i ve toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ciddi sonu&#231;lar yaratan Rus m&#252;dahalesi, ayn&#305; zamanda Avrupa g&#252;venlik sistemindeki g&#252;&#231; dengesi de&#287;i&#351;iminin de habercisiydi. Moskova, 1990&#8217;lar&#305;n zay&#305;f Rusya&#8217;s&#305;n&#305;n geride kalmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve kendi yak&#305;n &#231;evresindeki g&#252;venlik dengelerinin tek tarafl&#305; bi&#231;imde de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesine gerekti&#287;inde asker&#238; ara&#231;larla kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k verece&#287;ini ortaya koyuyordu. Bu y&#246;n&#252;yle A&#287;ustos 2008 sava&#351;&#305;, So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda Bat&#305; lehine geni&#351;leyen jeopolitik alan kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n uygulad&#305;&#287;&#305; ilk ciddi asker&#238; ve jeopolitik fren olarak de&#287;erlendirilebilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>2014 Ukrayna Krizi ve Helsinki D&#252;zeninin A&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>2014 y&#305;l&#305;nda Kiev&#8217;de Yanukovi&#231; iktidar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; ba&#351;lat&#305;lan ba&#351;layan Maidan olaylar&#305; ve ABD&amp;AB neocon m&#252;dahalesi ile ger&#231;ekle&#351;en darbe sonras&#305; Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n K&#305;r&#305;m&#8217;&#305; ilhak&#305; 2008 krizinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;erlendirilemez. Y&#246;netimin ABD darbesi ile devrilmesi Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkelerde demokratik bir halk hareketinin ve Ukrayna toplumunun Avrupa y&#246;nelimli siyasi tercihinin sonucu olarak de&#287;erlendirilirken, Moskova bu ya&#351;anan s&#252;reci ABD ve Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin aktif bi&#231;imde destekledi&#287;i, Ukrayna&#8217;y&#305; Rus jeopolitik alan&#305;ndan koparmay&#305; ama&#231;layan bir iktidar de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i olarak g&#246;rd&#252;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ancak 2014 krizi ayn&#305; zamanda Helsinki d&#252;zeninin temelinde bulunan iki g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; aras&#305;ndaki &#231;at&#305;&#351;may&#305; da a&#231;&#305;&#287;a &#231;&#305;kard&#305;. Bat&#305;, Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n egemenli&#287;i ve kendi d&#305;&#351; politika tercihlerini belirleme hakk&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kar&#305;rken Rusya, NATO&#8217;nun kendi s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;na do&#287;ru geni&#351;lemesini ve Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n Bat&#305; g&#252;venlik sistemine d&#226;hil edilmesi ihtimalini kendi g&#252;venli&#287;ine y&#246;nelik stratejik bir tehdit olarak de&#287;erlendirdi. B&#246;ylece bir taraf egemenlik ve ittifak se&#231;me &#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;, di&#287;er taraf ise g&#252;venli&#287;in b&#246;l&#252;nmezli&#287;i ve kendi yak&#305;n &#231;evresindeki stratejik dengenin korunmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kard&#305;. Taraflar&#305;n birbirlerini Helsinki ilkelerini ihlal etmekle su&#231;lad&#305;klar&#305;, ancak bu ilkeler aras&#305;ndaki gerilimi y&#246;netebilecek ortak g&#252;venlik mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305; giderek kaybettikleri bir d&#246;neme girildi. Minsk s&#252;re&#231;lerinin ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan sonra 2022&#8217;de ba&#351;layan Rusya-Ukrayna sava&#351;&#305; bu nedenle yaln&#305;zca 2014 sonras&#305;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan bir b&#246;lgesel sava&#351; olarak de&#287;il, uzun s&#252;redir a&#351;&#305;nmakta olan Avrupa g&#252;venlik mimarisinin asker&#238; olarak &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252; &#351;eklinde de de&#287;erlendirilebilir. 1975 Helsinki&#8217;nin temelindeki kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; g&#252;&#231; kabul&#252; ve g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; y&#246;netme anlay&#305;&#351;&#305; yerini, taraflar&#305;n kendi g&#252;venliklerini kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n stratejik gerilemesi &#252;zerinden sa&#287;lamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; yeni ve &#231;ok daha tehlikeli bir d&#246;neme b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Yeni Denklemin Belirleyici Unsuru: &#199;in</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bug&#252;nk&#252; &#351;artlar&#305; 1975&#8217;ten ay&#305;ran en &#246;nemli unsurlardan biri &#199;in&#8217;in k&#252;resel sistemde ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; ekonomik, teknolojik ve asker&#238; g&#252;&#231;t&#252;r. Helsinki Nihai Senedi&#8217;nin imzaland&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;nemde uluslararas&#305; sistemin asker&#238;-stratejik dengesi esas olarak ABD ile Sovyetler Birli&#287;i aras&#305;nda kurulmu&#351;tu. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde ise ABD, Avrupa&#8217;da Rusya&#8217;y&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;rmaya ve stratejik olarak y&#305;pratmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken, ayn&#305; zamanda Hint-Pasifik b&#246;lgesinde y&#252;kselen &#199;in ile giderek yo&#287;unla&#351;an bir stratejik rekabet y&#252;r&#252;tmekte ve Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da &#304;srail merkezli asker&#238;-siyasi d&#252;zeni korumaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;maktad&#305;r. B&#246;ylece Washington, So&#287;uk Sava&#351; d&#246;neminden farkl&#305; olarak ayn&#305; anda birden fazla b&#252;y&#252;k jeopolitik cephede g&#252;&#231; ve kaynak tahsis etmek zorunda kalmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Di&#287;er yandan Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminden d&#305;&#351;lanmas&#305; ve Bat&#305; ile ekonomik ili&#351;kilerinin daralmas&#305; Moskova&#8217;n&#305;n Pekin ile ili&#351;kilerini daha da derinle&#351;tirmi&#351;tir. Enerji, ticaret, asker&#238; teknoloji, diplomasi ve Avrasya&#8217;daki ula&#351;&#305;m a&#287;lar&#305; &#252;zerinden geli&#351;en &#199;in-Rusya yak&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;, ABD a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan So&#287;uk Sava&#351; d&#246;neminde kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;mad&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;l&#231;ekte bir Avrasya jeopolitik b&#252;t&#252;nle&#351;mesi ihtimalini ortaya &#231;&#305;karmaktad&#305;r. &#304;ran&#8217;&#305;n da Rusya ve &#199;in ile siyasi, ekonomik ve asker&#238; ili&#351;kilerini geli&#351;tirmesi bu e&#287;ilimi g&#252;&#231;lendirmekte, Avrupa, Bat&#305; Asya ve Hint-Pasifik&#8217;te ya&#351;anan jeopolitik m&#252;cadelelerin birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;erlendirilmesini giderek zorla&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu nedenle &#199;in fakt&#246;r&#252; Avrupa&#8217;da yeni bir Helsinki ihtimali a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan da belirleyici hale gelmektedir. Washington a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan temel stratejik rakibin giderek &#199;in olmas&#305; durumunda, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminden s&#252;rekli d&#305;&#351;lanmas&#305;n&#305;n Moskova&#8217;y&#305; Pekin&#8217;e daha fazla yakla&#351;t&#305;rarak ABD&#8217;nin kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda geni&#351; bir Avrasya g&#252;&#231; yo&#287;unla&#351;mas&#305; yarat&#305;p yaratmad&#305;&#287;&#305; sorusu &#246;nem kazanacakt&#305;r. Yeni bir Helsinki aray&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;n&#252; a&#231;abilecek temel jeopolitik de&#287;i&#351;kenlerden biri, ABD&#8217;nin Rusya&#8217;y&#305; &#199;in&#8217;in kal&#305;c&#305; stratejik orta&#287;&#305; haline getirmenin kendi uzun vadeli &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; maliyeti yeniden de&#287;erlendirmesi olabilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Avrupa&#8217;da Yeni Bir Helsinki M&#252;mk&#252;n m&#252;?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Yeni bir Helsinki s&#252;recinin ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;p &#231;&#305;kmayaca&#287;&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de Washington&#8217;un Rusya&#8217;ya ili&#351;kin jeopolitik de&#287;erlendirmesinin de&#287;i&#351;mesine ba&#287;l&#305; olacakt&#305;r. ABD, Rusya&#8217;y&#305; Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminden d&#305;&#351;lanmas&#305; veya uzun vadede stratejik olarak etkisizle&#351;tirilmesi gereken bir g&#252;&#231; olarak g&#246;rmeye devam etti&#287;i s&#252;rece yeni bir Helsinki d&#252;zeninin kurulmas&#305; olduk&#231;a g&#252;&#231;t&#252;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k &#199;in&#8217;in y&#252;kseli&#351;inin Amerikan stratejisinin temel &#246;nceli&#287;i haline gelmesi ve Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;n&#252;yle &#199;in&#8217;in stratejik orta&#287;&#305; haline gelmesinin Washington a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir jeopolitik maliyet yarataca&#287;&#305;n&#305;n kabul edilmesi, Avrupa&#8217;da farkl&#305; bir g&#252;venlik yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;n&#252; a&#231;abilir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>B&#246;yle bir yakla&#351;&#305;m Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;n taleplerinin kabul edilmesini gerektirmeyece&#287;i gibi Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n veya Do&#287;u Avrupa devletlerinin egemenlik ve g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n yok say&#305;lmas&#305; anlam&#305;na da gelmemelidir. Yeni bir Helsinki, ABD ile Rusya aras&#305;nda Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n geri kalan&#305;na dayat&#305;lacak yeni bir n&#252;fuz alanlar&#305; payla&#351;&#305;m&#305; olarak da d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lemez. Aksine ama&#231;, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminin kal&#305;c&#305; bir unsuru oldu&#287;u ger&#231;e&#287;i ile di&#287;er Avrupa devletlerinin egemenlik ve g&#252;venlik haklar&#305;n&#305; ayn&#305; mimari i&#231;inde uzla&#351;t&#305;rabilecek bir denge yaratmak olmal&#305;d&#305;r. Yeni Helsinki&#8217;nin &#246;z&#252;, 1975&#8217;te oldu&#287;u gibi, taraflar&#305;n birbirlerini ortadan kald&#305;ramayacaklar&#305;n&#305; ve kendi mutlak g&#252;venliklerini kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n mutlak g&#252;vensizli&#287;i &#252;zerine kuramayacaklar&#305;n&#305; kabul etmeleridir. B&#246;yle bir Avrupa g&#252;venlik mimarisi Ukrayna&#8217;n&#305;n sava&#351; sonras&#305; stat&#252;s&#252;nden Karadeniz g&#252;venli&#287;ine, NATO-Rusya temas hatlar&#305;ndan orta ve uzun menzilli f&#252;zelere, n&#252;kleer silahlar&#305;n ileri konu&#351;land&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;ndan b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; asker&#238; tatbikatlara kadar geni&#351; bir alan&#305; kapsamak zorundad&#305;r. Ancak 1975 veya 1990&#8217;&#305;n g&#252;venlik mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305; aynen yeniden &#252;retmek yeterli olmayacakt&#305;r. Hipersonik silahlar, uzun menzilli hassas vuru&#351; sistemleri, &#304;HA/S&#304;HA&#8217;lar ve giderek geli&#351;en istihbarat, ke&#351;if ve g&#246;zetleme imk&#226;nlar&#305; Avrupa&#8217;daki asker&#238; dengeyi ge&#231;mi&#351;ten &#231;ok daha karma&#351;&#305;k hale getirmi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla yeni g&#252;venlik mimarisinin konvansiyonel kuvvet s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar&#305;n&#305;n yan&#305;nda bu yeni asker&#238; yetenekleri de hesaba katmas&#305; gerekecektir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bu &#231;er&#231;evede AKKA tecr&#252;besinden yararlan&#305;larak konvansiyonel kuvvetlerin ve &#246;zellikle temas hatlar&#305;ndaki kuvvet yo&#287;unla&#351;malar&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, asker&#238; faaliyetlerin kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; olarak bildirilmesi, b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; tatbikatlar&#305;n &#246;nceden haber verilmesi, yerinde denetim ve do&#287;rulama mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n yeniden kurulmas&#305; ve yeni g&#252;ven art&#305;r&#305;c&#305; &#246;nlemlerin geli&#351;tirilmesi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lebilir. B&#246;ylece yeni Helsinki yaln&#305;zca siyasi bir deklarasyon de&#287;il, &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir ve do&#287;rulanabilir bir asker&#238; denge &#252;zerine oturan g&#252;venlik mimarisine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla yeni Helsinki&#8217;nin amac&#305; So&#287;uk Sava&#351; kurumlar&#305;n&#305; aynen yeniden &#252;retmek veya Avrupa&#8217;y&#305; yeniden n&#252;fuz alanlar&#305;na b&#246;lmek de&#287;il; mevcut g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305; kabul eden, Rusya&#8217;y&#305; Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminin kal&#305;c&#305; unsurlar&#305;ndan biri olarak hesaba katan ve hi&#231;bir devletin g&#252;venli&#287;inin di&#287;erinin mutlak g&#252;vensizli&#287;i &#252;zerine kurulamayaca&#287;&#305; anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; yeniden kurumsalla&#351;t&#305;ran bir denge yaratmak olmal&#305;d&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da De&#287;i&#351;en Jeopolitik Zemin</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da da farkl&#305; fakat ayn&#305; derecede &#246;nemli bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m ihtimali ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. B&#246;lgenin modern tarihinde mezhepsel, etnik ve ideolojik ayr&#305;mlar devletleraras&#305; rekabetle s&#252;rekli i&#231; i&#231;e ge&#231;mi&#351;, &#246;zellikle &#304;ran ile Suudi Arabistan aras&#305;ndaki m&#252;cadele uzun s&#252;re &#350;ii-S&#252;nni ayr&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n jeopolitik izd&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; olarak de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir. B&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231;ler bu ayr&#305;&#351;malar&#305; te&#351;vik ederek, sahte bayrak operasyonlar&#305; d&#252;zenleyerek, y&#246;neticileri sat&#305;n alarak, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;daki n&#252;fuzlar&#305;n&#305; ve asker&#238; varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmi&#351;lerdir. Bununla birlikte son y&#305;llarda bu yap&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;meye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;na ili&#351;kin &#246;nemli i&#351;aretler ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;srail&#8217;in 1973 sonras&#305; ABD jeopoliti&#287;inin asli akt&#246;r&#252;ne d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesi ile hem zengin K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerinin hem de stratejik S&#252;vey&#351; Kanal&#305;n&#305;n kontrol&#252;n&#252;n kolayla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; sa&#287;lanm&#305;&#351; oldu. Bunun i&#231;in eskatoloji de Siyonizm &#252;zerinden ABD ve &#304;srail ortak jeopolitik ara&#231;lar&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;. B&#246;ylece giderek geni&#351;leyen asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305; ve b&#246;lgedeki asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; koruma stratejisi, Bat&#305; Asya devletlerinin g&#252;venlik alg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; yeniden &#351;ekillendiren &#246;nemli fakt&#246;rlerden biri haline geldi. ABD ve &#304;srail&#8217;in 28 &#350;ubat 2026 &#304;ran sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305; bu s&#252;re&#231;te tam anlam&#305;yla b&#252;y&#252;k bir ikaz verdi. Burada &#246;nemli olan de&#287;i&#351;im, teolojik ve ideolojik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n devletlerin g&#252;venlik ve jeopolitik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki belirleyicili&#287;inin azalmas&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;srail&#8217;in sald&#305;rgan ve soyk&#305;r&#305;mc&#305; asker&#238; politikalar&#305;n&#305;n yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; bask&#305; bu e&#287;ilimi h&#305;zland&#305;r&#305;rken, b&#246;lge devletlerinin egemenlik, toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve stratejik &#246;zerklik gibi ortak &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; daha fazla &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;ran ile Suudi Arabistan aras&#305;ndaki diplomatik ili&#351;kilerin &#199;in&#8217;in arabuluculu&#287;unda yeniden kurulmas&#305;, K&#246;rfez &#252;lkelerinin &#199;in ve Rusya ile ili&#351;kilerini &#231;e&#351;itlendirmeleri ve T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin b&#246;lge &#252;lkeleriyle y&#252;r&#252;tt&#252;&#287;&#252; normalle&#351;me s&#252;re&#231;leri, ideolojik ve mezhepsel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n devlet &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;mesinin zorunlu olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. Bu geli&#351;meler hen&#252;z ortak bir b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik mimarisinin ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmemektedir. Ancak Bat&#305; Asya siyasetinin mezhepsel aidiyetlerden ziyade devlet egemenli&#287;i, ulusal &#231;&#305;kar ve g&#252;&#231; dengesi &#252;zerinden yeniden &#351;ekillenebilece&#287;ine ili&#351;kin &#246;nemli bir zemin olu&#351;maktad&#305;r.</span></p><p><strong><span>&#304;srail Fakt&#246;r&#252; ve S&#252;nni-&#350;ii Ayr&#305;m&#305;</span></strong></p><p><span>&#304;srail&#8217;in Gazze&#8217;den L&#252;bnan&#8217;a, Suriye&#8217;den &#304;ran&#8217;a uzanan geni&#351; bir co&#287;rafyada sald&#305;rgan ve soyk&#305;r&#305;mc&#305; asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullanmas&#305; ve b&#246;lgedeki asker&#238; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; koruma y&#246;n&#252;ndeki politikalar&#305;, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;daki geleneksel tehdit alg&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n yeniden &#351;ekillenmesini h&#305;zland&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;rkiye, &#304;ran, Suudi Arabistan ve M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n &#304;srail&#8217;e ili&#351;kin politikalar&#305;, g&#252;venlik &#246;ncelikleri ve b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lerle ili&#351;kileri ayn&#305; de&#287;ildir; bunlar&#305;n yak&#305;n gelecekte ortak bir siyasi veya asker&#238; vizyona d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mesi de beklenmemelidir. Ancak &#304;srail&#8217;in asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n co&#287;rafi olarak geni&#351;lemesi, Filistin meselesinin &#231;&#246;z&#252;ms&#252;zl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lerin Bat&#305; Asya g&#252;venlik mimarisindeki belirleyici rol&#252;, uzun y&#305;llar birbirlerini rakip, hatta tehdit olarak g&#246;ren b&#246;lge devletlerini kendi g&#252;venliklerini giderek daha fazla b&#246;lgesel imk&#226;nlarla sa&#287;lama aray&#305;&#351;&#305;na y&#246;neltebilir. B&#246;yle bir s&#252;re&#231;, mezhepsel ayr&#305;mlar&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmasa bile bunlar&#305;n &#252;zerinde devlet egemenli&#287;i ve ortak g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;na dayanan yeni jeopolitik &#231;&#305;kar alanlar&#305;n&#305;n olu&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;labilir.</span></p><p><span>7 A&#287;ustos 2026&#8217;da T&#252;rkiye, Suudi Arabistan ve Pakistan aras&#305;nda imzalanan </span><strong><span>Mekke Ortak Savunma Antla&#351;mas&#305;</span></strong><span>, bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n hen&#252;z ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; a&#351;amas&#305;ndaki fakat son derece &#246;nemli i&#351;aretlerinden biridir. Antla&#351;man&#305;n, taraflardan birine y&#246;nelik silahl&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;n&#305;n di&#287;erlerine de yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; say&#305;lmas&#305; esas&#305;na dayanmas&#305;, yaln&#305;zca &#252;&#231; &#252;lke aras&#305;ndaki asker&#238; i&#351; birli&#287;inin derinle&#351;mesi anlam&#305;na gelmemektedir. Daha &#246;nemlisi, b&#246;lge g&#252;venli&#287;inin yaln&#305;zca ABD ba&#351;ta olmak &#252;zere b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lerin sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;venlik &#351;emsiyelerine ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; kalmadan, b&#246;lge devletlerinin kendi asker&#238;, ekonomik ve teknolojik kapasiteleri &#252;zerinden &#246;rg&#252;tlenebilece&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesini g&#252;&#231;lendirmektedir. Antla&#351;man&#305;n belirli bir devleti tehdit olarak tan&#305;mlamamas&#305;, Ankara&#8217;n&#305;n bunun &#304;ran&#8217;a veya ba&#351;ka bir &#252;lkeye kar&#351;&#305; kurulmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;zellikle vurgulamas&#305; ve M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n gelecekte bu yap&#305;ya kat&#305;labilecek do&#287;al ortaklardan biri olarak g&#246;r&#252;lmesi, Mekke Antant&#305;n&#305;n dar anlamda bir S&#252;nni bloktan daha geni&#351; bir b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik mimarisine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilme ihtimalini ortaya &#231;&#305;karmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p><span>T&#252;rkiye, Suudi Arabistan, Pakistan ve muhtemelen M&#305;s&#305;r ekseninde geli&#351;en bu yap&#305; zaman i&#231;erisinde &#304;ran&#8217;&#305; d&#305;&#351;lamayan daha geni&#351; bir g&#252;venlik anlay&#305;&#351;&#305;na evrilebilirse, Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da d&#305;&#351; hegemonlar&#305;n belirledi&#287;i ittifak sistemlerinden b&#246;lge devletlerinin kendi aralar&#305;nda olu&#351;turduklar&#305; bir g&#252;&#231; dengesi sistemine ge&#231;i&#351;in &#231;ekirde&#287;ini olu&#351;turabilir. Nitekim &#304;ran&#8217;dan gelen baz&#305; resm&#238; a&#231;&#305;klamalarda da Mekke Antla&#351;mas&#305;, b&#246;lge devletlerinin g&#252;venlik i&#231;in d&#305;&#351; g&#252;&#231;lere ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; azaltabilecek yeni bir yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n g&#246;stergesi olarak de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir.</span></p><p><span>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla burada s&#246;z konusu olan &#350;ii ve S&#252;nni d&#252;nyalar&#305;n yeni bir ideolojik birlik olu&#351;turmas&#305; de&#287;ildir. Daha ger&#231;ek&#231;i ihtimal, teolojik ve mezhepsel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rmesine ra&#287;men devletlerin egemenlik, toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, g&#252;venlik ve stratejik &#246;zerklik gibi ortak &#231;&#305;karlar etraf&#305;nda i&#351; birli&#287;i yapabilmeleridir. B&#246;yle bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m ger&#231;ekle&#351;irse &#350;ii-S&#252;nni ayr&#305;m&#305; ortadan kalkmayacak, ancak Bat&#305; Asya jeopoliti&#287;inin kolektif bat&#305; g&#246;z&#252;nde her zaman s&#246;m&#252;r&#252;len ve te&#351;vik edilen b&#246;l&#252;c&#252; unsur olma niteli&#287;ini giderek kaybedebilecektir. Bu a&#231;&#305;dan Mekke Antant&#305;n&#305;n as&#305;l stratejik de&#287;eri, &#252;&#231; devlet aras&#305;ndaki bir savunma anla&#351;mas&#305; olmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesinde, </span><strong><span>Bat&#305; Asya g&#252;venli&#287;inin b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndan y&#246;netilen hegemonik bir d&#252;zenden b&#246;lgesel g&#252;&#231; dengesi esas&#305;na dayanan yeni bir mimariye evrilme ihtimalini ilk kez kurumsal bir &#231;er&#231;eveye ta&#351;&#305;mas&#305;nda </span></strong><span>aranmal&#305;d&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Yeni &#199;ok Kutuplulukta Helsinki ile Westphalia&#8217;n&#305;n Kesi&#351;mesi</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Westphalia d&#252;zeni 1648&#8217;de Katoliklik ile Protestanl&#305;k aras&#305;ndaki teolojik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rmad&#305;, ancak Avrupa devlet sisteminin giderek mezhepsel aidiyetlerden ziyade egemenlik, devlet &#231;&#305;kar&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; dengesi &#252;zerinden i&#351;lemesinin &#246;n&#252;n&#252; a&#231;t&#305;. Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da benzer bir geli&#351;menin ya&#351;anmas&#305; halinde &#304;ran &#350;ii karakterini, Suudi Arabistan S&#252;nni d&#252;nyadaki konumunu, T&#252;rkiye ve M&#305;s&#305;r ise kendi tarihsel ve stratejik kimliklerini korumaya devam edecektir. De&#287;i&#351;mesi muhtemel olan bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n ortadan kalkmas&#305; de&#287;il, b&#246;lgesel jeopoliti&#287;in belirleyici ekseni olma niteli&#287;ini kaybetmesidir. Burada temel hedef &#304;srail&#8217;in sald&#305;rgan tutumunun dizginlenmesi ve Filistin&#8217;de bar&#305;&#351;&#231;&#305; ve adil bir &#231;&#246;z&#252;me ula&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;d&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bat&#305; Asya a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan yeni bir Westphalia&#8217;n&#305;n temelini bu nedenle teolojik uzla&#351;madan &#231;ok devlet egemenli&#287;inin yeniden &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; olu&#351;turabilir. Devletlerin birbirlerinin egemenli&#287;ine ve toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne sayg&#305; g&#246;stermesi, &#304;srail&#8217;in uluslararas&#305; hukuka sayg&#305;l&#305; normlar devletine d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;lmesi, b&#246;lgede rejim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;ini hedefleyen d&#305;&#351; m&#252;dahalelerin s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;, mezhepsel ve etnik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n ba&#351;ka devletlerin i&#231;i&#351;lerine m&#252;dahale arac&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lmamas&#305; ve b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venli&#287;in m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;u &#246;l&#231;&#252;de b&#246;lge devletleri taraf&#305;ndan &#351;ekillendirilmesi b&#246;yle bir d&#252;zenin temel ilkeleri olabilir. Bu anlamda yeni Westphalia, Bat&#305; Asya devletlerinin ayn&#305; ideolojik veya siyasi &#231;izgide birle&#351;mesini de&#287;il, farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;na ra&#287;men birbirlerinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve me&#351;ru g&#252;venlik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; kabul etmelerini gerektirecektir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#304;srail&#8217;in artan asker&#238; bask&#305;s&#305; ise b&#246;yle bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; h&#305;zland&#305;rabilecek bir jeopolitik kataliz&#246;r haline gelebilir. Birbirleriyle uzun s&#252;re rekabet etmi&#351; T&#252;rkiye, &#304;ran, Suudi Arabistan ve M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;&#305;n &#304;srail&#8217;e ili&#351;kin politikalar&#305;n&#305;n benzer vizyona eri&#351;mesi gerekmemektedir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;n&#305;n Westphalia aray&#305;&#351;&#305; yeni bir ittifak veya blok olu&#351;turma aray&#305;&#351;&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;lmemelidir. As&#305;l d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, b&#246;lge devletlerinin g&#252;venliklerini mezhepsel kampla&#351;malar veya b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; g&#252;&#231;lerin himayesi &#252;zerinden de&#287;il, egemen devletler aras&#305;ndaki g&#252;&#231; dengesi ve kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n tan&#305;nmas&#305; &#252;zerinden kurmaya ba&#351;lamalar&#305; olacakt&#305;r.</span></p><p><strong><span>Sonu&#231;: Hegemonyadan G&#252;&#231; Dengesine</span></strong></p><p><span>Yeni Helsinki ve yeni Westphalia aray&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;labilecek temel dinamik, uluslararas&#305; sistemde g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;mesidir. So&#287;uk Sava&#351; sonras&#305;nda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan tek kutuplu d&#246;nem, belirli bir tarihsel g&#252;&#231; dengesinin &#252;r&#252;n&#252;yd&#252; ve bu denge art&#305;k geride kalmaktad&#305;r. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla &#246;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki d&#246;nemin temel meselesi &#231;ok kutuplulu&#287;un ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;p &#231;&#305;kmayaca&#287;&#305; de&#287;il, fiilen geli&#351;mekte olan bu yeni g&#252;&#231; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n mevcut uluslararas&#305; d&#252;zen taraf&#305;ndan hangi &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ve hangi mekanizmalarla kabul edilece&#287;idir. </span><strong><span>Hegemonyadan g&#252;&#231; dengesine ge&#231;i&#351; &#231;oktan ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</span></strong></p><p><span>Avrupa a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bunun en &#246;nemli sonucu, Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n Avrupa g&#252;venlik mimarisindeki yerinin yeniden tan&#305;mlanmas&#305; zorunlulu&#287;udur. Rusya&#8217;y&#305; Avrupa g&#252;venlik sisteminden s&#252;rekli d&#305;&#351;lamaya dayanan bir d&#252;zen, Moskova&#8217;y&#305; Pekin&#8217;e daha fazla yakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;rken Avrupa k&#305;tas&#305;ndaki asker&#238; gerilimi de kal&#305;c&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle ABD a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#199;in ile uzun vadeli stratejik rekabetin &#246;ncelik kazanmas&#305;, bu politikan&#305;n maliyetini zaman i&#231;erisinde daha g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale getirebilir. Yeni bir Helsinki&#8217;nin zemini de burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. Konu Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n b&#252;t&#252;n taleplerinin kabul edilmesi veya Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n yeniden n&#252;fuz alanlar&#305;na b&#246;l&#252;nmesi de&#287;ildir. Aksine 1975 Helsinki s&#252;recini m&#252;mk&#252;n k&#305;lan temel ger&#231;ekli&#287;in yeniden hat&#305;rlanmas&#305;d&#305;r. Taraflardan hi&#231;biri di&#287;erini Avrupa g&#252;venlik denkleminden tasfiye edemeyecekse, g&#252;venlik kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305;n mutlak g&#252;vensizli&#287;i &#252;zerine de&#287;il, kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; g&#252;&#231; kabul&#252; ve denetlenebilir bir denge &#252;zerine kurulmak zorundad&#305;r. Bu nedenle Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n ihtiyac&#305; yeni bir dostluk d&#246;nemi de&#287;il, rekabeti y&#246;neten, asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; belirleyen, silahlanmay&#305; denetlenebilir hale getiren, kriz y&#246;netimi ve ileti&#351;im kanallar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k tutan ve do&#287;rudan sava&#351;a giden yollar&#305; daraltan yeni bir g&#252;venlik mimarisidir. Helsinki&#8217;nin g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan as&#305;l de&#287;eri de ge&#231;mi&#351;in kurumlar&#305;n&#305; aynen yeniden &#252;retmekte de&#287;il, kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; g&#252;&#231; kabul&#252;ne dayanan bu stratejik ger&#231;ek&#231;ili&#287;i yeniden tesis etmekte yatmaktad&#305;r.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da ise ayn&#305; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m farkl&#305; bir tarihsel ve jeopolitik zeminde geli&#351;mektedir. Burada yeni Westphalia&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;n &#351;art&#305; &#350;ii-S&#252;nni ayr&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n ortadan kalkmas&#305; veya b&#246;lge devletlerinin ortak bir ideolojik kimlik alt&#305;nda birle&#351;mesi de&#287;ildir. As&#305;l d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m, mezhepsel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n devletlerin g&#252;venlik politikalar&#305;n&#305; belirleyen ba&#351;l&#305;ca jeopolitik eksen olmaktan &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;yla ba&#351;layabilir. &#304;srail&#8217;in geni&#351;leyen sald&#305;rgan ve soyk&#305;r&#305;mc&#305; asker&#238; g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;, Filistin meselesinin &#231;&#246;z&#252;ms&#252;zl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve b&#246;lge d&#305;&#351;&#305; m&#252;dahalelerin yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305; ortak g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;; birbirinden farkl&#305; &#231;&#305;karlar&#305; bulunan devletler a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan egemenlik, toprak b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;, stratejik &#246;zerklik ve d&#305;&#351; m&#252;dahalelerin s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; ilkelerini giderek daha &#246;nemli hale getirmektedir. Mekke Antant&#305; gibi yeni b&#246;lgesel g&#252;venlik aray&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n tarihsel anlam&#305; da bu &#231;er&#231;evede de&#287;erlendirilmelidir.</span></p><p><span>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;n&#305;n yeni Westphalia&#8217;s&#305; bir ittifak sistemi kurmaktan &#231;ok, yeni bir </span><strong><span>b&#246;lgesel davran&#305;&#351; d&#252;zeni </span></strong><span>olu&#351;turmak anlam&#305;na gelecektir. Devletlerin birbirlerinin rejimlerini de&#287;i&#351;tirme, i&#231; fay hatlar&#305;n&#305; kullanma veya b&#246;lgesel rakiplerini tasfiye etme aray&#305;&#351;&#305;ndan uzakla&#351;arak egemenliklerini ve me&#351;ru g&#252;venlik &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; bi&#231;imde tan&#305;malar&#305;, b&#246;lgenin d&#305;&#351; hegemonlar&#305;n m&#252;dahalelerine olan ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; da azaltabilir. Westphalia benzetmesinin anlam&#305; tam olarak burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r: Aslolan ayn&#305; de&#287;erlere sahip olmak de&#287;il, farkl&#305;l&#305;klara ra&#287;men birlikte var olman&#305;n kurallar&#305;n&#305; kabul etmektir.</span></p><p><span>Bu a&#231;&#305;dan Avrupa&#8217;da yeni Helsinki ile Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da yeni Westphalia birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z iki s&#252;re&#231; olarak g&#246;r&#252;lmemelidir. Her ikisi de hegemonik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n a&#351;&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305; ve g&#252;&#231; dengesinin yeniden uluslararas&#305; siyasetin merkezine yerle&#351;ti&#287;i daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir tarihsel d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n farkl&#305; co&#287;rafyalardaki yans&#305;malar&#305;d&#305;r. Helsinki Avrupa&#8217;da kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; g&#252;&#231; kabul&#252;n&#252;, Westphalia ise Bat&#305; Asya&#8217;da egemen devletlerin &#304;srail bask&#305;s&#305;na ra&#287;men kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; varl&#305;k kabul&#252;n&#252; temsil edebilir. Birincisi g&#252;venli&#287;i kar&#351;&#305; taraf&#305; &#231;evreleyerek de&#287;il onun varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; hesaba katarak sa&#287;lamay&#305;; ikincisi ise d&#252;zeni rakip devletleri ABD/&#304;srail bask&#305;s&#305; alt&#305;nda par&#231;alayarak de&#287;il onlar&#305;n egemenli&#287;ini tan&#305;yarak kurmay&#305; gerektirir.</span></p><p><span>Tarihsel tecr&#252;benin ortaya koydu&#287;u temel ger&#231;ek de&#287;i&#351;memi&#351;tir. Kal&#305;c&#305; g&#252;venlik d&#252;zenleri taraflar&#305;n birbirlerini sevmeleri veya ayn&#305; de&#287;erleri payla&#351;malar&#305; &#252;zerine de&#287;il, birbirlerini tasfiye edemeyeceklerini kabul etmeleri &#252;zerine kurulmu&#351;tur. 1648 Westphalia ve 1975 Helsinki&#8217;nin farkl&#305; &#351;artlar alt&#305;nda temsil etti&#287;i stratejik ger&#231;ek&#231;ilik buydu.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>